Research updates
November 7–8 research roundup ↗ · 66 new source records, seven new catalogue cards and the findings behind them.
PPK-V research trail: sport, environmental stress and tissue preservation
Two new evidence maps bring together athlete disclosures, volunteer and field studies, animal experiments, comparison tables and archival programs. New preparation cards distinguish VIR-8, Oleyl-Cortagen, MOTS-c, the soy hydrolysate and the two patented brain fractions from PPK-V.
Sports performance research ↗ · Military and occupational research ↗ · PPK-V card ↗
Thymalin and Dalargin: the human lead and supporting mechanisms
The expanded review covers the 120-patient ulcer report, rat wound findings, immune-cell experiments, the mixed 2023 cytokine table and the Soviet psoriasis patent. Results from each peptide are distinguished from actual evidence about giving them together.
Research review, reported doses and results ↗ · Updated combination matrix ↗
PPK-V, Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: results and doses
The 2020 peptide-profile record now includes raw animal outcomes, mass-bin tables and experimental doses. A separate PPK card distinguishes cortex, brainstem, hippocampal and combined-region mixtures. Dose conflicts, neutral fraction findings and matching 2019 book tables qualify the comparison.
Reported results and dose statements ↗ · Experimental PPK card ↗ · Critical review ↗
Pregnancy and offspring research
New source reviews distinguish maternal exposure, treatment after birth, nonpregnant reproductive experiments and historical human obstetric care. Reported methods, positive and neutral outcomes, the recovered Epitalon scan and unresolved conference results are linked to the relevant compound cards.
New findings, newly indexed papers and policy developments across the Molekul library.
The October publication update adds 10 October publications and 3 additional papers newly indexed this month. Earlier publication dates are retained where known. Publication and indexing dates are listed separately.
GHK doses, liver regeneration and immune suppression
The 2002 and 2003 journal reports, Smakhtin’s 2004 dissertation author’s abstract and a related liver-regeneration patent show why liver-cell division, tissue health and immune responses need separate endpoints. These experiments used unbound Gly-His-Lys (GHK/GHL), not an administered GHK-Cu complex.
The recovered 2004 source is a third-party transcription of the author’s abstract ↗. The complete 290-page thesis and an authenticated scan have not been recovered. The source page labels the selected numerical cells as provisional and omits damaged values.
Liver-cell division increased
After ten daily intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 µg/kg GHK, Table 1 gives a mitotic index of 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline (n=8 per condition, mean±SEM). The unit is per thousand, not percent. At 0.5 µg/kg the narrative describes no significant hepatotropic effect.
Higher exposure could worsen tissue condition
The 2004 text describes dystrophic changes and worse liver microstructure at 450 µg/kg. In toxic liver injury, 150 µg/kg worsened morphology and serum indices despite an increased mitotic index. A proliferation signal therefore did not establish healthier tissue.
Neutrophil and antibody endpoints diverged
Neutrophil functional reserve was 24.9±2.6% at 1.5 µg/kg, 5.3±0.6% at 450 µg/kg and 12.0±1.1% with saline (Table 3, n=9). Yet antibody-producing cells fell at 1.5 µg/kg in the before-and-after-immunization schedule: 22.3±3.8 versus 36.1±6.4 ×10³ per spleen (Table 2, n=8).
Reported doses and unresolved units
| Source | Reported route and schedule | Dose statement and limitation |
|---|---|---|
| 2002 journal abstract | Ten intraperitoneal injections; interval unavailable | 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg as printed. The 1,000-fold conflict with the later µg/kg account remains unresolved. |
| 2003 liver-injury abstract | Ten-day intraperitoneal administration | Opening sentence: 2.5 and 150 “mu/kg”; results: 1.5 “mu/kg”. Both the lower dose and the malformed unit require the full paper. |
| 2004 author’s abstract | Intraperitoneal, 24-hour intervals; 5 or 10 liver injections; separate immune timing schedules | 0.5, 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg per injection. Does not authenticate a correction to either journal abstract. |
| RU2214269C1 | Five daily intraperitoneal injections; 8–10 rats per group | Description: 0.5, 1.5, 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg. The claim instead prints 1.5 µg/g, another 1,000-fold conflict. |
| 2019 GHK versus Thymogen | Separate groups; ten daily intraperitoneal injections | Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg in the paired statement, without repeating the per-kg denominator. |
In the 2019 follow-up, GHK suppressed antibody responses in both toxic-injury models, including the model with an already-suppressed response. Thymogen normalized that response in a separate treatment group. The report provides no numerical effect table or group sizes.
The historical journal reports, dissertation and patent may share experiments; they are not counted as independent replications. The dissertation’s DSLET experiments are not DSIP studies, and its parent ACTH(4–10) experiments are not Semax studies. No human efficacy or safe dosing follows from these animal findings.
Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor ↗
Ten intraperitoneal GHK injections increased hepatocyte mitotic activity and dose-dependently suppressed antibody-producing cells and delayed hypersensitivity. The abstract prints mg/kg, in conflict with the µg/kg used in the later author’s abstract.
Methods, doses and reported results ↗Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethane ↗
GHK increased hepatocyte mitotic activity. The lower exposure was associated with better liver function and immune responsiveness; the higher exposure produced stronger immunosuppression, worse serum indices and more dystrophic liver changes. Dose text is internally inconsistent.
Methods, doses and reported results ↗Smakhtin’s 2004 GHK dissertation: animal doses, liver histology and immune results ↗
With 1.5 µg/kg intraperitoneal GHK over 10 days, the transcribed liver mitotic index was 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline. Higher exposures had adverse histological and immune findings; antibody suppression could also occur at 1.5 µg/kg when given before and after immunization.
Methods, doses and reported results ↗The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen ↗
GHK had a stronger reported hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen but suppressed antibody responses in both injury models. Thymogen normalized the response in the hydrazine model, where baseline immunity was suppressed. No numerical treatment-effect table was reported.
Methods, doses and reported results ↗Read the three selected dissertation tables ↗ · Patent experiments and conflicting claim units ↗
GHK plus Dalargin: bone-repair observations and measured neutrophil results
This original rat study compares GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen singly and in pairs. It is an experimental paper, rather than a literature review. The full journal PDF has been recovered; Table 1 and Figure 5 were visually checked.
At day 10, GHK plus Dalargin had a phagocytic index of 71.3±5.1% versus 30.8±3.1% in fracture controls. GHK alone did not significantly improve oxygen-dependent neutrophil reserve. Bone-repair findings were qualitative.
- Phagocytic index: GHK plus Dalargin
- 71.3 ± 5.1% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controlsDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1 marks *2Uninjured control 70.7 ± 7.0%; n=8/group; M±m as printed
- Phagocytosis activation index: GHK plus Dalargin
- 2.4 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.03 in fracture controlsDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; pairwise superiority to single peptides not established by table symbolsUninjured control 2.7 ± 0.2; GHK alone 1.2 ± 0.1; Dalargin alone 1.3 ± 0.1
- Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK alone
- No significant increase versus fracture controls; remained below the uninjured referenceDay 10Figure marker indicates p<0.05 versus uninjured animalsFigure 5 group 2 has no fracture-control significance star; no exact bar values digitized
The source page includes all eight rows of the phagocytosis table with the original comparison marks. Bone findings remain qualitative, and plotted reserve values have not been converted into invented numerical estimates.
Full table, study design and limitations → · Original journal PDF ↗
GHK family card → · Dalargin card → · Thymogen card →
The 2021 study used local intraosseous delivery. Its relationship to the earlier systemic patent experiment does not establish independent replication. The reported assays do not measure human fracture healing or infection prevention.
Three Russian patent directions beyond wound healing
These 2011–2012 publications concern unbound GHK, GHK plus Dalargin, and GHK plus Thymogen. They are newly added to this collection, with animal results rather than human therapeutic validation. Copper-free GHK is distinct from GHK-Cu.
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2421235C1
2011 · GHK and thermal-pain response ↗
Copper-free GHK increased thermal-pain response latency in male mice compared with saline. This is preclinical patent evidence.
- Pain-response latency, lower GHK exposure
- 25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineAcute thermal-pain test after pretreatmentp<0.05 versus salineCopper-free GHK 0.5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m
- Pain-response latency, higher GHK exposure
- 23.6 ± 1.3 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineSame acute comparisonp<0.05 versus salineCopper-free GHK 5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m
- Exposure-response interpretation
- Both groups differed from saline; no between-dose significance test or persistent analgesic effect was establishedThe numerically lower latency at the higher exposure does not establish a dose-response relationship
Animal behavioral endpoint, not human pain relief. The table supplies M±m without expanding the dispersion notation; no confidence intervals, formal safety assessment or independent replication are established. Copper binding was not part of the tested preparation.
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2429002C1
2011 · GHK plus Dalargin and early bone repair ↗
The authors describe more advanced early bone repair with GHK plus Dalargin than with saline or either peptide alone. The evidence is qualitative radiography and histology.
- Combined treatment: radiographic appearance
- Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide aloneDay 10Versus saline and single-peptide groups; no numerical radiographic score or uncertainty reported
- Combined treatment: histological appearance
- New bone formation and remodeling toward compact bone were described as more advanced in the combination groupDay 10Descriptive morphology; no quantitative histomorphometry or factorial interaction test
- GHK versus Dalargin alone
- No visible morphological difference reported between the two single-peptide groupsDay 10A neutral qualitative comparison, not a demonstration of equivalence
Early rat bone-repair observations do not establish clinical fracture healing or quantitatively validated synergy. The preparation was copper-free GHK plus Dalargin. Related author publications may reuse the research program.
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2452508C2
2012 · GHK plus Thymogen and wound-area healing ↗
In the intradermal rat comparison, GHK plus Thymogen produced a higher wound-healing coefficient than saline or either peptide alone. No quantitative neutrophil endpoint was disclosed.
- Relative wound-healing coefficient: combination versus saline
- 0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03Day 10p<0.05; Table 1 footnoteIntradermal GHK plus Thymogen versus saline; 8 rats/group; M±m as printed
- Single-peptide comparators
- GHK 0.44 ± 0.04; Thymogen 0.41 ± 0.03Day 10p<0.05 for the comparisons marked in Table 1Both differed from saline; the combination also differed from each single peptide
- What the coefficient measures
- Change in wound area relative to initial area; not the percentage of animals completely healedA value of 0.56 corresponds to relative area reduction, not a 56% patient response rate
Animal wound-area results from a combination, not GHK-Cu monotherapy or clinical wound efficacy. Randomization, blinded measurement and a formal synergy interaction test are not described. The preparation called Thymogen is distinct from Thymodepressin.
The bone-repair disclosure describes day-10 morphology; it does not measure how many days sooner fractures unite. The wound table measures relative area healing, while neutrophil function remains a proposed rationale without numerical assay results in the patent examples.
2021 journal study: full neutrophil table and neutral GHK finding → Local delivery and assay endpoints differ from the systemic bone-repair patent; independent replication remains unresolved.
Related work from the same authors may reuse these experiments. The filings are separate claimed uses, not independent human trials.
Recent papers, with the results on each compound card
Three journal papers have joined the library, including the 2026 Phoenix comparison indexed on 4 November and two 2025 clinical reports. Existing rat-study results have also been extracted. Publication years, combined treatments, neutral outcomes and missing numbers remain explicit.
Comparison in people · 2026 · Indexed 4 November 2026
Cortexin plus citicoline after spinal-cord injury: the 90-day Phoenix comparison ↗
At day 90, the combination groups had larger reported improvements in cognition, depression and fatigue than standard care. In the ASIA A stratum, at least 50% depression-score reduction occurred in 90% versus 20%.
- Depression response, ASIA A
- 90% versus 20% achieved at least 50% HDRS-17 reductionDay 90No between-group p-value or confidence interval supplied in the abstractCortexin plus citicoline and rehabilitation versus standard care; subgroup denominators not supplied
- Cognitive change, ASIA A
- MoCA +2 [1.75; 3.25] versus +1.5 [1; 2] pointsDay 90Combination versus standard care; median changes with source-reported bracketed intervals
- Depression change, ASIA A
- HDRS-17 −10 [−12.25; −9] versus −5 [−5.75; −2] pointsDay 90Combination versus standard care
Prospective open comparison; randomization and allocation concealment are not established by the abstract.
Observational study · 2025
Cortexin and citicoline in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness: three-group observation ↗
All groups reported less dizziness, anxiety and insomnia; the authors described the strongest changes with the combined adjuncts. The abstract does not provide numerical post-treatment group differences.
- Dizziness, anxiety and insomnia
- Improvement described in all three groups; strongest reported changes in the Cortexin/citicoline combination armEnd of treatment and two-month follow-upNo verified numerical post-treatment group contrast provided
- Cohort and groups
- 60 patients; three groups of 20; all received escitalopram
- Baseline symptom scores, not treatment effects
- Vestibular balance 27.15±2.83; autonomic anxiety 16.05±2.35; insomnia 18.3±1.76 pointsBefore treatmentThe repeated baseline value in the English follow-up sentence is not used as an endpoint
Observational allocation; no blinded placebo comparison established.
Comparison in people · 2025
Dalargin plus carbohydrate loading during oropharyngeal cancer surgery ↗
The combined protocol was associated with lower stress-hormone responses, more favorable aerobic-metabolism measures and fewer postoperative complications. The checked abstract does not quantify those outcome differences.
- Stress-hormone response and metabolism
- Lower stress-hormone release and more favorable aerobic-metabolism measures reported with the combined protocolPerioperative assessmentsDalargin plus carbohydrate loading versus standard perioperative care; numerical changes not available in the checked abstract
- Postoperative complications
- Fewer complications reported; counts, types and effect uncertainty not extractedNo numerical risk reduction inferred
- Study groups
- 29 combined-intervention versus 29 standard-care patients; 58 total
Dalargin was combined with carbohydrate loading; the independent contribution of each is unresolved.
Animal research · 2026
[The effect of neuroprotectors on the level of BDNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha and apoptosis markers, and in acute cerebrovascular accidents]. ↗
In a rat ischemia–reperfusion model, Cortexin did not significantly reduce lesion volume (32.75±4.91% versus 38.16±5.98%; p=0.198). Selected inflammatory/apoptosis markers changed, but BDNF did not.
- Cortexin: necrosis volume
- 32.75±4.91% versus 38.16±5.98% in saline controls24 hours after reperfusionp=0.198; nonsignificantOriginal report does not establish a reduction in brain injury
- Cerebrolysin: necrosis volume
- 32.57±3.31% versus 38.16±5.98% in saline controls24 hoursp=0.176; nonsignificant
- Mexidol: necrosis volume
- 20.48±2.33% versus 38.16±5.98% in saline controls24 hoursp<0.001
Do not assign the stronger Mexidol results to Cortexin.
Animal research · 2026
Opioid receptor agonist dalargin prevents stress-induced cardiac injury and improves myocardial pump function ↗
In female rats under 24-hour stress, Dalargin lowered serum CK-MB by 27% versus stressed controls. Partial pump-function recovery was reported without a numerical treated-group estimate; the model itself doubled end-systolic volume and lowered ejection fraction 27%.
- Cardiac injury marker CK-MB
- 27% lower with Dalargin than stressed controls24-hour stress modelNo p-value or confidence interval supplied in the checked abstractAnimal biomarker comparison, not a clinical event reduction
- Pump-function response to Dalargin
- Partial reversal reported; numerical treated-versus-stress functional estimates not provided
- Stress model changes, not Dalargin effects
- End-systolic volume doubled and left-ventricular ejection fraction fell 27%Stress versus unstressed baseline/control; these figures must not be presented as treatment improvements
Animal stress model; this does not establish cardioprotection in people.
Randomized study in people · 2026
[Cortexin in the comprehensive treatment of neurological complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Results of the DIACORT multicenter randomized clinical trial)]. ↗
DIACORT reports day-90 cognitive and neuropathy differences in 109 completers; one earlier depression comparison was nonsignificant.
- MoCA, day 90
- 27.28±0.26 versus 24.78±0.35.
- NTSS-9, baseline → day 90
- 10.19±0.70 → 3.74±0.32 versus 9.93±0.66 → 7.67±0.52.
- CSI, baseline → day 90
- 33.59±1.45 → 18.37±1.43 versus 33.80±1.47 → 28.07±1.27.
Masking and envelope concealment not established.
Cortexin findings and patents → · Dalargin findings and patents →
Compound cards now include results and source links for all associated patent families, separately labelled as patent evidence. Papers also appear in the research library, bibliography and sitemap; website inclusion does not guarantee immediate search-engine indexing.
What the patent experiments actually reported
The patent collection now includes numerical or narrative findings for 108 records, with explicit gaps for three others. Results identify the tested preparation, comparison, timing and reporting limits.
Dalargin: 23-woman menopause comparison
15/15 reported improvement versus 5/8 placebo, with six-month observations. Correction: Pineamin was background, not part of the tested treatment.
Cerebrolysin: survival and a neutral pathology result
CADASIL mice: 0/14 deaths versus 5/14 controls; white-matter vacuoles did not improve.
Pal-GHK hydrogel: skin-delivery measurements
More than sixfold higher upper-skin ion-signal AUC in porcine skin. This is an analytical result, with no human clinical endpoint.
Dental examples: density and healing time differ
The Endoluten case had higher final density but took 6.5 months to heal, versus four months in the separate comparison case.
More patents, with the claimed molecules identified
91 additional patent families join 20 existing patent records. New sources include the 2026 Cortexin formulation application, Bromantane use filings, GHK derivatives and historical molecular patents for defined peptides.
Patent claims, formulations and modified analogues are distinguished from clinical findings. The review also flags the Bestim stereochemistry conflict, the AEDL/EDG respiratory-peptide citation mismatch and the corrected cartilage-complex publication.
Search compound and peptide patents →Longer follow-up and recovered original reports
Six source records have joined the library: four journal publications, a sponsor clinical-study report and a conference abstract. Historical publication years are retained. The existing DIACORT entry now includes findings recovered from the original journal issue.
Randomized study in people · 2018 · Sponsor clinical-study report; not a journal publication
Thymodepressin in perennial allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: KI-THYM-001 clinical-study report ↗
The primary nasal-symptom comparison was nonsignificant (p=0.6708); selected secondary symptoms favored Thymodepressin.
72 randomized, 36 per arm; one comparator withdrawal
Selected report text, pp.24–25, 60–61, 75–80; no visual verification or annex review
Comparison in people · 2026 · Original clinical journal publication
Slavinorm after above-knee femoropopliteal bypass: twelve-month comparison ↗
Walking distance and ankle–brachial index were higher in the adjunctive group at twelve months; the abstract contains inconsistent restenosis figures.
60 postoperative patients, 30 per arm; Fontaine III–IV disease
Complete abstract checked; full tables unavailable
Observational study · 2013 · Original clinical journal publication
Vezugen in postoperative chronic lower-limb arterial insufficiency ↗
Clinical and ultrasound blood-flow improvement was reported after Vezugen treatment; the abstract supplies no numerical effect estimate.
41 postoperative patients with chronic lower-limb ischemia
Europe PMC indexed abstract and metadata checked
Animal research · 2026 · Original preclinical journal publication
Potapov–Shustov: pharmacological correction of delayed neuropathy in rats ↗
Responses at approximately one month varied by model; an inositol derivative worsened selected neuromuscular findings in some animals.
Rat study; group denominators not verified
Abstract, authors and citation trail checked; full tables not recovered
Animal research · 2025 · Original conference abstract; not a full journal article
Vessel polypeptides and vascular markers in rabbits of different ages: 2025 conference abstract ↗
Vascular-marker and plaque findings were reported in an age-stratified rabbit experiment.
40 rabbits: four groups of ten, each with five young and five older animals
Selected abstract text, printed pp.35–36; no visual verification
Animal research · 2024 · Original animal-methodology journal publication
Shustov and colleagues: assessing methods for delayed outcomes in animal models ↗
Compares the informativeness of follow-up outcome measures; a methodological predecessor cited by the 2026 Potapov–Shustov paper.
Experimental animal-model methods comparison; not a compound efficacy trial
Abstract and author information checked; full methods not appraised
DIACORT: updated participant flow, outcomes and harms ↗
The allergy report is separate from the unresolved rheumatoid-arthritis trial. Conference and animal findings retain their evidence labels; language versions and full-text updates are not counted as independent trials.
More of Shustov’s research
The expanded map now includes ADK-17 safety and rabbit pharmacokinetics, FDES neuroprotection and recovered cognition tables, plus human physiology reports on orthostatic tolerance and exercise-related immune measures. Conflicting denominators and possible overlap between conference and journal reports remain visible. Newly recovered 2017 and 2022 nutrition originals reveal matching animal results, an unexplained standard-error/standard-deviation relabeling, and a 21-athlete Burnazyan-center study to trace. A further original report covers 30 taekwondo athletes receiving a three-module nutrition program; its baseline significance marks are retained accurately. The 2015 spaceflight conference lead now has exact pages: 406–407. The next branch adds a polyprenol collection, links the POLYNCOR reports as one registered clinical program, and retains an unfavorable exposure response in brown-algae research. A complete mouse-myelin paper is appraised separately from human MS efficacy.
Read the research and archival map ↗Pyatibrat: recovery data and conflicting denominators
The original dissertation PDF is now retained and selected tables visually checked. Figure 10 identifies a smaller second stage; selection into it is unclear and counts within that stage conflict. Selected Bemitil/Cortexin recovery cells are shown with the source’s footnotes; baseline and genotype comparisons are not relabeled as treatment effects.
Read the critical appraisal and table review ↗Conference sources and collaborator trails
Nine conference trails and six documented author/institution networks now extend the archive. They include three Ladasten poster DOIs, Stemokin’s earlier journal and dissertation trail, and specific Pyatibrat proceedings pages. Similar reports are flagged for possible cohort reuse; historical laboratory affiliations retain their dates.
Explore the conference leads ↗ · Trace authors and institutions ↗
Recovered sources and archival leads
A historical Ladasten comparison and Pyatibrat’s original dissertation text now join the library. Vilon’s type 1 diabetes reports, neutral Bemitil findings and Pinealon/Vesugen marker changes have clearer summaries. Bibliographic leads and unverified numerical tables remain labeled.
Russian autoimmune research
A new evidence map connects Bemitil’s lupus reports, Thymodepressin’s psoriasis and cytopenia literature, the rheumatoid arthritis trial registration, Thymalin’s historical studies and Xemys in MS. These are newly added historical sources, with trial plans separated from results.
Explore the autoimmune research map ↗GHK-Cu and the new GHK endings, together
One family card now collects 15 named molecules and constructs with 26 source records. It includes Russian GHK-GP/PGP and D-alanine research, topical human studies, related hair-follicle and longevity work, and delivery systems. Each source identifies the peptide actually tested, including neutral findings and unresolved trial-registry questions.
Explore the GHK family and source map ↗New clinical review and related research
A September 2026 systematic review brings together a broader clinical literature. The April expert-council statement is a separate interpretation of existing evidence. Neither publication reports a newly recruited trial.
Clinical efficacy of omberacetam in adults with cognitive impairment: a systematic review ↗
Review reports 18 clinical studies and 1,279 participants; 988 received omberacetam.
The authors report cognitive improvements across earlier clinical studies, with MMSE changes ranging from +0.6 to +3.5 points. They used a qualitative synthesis and did not perform a meta-analysis because the studies differed substantially.
Interpretation and limitations
This is a review of earlier studies, not a new 1,279-person trial. Its totals are author-reported, not independently deduplicated here. Predominantly open-label evidence; the authors call for randomized placebo-controlled trials. The reported score range is not a pooled treatment effect. The English abstract mistakenly says omeprazole in its objective; the title, Russian abstract and results identify omberacetam.
Potential uses of omberacetam in the early prevention and management of cognitive impairment: expert-council resolution ↗
Expert council discussing earlier experimental and clinical evidence; no new trial cohort.
The council discusses possible use within broader care for early cognitive impairment and vascular risk, and calls for further multicenter randomized studies.
Interpretation and limitations
Expert consensus is not a trial or proof of dementia prevention. Mechanistic and clinical findings cited by a council should not be counted as independent replication.
Evaluation of Noopept therapy in patients with cognitive impairment and cardiovascular disease ↗
60 outpatients: 30 received added Noopept and 30 background care alone; 56-day open observational comparison.
The Noopept group reached a median MoCA score of 26 [26;27], improving by 2 [1;3] points. Reported Schulte-task times were 45.3 [38.5;50.5] seconds versus 55.0 [47.5;59.8] seconds in controls; anxiety and depression scores also improved.
Interpretation and limitations
Open observational comparison, without a described placebo or randomized assignment; background treatment and expectation can affect outcomes. Short follow-up and a cardiovascular/diabetes population; no healthy-person enhancement or dementia-prevention benefit established.
Nootropic drugs in patients with non-dementia vascular cognitive impairment ↗
150 patients randomized into three groups of 50: omberacetam, piracetam/cinnarizine or aminophenylbutyric acid, alongside baseline care; 45 days.
The abstract reports a MoCA increase from 19.8 to 23.3 in the omberacetam group at day 45. At the later assessment, the score remained 0.8 points above baseline (p=0.061), which does not establish a persistent statistically significant effect.
Interpretation and limitations
Randomization is stated in the abstract, but allocation concealment and blinding are not established by this review. Active comparators, without a described placebo arm. The abstract inconsistently describes follow-up as 3.5 and 4.5 months and prints an unusual inequality for some p-values; these require original-text reconciliation. A within-group score increase does not by itself establish superiority over the other treatments.
Half-life and related resources
The human pharmacokinetic record should be checked directly before quoting a half-life. The accessible 2004 abstract supports species differences, but does not provide a numerical human value. Clearance, metabolite persistence and clinical duration are different measurements.
Interspecies differences of Noopept pharmacokinetics ↗
Comparative pharmacokinetic report covering rats, rabbits and humans; human cohort details unresolved in the abstract.
ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2018Pharmacokinetics of Noopept and its active metabolite cycloprolylglycine in rats ↗
Rat plasma and brain pharmacokinetic study.
LABORATORY / EXPOSURE RESEARCH · 2025Physicochemical and structural analysis of Noopept ↗
Laboratory characterization of the active pharmaceutical ingredient; no treated participants.
LABORATORY / EXPOSURE RESEARCH · 2025Nootropic product market surveillance by 12 official medicines control laboratories ↗
159 products documented from January 2020 to September 2024 across a multi-laboratory surveillance program; not 159 Noopept products or patients.
Publication integrity: a 2021 spinal-microglia/BDNF paper was retracted. Its findings should not support efficacy claims. Read the retraction notice ↗
Primary abstracts and publisher-deposited metadata checked. Full-text access and unresolved source questions are stated in each record. Review totals overlap the earlier studies they summarize and must not be added to individual-study totals.
Chlodantane: clinical-testing announcement and development history
The new historical review includes pharmacokinetic and toxicology documents, the 2023 Sirius University news release, the cage-amide publication and the 2025 gram-scale synthesis reference. The original Russian clinical-testing statement and its English translation are now shown together. The announcement dates to 21 February 2023; no trial identifier or human results are provided.
Read the history and unresolved source questions ↗More results for less-covered profiles
21 original-publication records across 21 profiles. The additions include a 78-patient Bronchogen comparison, the original 113-worker Gazprom report, Prostateks clinical findings, Vilosen and Tactivin reports, and cell or animal work on Livagen, Prostamax, Cardiogen, Cortagen and Chonluten. These are newly added sources, mostly historical publications.
Complex treatment of patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis using biologically active peptides ↗
The Prostateks add-on group had 91.4% microflora eradication and a reported 89.8% increase in mean volumetric urine flow. Symptom scores improved more than with antibiotic alone, but the abstract does not provide the score changes or control eradication rate.
- Microflora eradication
- 91.4% in the add-on groupAntibiotic + Prostateks; control percentage not supplied
- Mean volumetric urine flow
- +89.8% reportedAdd-on arm change; absolute flow values and control change absent
- NIH-CPSI/IPSS symptoms
- Greater improvement reported; numerical score changes not supplied
Study context
94 chronic bacterial prostatitis patients aged 21–45; 47 antibiotic-only and 47 antibiotic plus Prostateks suppositories.
Allocation is not described as randomized in the abstract. Percentages are not a placebo-adjusted benefit. “Twice the clinical efficacy” is reported without raw response counts or a defined endpoint; it is not treated as a verified doubling of response probability.
Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far North ↗
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
- Sick-leave certificates
- 18 → 102014 → 2015; whole program
- Days unfit for work
- 119 → 602014 → 2015; whole program
- Seasonal morbidity
- No statistically reliable improvement reported
Study context
113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
Prospects of tetrapeptide application in treatment of chronic bronchitis: molecular mechanisms ↗
In a 30-day comparison, vital capacity rose from 3,650.5 to 4,130.4 mL with oral Bronchogen plus standard care, versus 3,735.6 to 3,805.3 mL with standard care. Expiratory forced vital capacity rose from 2,740.7 to 3,800.7 mL versus 2,850.0 to 3,210.9 mL.
- Vital capacity, mean ± reported dispersion
- 3,650.5 ± 295.4 → 4,130.4 ± 121.1 mLBaseline → day 30Control: 3,735.6 ± 274.4 → 3,805.3 ± 276.7 mL
- Expiratory forced vital capacity
- 2,740.7 ± 120.3 → 3,800.7 ± 116.1 mLBaseline → day 30Control: 2,850.0 ± 135.3 → 3,210.9 ± 136.6 mL
- Total lung capacity
- 4,812.4 ± 254.10 → 5,300.5 ± 171.8 mLControl: 4,854.3 ± 246.8 → 5,120.2 ± 156.3 mL
Study context
78 patients aged 34–65 with chronic bronchitis and an asthmatic component in remission; adjunctive Bronchogen 58, standard-care controls 20. Stratified randomization reported.
No placebo or blinding described. The table measures forced vital capacity, not FEV1. Its significance footnote does not clearly resolve every within- versus between-group comparison. Oral capsule findings cannot be transferred to injectable or differently formulated products.
Effect of new peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum ↗
Livagen and Epitalon inhibited enkephalin breakdown in human serum, with IC50 values of 20 and 500 µM respectively. Neither bound the tested µ- or δ-opioid receptors.
- Enkephalinase inhibition, IC50
- Livagen 20 µM; Epitalon 500 µMConcentrations producing 50% inhibition in the serum assay
- Opioid-receptor binding
- No interaction detected at tested µ- or δ-receptorsRat-brain membrane assay
Study context
Human-serum enzyme assay and rat-brain membrane receptor-binding assay.
These are laboratory concentrations and enzyme endpoints, not evidence of opioid-like clinical effects or an effective human dose.
Functional morphology of an organotypic liver culture exposed to the peptide livagen ↗
Livagen supported liver-cell structural integrity and regeneration-related morphology in an organotypic culture. The abstract supplies no numerical effect size.
- Liver-culture morphology
- Improved structural preservation and cellular/intracellular regeneration markers reported; numerical size not supplied
Study context
Organotypic liver culture; sample size and species not supplied in the indexed abstract.
A tissue-culture result; clinical liver function, fibrosis and patient outcomes were not tested.
Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen ↗
Livagen increased protein synthesis in cultured rat liver cells, most strongly in cells from old animals. Epitalon did not change protein-synthesis intensity in this experiment.
- Protein synthesis
- Increased with Livagen; unchanged with EpitalonCultured rat hepatocytes
- Age range
- 1–24 months
Study context
Cultured hepatocytes from rats aged 1–24 months.
The animals supplied cells; this was not a treatment trial in living rats or people.
Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects ↗
Five short peptides increased ribosomal-gene activity and altered condensed chromatin in sampled leukocytes. Epitalon, Livagen and Prostamax changed chromosome-1 pericentromeric chromatin; Epitalon and Livagen also changed chromosome 9.
- Chromatin readouts
- Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied
- Donor ages
- 75–88 years
Study context
Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.
People donated cells; they were not treated in a clinical trial. Chromatin changes do not establish rejuvenation or longer life. Related chromatin-program publications may overlap.
Deheterochromatinization of the chromatin in old age induced by oligopeptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu-Asp-Pro) ↗
Prostamax increased sister-chromatid exchanges from 5.9 ± 0.2 to 12.0 ± 0.28 per cell and silver-positive nucleolar organizer regions from 0.95 to 2.5 per cell. These are chromatin assays, not prostate-symptom outcomes.
- Sister-chromatid exchanges per cell
- 12.0 ± 0.28 versus 5.9 ± 0.2Prostamax-exposed versus intact cells
- Silver-positive nucleolar organizer regions
- 2.5 versus 0.95 per cellExposed versus intact cells
Study context
Cultured cells from donors aged 75–86 years.
An increase in sister-chromatid exchange is a cellular observation, not inherently a clinical benefit. Donor number and long-term consequences are not supplied in the abstract.
The effect of the amino acids and cardiogen on the development of myocard tissue culture from young and old rats ↗
Cardiogen stimulated proliferation in heart-tissue cultures from young and old rats and reduced p53 expression. The tested concentration was 10⁻¹² M; the abstract gives no proliferation effect size.
- Heart-explant response
- Proliferation increased and p53 expression decreased; numerical effect size not supplied
- Test concentration
- 10⁻¹² M
Study context
Myocardial explants from rats aged 3 and 24 months.
Explanted rat tissue, not human cardiac recovery. Reduced p53 is an assay finding and cannot alone establish safety or tissue regeneration.
Tumor-modifying effect of cardiogen peptide on M-1 sarcoma in senescent rats ↗
Cardiogen inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent pattern, with more tumor-cell apoptosis and hemorrhagic necrosis. The authors linked this to tumor vasculature rather than a direct cytostatic effect.
- Tumor response
- Dose-dependent growth inhibition and increased apoptosis reported; numerical magnitude not supplied
Study context
Senescent rats with transplanted M-1 sarcoma.
An experimental rat tumor study; the abstract supplies no tumor-volume difference, dose schedule or human cancer outcomes.
Modulating Effect of Peptide Therapy on the Morphofunctional State of Bronchial Epithelium in Rats with Obstructive Lung Pathology ↗
After one month of Bronchogen, rats showed less bronchial remodeling and neutrophilic inflammation, recovery of ciliated cells and increased secretory IgA. Numerical differences are not given in the abstract.
- Bronchial and immune findings
- Remodeling and inflammatory changes improved; secretory IgA increased
- Model and treatment
- 60-day NO₂ exposure; 1-month Bronchogen course
Study context
Rats exposed intermittently to nitrogen dioxide for 60 days to model obstructive lung disease.
A chemically induced rat model; related respiratory experiments may share the same research program. It does not establish prevention of human occupational lung injury.
Peptides tissue-specifically stimulate cell differentiation during their aging ↗
Pancragen increased differentiation-marker expression in pancreatic cells, Bronchogen in bronchial cells, and Vesugen in prostatic fibroblasts. Responses were more pronounced in aged cultures.
- Differentiation markers
- CXCL12/Hoxa3 or CXCL12/WEGC1 expression increased in the corresponding cultures
- Preparation assignments
- Pancragen KEDW → pancreas; Bronchogen AEDL → bronchial cells; Vesugen KED → prostatic fibroblasts
Study context
Human embryonic pancreatic and bronchial cell cultures, plus human prostatic fibroblasts, compared at different passage ages.
Different peptides were tested in different cell types; this is not a combination trial or evidence of organ recovery in patients. No numerical effect sizes are supplied.
Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line ↗
Five preparations reduced LPS-induced TNF and IL-6 expression in differentiated THP-1 cells and reduced adhesion to activated endothelial cells. Chonluten also reduced monocyte TNF release; the full text notes an apoptotic cell fraction with Chonluten.
- Inflammatory response
- Reduced LPS-stimulated TNF/IL-6 in differentiated cells; reduced monocyte adhesion
- Chonluten cell response
- Reduced monocyte TNF; an apoptotic fraction also observed
- Test concentration
- 100 ng/mL per preparation; LPS 100 ng/mL in monocyte/macrophage experiments
Study context
THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.
A cell-line experiment, with peptides tested individually. No patient treatment or clinical anti-inflammatory effect was measured. Numerical cytokine reductions are shown graphically rather than supplied as exact data tables.
Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray ↗
Cortagen changed 234 of 15,247 assayed cardiac transcripts (1.53%), matching 110 known genes. Maximum reported changes were 5.42-fold up and 2.86-fold down.
- Transcripts with significant change
- 234 / 15,247 (1.53%); 110 known genes
- Largest expression shifts
- 5.42-fold up; 2.86-fold downPaper reports signed values +5.42 and −2.86
Study context
Female 6-month-old CBA mice given Cortagen injections for five days; cardiac gene-expression assay.
The experiment measured mouse heart gene expression. Human peripheral-nerve claims in the introduction are background, not clinical results from this study.
The effect of vilozen on the immune status of bronchial asthma patients ↗
The report describes immune abnormalities in 163 asthma patients and improvement with adjunctive Vilosen in atopic-associated asthma. It supplies no treated-arm denominator or numerical symptom response.
- Reported response
- Immune correction and clinical improvement described in atopic-associated asthma; no response rate supplied
- Assessed population
- 163 patients; treated subset not stated
Study context
163 bronchial-asthma patients underwent immune assessment; the abstract does not specify how many received Vilosen.
The 163 assessed patients are not a verified treatment-arm count. Background treatment and uncontrolled selection prevent attributing clinical benefit to the extract alone.
The immunomodulating effect of vilozen and splenin in the treatment of patients with acute and chronic toxic-allergic hepatitis ↗
Vilosen plus Splenin was reported to speed clinical and immune normalization when added to usual hepatitis treatment. Of 181 patients assessed, 60 are explicitly described as receiving the combination.
- Combination result
- Faster clinical-index and immune-homeostasis normalization reported; no numerical effect supplied
- Explicitly treated subset
- 20 acute + 40 chronic patients
- Treatment course
- 10–15 days; Vilosen plus intramuscular Splenin and usual care
Study context
65 acute and 116 chronic toxic-allergic hepatitis patients examined; 20 acute and 40 chronic patients received add-on Vilosen plus Splenin.
No numerical between-group outcome or allocation method is supplied. Splenin and background therapy prevent isolating Vilosen. The abstract’s intranasal/sublingual dose wording is ambiguous.
The efficacy of immunomodulating therapy in patients with chronic cholestatic liver diseases ↗
The combined extract regimen was associated with improved immune and microcirculatory measures and longer remission in chronic cholestatic liver disease. The abstract gives no remission duration or response percentage.
- Clinical findings
- Improved clinical measures and longer remission reported; no duration supplied
- Study population
- 93 patients
Study context
93 patients with chronic cholestatic liver disorders; combined Splenin/Vilosen treatment.
No isolated Vilosen arm or numerical clinical comparison is described.
Thymus Polypeptide Preparation Tactivin Restores Learning and Memory in Thymectomied Rats ↗
Tactivin restored learning after thymectomy in young rats, whereas splenic polypeptides did not. The reported treatment was 0.5 mg/kg for one month.
- Active-avoidance learning
- Restored with Tactivin; splenic polypeptides ineffective
- Reported regimen
- 0.5 mg/kg for 1 month after surgery
Study context
Rats thymectomized at three weeks of age; active-avoidance learning assay.
An animal thymectomy model; no effect size, group counts or human cognitive outcomes are supplied in the indexed abstract.
Clinico-immunologic effect of tactivin in chronic myeloid leukemia ↗
Adjunctive Tactivin was reported to improve cellular immunity and reduce infectious complications 1.77-fold. The abstract gives no raw infection counts or comparison-arm sizes.
- Infectious complications
- 1.77-fold reduction reportedRaw events and comparator denominator not supplied
- Assessed population
- 35 patients with advanced CML
Study context
35 advanced chronic-myeloid-leukemia patients underwent immune assessment around myelosan chemotherapy.
A historical adjunctive report, not evidence of leukemia control or survival benefit. The fold claim cannot be converted into absolute risk without denominators.
Use of tactivin and imunofan for the treatment of patients with endometrial carcinoma ↗
Both adjunctive Tactivin and Imunofan were reported to reduce radiation complications and improve immune measures. The authors described Imunofan as somewhat more effective, without numerical rates.
- Radiation complications and immune measures
- Improvement reported with both agents; Imunofan described as more effective; numerical rates absent
Study context
Patients receiving complex treatment for endometrial adenocarcinoma; sample sizes not supplied in the indexed abstract.
No group sizes, allocation details, complication counts or cancer-survival endpoints are supplied. This does not establish either preparation as an anticancer therapy.
Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process ↗
Crystagen activated B-cell measures but did not cause renewal of the aging spleen. Vilon was associated with lower T-helper-cell apoptosis; Thymogen with lower apoptosis and increased B-cell proliferation.
- Crystagen response
- B-cell activation reported; no aging-spleen cell renewal
- Other peptide responses
- Vilon: reduced T-helper apoptosis; Thymogen: B-cell proliferation with less apoptosis
Study context
Experimental aging-spleen work; species and assay design not specified in the indexed abstract.
The abstract does not establish the experimental model sufficiently to classify this as a human study or a specific animal/cell design. Commercial product equivalence is unverified.
For several commercial tissue-extract brands, the available trail still leads to product reports rather than independently appraisable trials. Results from a different extract or a synthetic peptide are not substituted.
More human-study results, with the comparisons beside them
39 existing records now have structured findings, including the original Picamilon tables, Pineamin fertility comparison, Cerebrolysin registry and imaging results, Dalargin blood markers, and the positive and neutral DSIP reports. Some abstracts provide design figures but no numerical treatment effect; those are labeled separately.
[THE INFLUENCE OF DEFICIT OF ENDOGENOUS NEUROPEPTIDES ON THE CLINICAL COURSE OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE]. ↗
Dalargin added to standard care was associated with larger changes in inflammatory and metabolic blood markers than standard care alone. Clinical cardiovascular events were not the reported endpoint.
- Insulin change
- −22.4% versus −6.5%3 monthsp<0.001 for Dalargin changes; p<0.05 for standard-care changesDalargin + standard care versus standard care
- TNF-α change
- −55% versus −9.4%3 monthsSame randomized treatment groups
- IL-6 change
- −56.3% versus −6.1%3 monthsSame groups
Evaluating the Effect of Cerebrolysin as an Adjuvant to Standard Therapy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Observational Study. ↗
In a non-randomized 143-patient stroke comparison, NIHSS fell from 9.90 to 3.40 with adjunctive Cerebrolysin versus 10.10 to 4.80 with standard care; more treated patients reached the reported independence categories.
- NIHSS score, mean ± SD
- 9.90 ± 2.90 → 3.40 ± 1.40 versus 10.10 ± 2.80 → 4.80 ± 1.30Baseline → day 14t=6.19; p<0.001Adjunctive versus standard-care arm
- Shift to minor stroke severity
- 43.84% versus 25.71%Day 14Adjunctive versus standard care
- Slight dependency
- 38.36% versus 20%Day 14Barthel Index category; adjunctive versus standard care
Pineamin increased pineal melatonin synthesis in elderly people ↗
A 55-person report in older adults with reduced melatonin production found 1.9-fold higher nighttime urinary melatonin-metabolite excretion after Pineamin. It did not quantify a sleep improvement.
- Nighttime urinary aMT6S
- 1.9-fold increaseThe abstract describes comparison with an untreated value; allocation and arm sizes are not specified
- Participants
- 55 older patients
- Course dose
- 100 mg totalNot a daily dose
C-REGS2-A multinational, high-quality comparative effectiveness study of Cerebrolysin in moderate acute ischemic stroke. ↗
C-REGS2 associated Cerebrolysin with better 90-day disability and cognitive outcomes in 1,769 patients. It was a prospective observational comparison, with no significant between-group difference in deaths or serious adverse events.
- Ordinal mRS
- MW 0.6157; 95% CI 0.5910–0.6404Day 90p<0.0001Cerebrolysin versus standard care; MW=0.5 represents no ordering advantage
- Excellent recovery, mRS 0–1
- Derived OR 2.74; 95% CI 2.12–3.60Day 90p<0.0001Multilevel-adjusted dichotomized outcome
- Functional independence, mRS 0–2
- Derived OR 2.88; 95% CI 2.28–3.68Day 90p<0.0001Multilevel-adjusted dichotomized outcome
Combined citicoline and Cerebrolysin for neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort analysis. ↗
An 80-patient retrospective severe-TBI comparison found no statistically significant difference in six-month neurological function or mortality between citicoline alone and citicoline plus Cerebrolysin.
- Six-month neurological function
- No statistically significant difference6 monthsCombination versus citicoline alone
- Six-month mortality
- No statistically significant difference6 monthsCombination versus citicoline alone
- Analyzed patients
- 80 overallArm sizes not supplied in the abstract
Life-Threatening Anaphylaxis due to Cerebrolysin®. ↗
A case report documents life-threatening anaphylaxis after intravenous Cerebrolysin in an 85-year-old stroke patient; the reaction was laboratory-confirmed and treated successfully.
- Severe allergic reaction
- 1 documented anaphylaxis caseAfter intravenous Cerebrolysin; vital functions restored with treatment
- Patient
- 85-year-old man with subacute stroke
[Cerebrolysin with reperfusion therapy in ischemic stroke: a prospective analysis of multimodal brain imaging data from the CEREHETIS trial]. ↗
A 33-patient CEREHETIS imaging subgroup associated adjunctive Cerebrolysin with lower day-14 blood–brain barrier permeability and infarct volume, alongside altered diffusion-imaging measures.
- Axial diffusivity contrast
- 259.05 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; 95% CI 142.19–375.91Day 14p<0.001Model-predicted marginal contrast, treated versus control
- Radial diffusivity contrast
- 209.89 × 10⁻⁶ mm²/s; 95% CI 106.91–312.87Day 14p<0.001Same model contrast
- Fractional anisotropy contrast
- 185.13 × 10⁻⁴; 95% CI 22.88–347.37Day 14p=0.021Scaled FA units as reported
[Use of the Gepon immunomodulator for ulcerative colitis treatment]. ↗
In a 36-person uncontrolled report of resistant distal ulcerative colitis, 83.3% had clinical and endoscopic improvement after Gepon.
- Clinical and endoscopic amelioration
- 83.3%Within the treated cohort; no untreated response rate supplied
- Participants
- 36
[Using regulatory peptide imunofan in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic foot syndrome]. ↗
A randomized 69-person diabetic-foot comparison reported better clinical and immune outcomes with adjunctive Imunofan, but its abstract supplies no numerical treatment effect.
- Clinical, laboratory and quality-of-life findings
- Reported improvement with adjunctive treatmentNo scores, response rates or confidence intervals in the indexed abstract
- Randomized groups
- 39 adjunctive; 30 basic therapy
Clinical and immunologic effects of T-activin therapy in early stage melanoma patients. ↗
In a 17-person melanoma comparison, the survival difference with T-activin added to surgery was not statistically significant; immune-cell changes did not track clinical benefit.
- Reported survival time
- 40 versus 24 monthsReported follow-upNot statistically significantT-activin + surgery versus surgery alone
- Disease-free interval
- 17.5 versus 13 monthsSame comparison; described as similar
- Lymphoproliferative response
- Increase in 4 of 5 treated patients with progressionBiological response did not correspond to clinical benefit
Successful treatment of withdrawal symptoms with delta sleep-inducing peptide, a neuropeptide with potential agonistic activity on opiate receptors. ↗
An uncontrolled withdrawal report described improvement in 48 of 49 evaluable patients after DSIP, but 18 of 67 enrolled patients were not evaluable.
- Reported beneficial response
- 48/49 evaluable22 alcohol-withdrawal patients and 26/27 opiate-withdrawal patients
- Attrition
- 18/67 not evaluable; abstract reports 27%49 patients contributed to the response analysis
- Major adverse effects
- None reportedLimited uncontrolled clinical series
Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind study. ↗
In 16 chronic-insomnia patients, DSIP produced weak objective sleep differences and no consistent subjective sleep benefit; the authors found little likely therapeutic value.
- Objective sleep
- Higher efficiency and shorter latency, described as weak effectsAuthors note possible contribution from incidental placebo-group changes
- Subjective sleep quality
- No changeNo numerical sleep-minute difference in the abstract
- Participants
- 8 DSIP; 8 placebo
Study of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving sleep on short-term administration to chronic insomniacs. ↗
A double-blind crossover study found little clinically significant sleep improvement with DSIP; some nominal sleep-stage differences were already present at baseline.
- Awakenings and wake time
- Decreased during DSIP, without significant baseline or placebo differencesAlso applies to NREM latency and waking after sleep onset
- NREM and stage 2 sleep
- Nominal differences versus placebo, with the same differences already present at baseline
- Slow-wave and REM sleep
- Not modified
Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on 24-hour sleep-wake behaviour in severe chronic insomnia. ↗
A 14-person placebo-controlled insomnia report described improved sleep and daytime performance over seven nights of DSIP, without giving numerical sleep or performance effect sizes in its abstract.
- Sleep and daytime performance
- Reported improvements; numerical changes not suppliedSleep effects reportedly persisted on the first placebo post-treatment night
- Participants
- 14 chronic-insomnia patients
- Observation schedule
- 7 successive treatment nights; daytime testing before and after 6 injections
The use of prostatilen in treating patients with chronic prostatitis ↗
An uncontrolled 307-person chronic-prostatitis series reported symptom disappearance or attenuation in 96.7% after Prostatilen.
- Reported symptom response
- 96.7%Disappearance or attenuation; uncontrolled composite clinical response
- Onset of response
- After 2–3 injections; greatest reported response after 5–6Descriptive clinical observation
- Studied regimen
- 5–10 mg intramuscularly daily for 5–10 days
Cortexin administration due to improvement of cognitive and behavioral disorders in children and teenagers with epilepsy ↗
In an 86-person pediatric epilepsy report, cognitive improvement was reported in 65% and no seizure aggravation in 95% during adjunctive Cortexin use.
- Cognitive improvement
- 65%Within the treated report; no untreated response proportion supplied
- No seizure aggravation
- 95%This is not a seizure-remission rate
- Baseline cognitive distribution
- 72% had IQ 91–110; 24% described as mental deficiencyBaseline characteristics, not treatment response
Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects ↗
A 52-person fMRI study found drug-related differences in amygdala–temporal connectivity after Semax, Selank or placebo; it did not quantify improved anxiety or cognition.
- Functional connectivity
- Between-group and between-condition differences involving right amygdala and right temporal regionsBrain-imaging finding; no clinical symptom response rates
- Participants
- 52 across Semax, Selank and placeboArm counts not supplied in indexed abstract
- Assessment schedule
- Baseline; 5 and 20 minutes
Piracetam-induced improvement of mental performance: a controlled study on normally aging individuals ↗
An 18-person double-blind crossover report found better performance on most tested tasks during piracetam than placebo, without numerical task-score changes in its abstract.
- Perceptual-motor tasks
- Significantly better performance on most tasksNo task-by-task scores or exact p values supplied
- Participants
- 18 older adults
- Treatment periods
- Two 4-week crossover periods
Single-dose piracetam effects on global complexity measures of human spontaneous multichannel EEG ↗
A 12-person experiment found dose-related resting EEG changes after piracetam; these were physiological measurements, not demonstrated cognitive improvement.
- EEG complexity
- Both complexity measures decreased versus placebo at 2.4 g; dimensional complexity returned toward placebo at 9.6 g1–1.5 hoursNo numerical complexity difference in abstract
- Participants
- 12 healthy volunteers
- Studied doses
- 2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 g; placebo comparator
Impact of Hypoxen therapy on postoperative course in gynecologic patients ↗
An observational postoperative comparison reported less prolonged pain with adjunctive Hypoxen, but did not give pain-event counts or an effect size.
- Prolonged postoperative pain
- Lower reported proportionEarly postoperative periodp<0.05, χ² testHypoxen + routine care versus routine care
- Lipid oxidation and antioxidant measures
- Reported improvement; no numerical marker values in abstract
- Group sizes
- 52 adjunctive; 339 routine care
[Results of a clinical study of a new anxiolytic, a blocker of central cholecystokinin receptors]. ↗
A 31-person, 21-day uncontrolled GB-115 pilot reported improvements in anxiety, attention and sleep; it does not quantify an advantage over placebo or standard drugs.
- Anxiety and cognitive measures
- Reported favorable changes; no numerical scale deltas in indexed abstract
- Participants
- 31 (22 women; 9 men)
- Studied dose and duration
- Effective dose described as 6 mg/day; 21 days
Plasma cyclic glycine proline/IGF-1 ratio predicts clinical outcome and recovery in stroke patients. ↗
In 34 stroke patients, baseline cyclic glycine-proline/IGF-1 ratio was associated with later neurological recovery. Patients were not treated with cGP; this was a biomarker study.
- Biomarker association
- Lower baseline cGP and cGP/IGF-1 ratio in stroke; baseline ratio correlated with day-90 NIHSS and its changeNo correlation coefficient or absolute concentration in the indexed abstract
- Participants
- 34 stroke patients; 50 controls
- Assessment schedule
- Baseline within 3 days; days 7 and 90
[The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut]. ↗
A heat-stress experiment reported maintained work capacity with Bemitil or Phenibut, with the strongest protective effect attributed to Phenibut; the abstract gives no numerical performance difference.
- Thermal tolerance and work capacity
- Reported improvement with both drugs; Phenibut described as producing the best protectionNo duration, power or temperature effect size supplied
- Single studied doses
- Bemitil 0.5 g; Phenibut 0.25 gSeparate drugs; not evidence for their combination
[Effectiveness of bemitil in recurrent erysipelas]. ↗
A 66-person placebo comparison of recurrent erysipelas reported faster clinical recovery and discharge with adjunctive Bemitil, without supplying days-to-recovery or response counts.
- Clinical recovery and discharge
- Reported earlier resolution of intoxication/local signs and earlier hospital dischargeNo numerical time difference in abstract
- Participants
- 66 overall; arm sizes not given
- Studied regimen
- 0.25–0.5 g/day orally for 5–7 days
[The dynamics of the immunological indices during the treatment of recurrent erysipelas with the new immunostimulant bemitil]. ↗
An adjunctive erysipelas report described higher T-lymphocyte numbers and IgA/IgM levels during Bemitil treatment, without absolute immune-marker values or a clinical effect size.
- Immune markers
- Reported T-cell increase, lymphocyte-balance normalization and higher IgA/IgMNo absolute concentrations or comparative clinical rates supplied
- Studied regimen
- 0.25–0.5 g/day orally for 5–7 days
The effect of bemetil on production of DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ↗
A four-group lupus report associated Bemitil-containing treatment with lower anti-DNA antibody levels and disease-activity scores; the abstract does not give numerical changes.
- Antibodies and lupus activity
- Reported decreases in anti-DNA antibodies, SLEDAI-1 and ECLAM scoresNo group-level values or effect sizes in abstract
- Group sizes
- 15, 15, 15 and 16 patientsDo not treat all as one Bemitil arm
- Bemitil exposure
- 500–750 mg/day orallyEight-week comparison; the indexed background-drug dose units need original verification
[Correction of age related bladder function decrease with peptide geroprotector in women]. ↗
A blinded randomized Chitomur report in older women described improved bladder symptoms and earlier relief of symptom-related anxiety. Its abstract does not quantify urinary-event reductions.
- Urinary symptoms
- Reported fewer urgent sensations and urge-incontinence episodesNo episodes/day or treatment-effect size in abstract
- Timing of perceived benefit
- Anxiety reduction described as occurring 1.5 times faster than urinary-symptom improvementWithin-report timing statement; not a 50% urinary improvement
- Adverse effects
- None detected in the reportSample size and surveillance detail absent from abstract
[Peptide geroprotector application for treatment of elderly and senile patients with prostatic hyperplasia]. ↗
A blinded placebo-controlled Chitomur report in older men described improved urinary measures and quality of life, sustained for one month after treatment; its abstract gives no numerical treatment effect.
- Urinary function and quality of life
- Reported improvement, maintained during the month after treatmentNo flow-rate, symptom-score or between-group effect size supplied
- Adverse effects
- None reportedNo numerical safety denominator
- Post-treatment follow-up
- 1 month
[The peptide analogue of neurotensin with antipsychotic and pro-cognitive effects: results of the pilot clinical trial]. ↗
A 25-person Dilept pilot reported psychiatric and cognitive improvement, most evident at 200 mg/day; it did not provide numerical symptom-score changes in its abstract.
- Psychiatric and cognitive measures
- Reported favorable changes; no PANSS, CGI or WAIS-R deltas supplied
- Participants
- 25; mean age 33.4 ± 10.0 years
- Studied doses
- 60, 120 and 200 mg/day; strongest reported action at 200 mg/day
[A cytomorphological basis for the correction of radiation-induced immunodeficiencies and hematopoietic depression using thymus and bone marrow peptides]. ↗
A mixed clinical and animal report described immune and hematopoietic recovery with several thymus/bone-marrow preparations, but does not isolate a numerical Thymogen or Thymalin treatment effect.
- Immune and hematopoietic findings
- Reported recovery of immune-organ and neutrophil function; reduced asthenia with ThymalinNo preparation-specific comparative numerical outcome supplied
- Clinical participants
- 100 across the clinical settingNot 100 recipients of each preparation
- Separate animal experiments
- 160 animalsNot human participants
Functional and metabolic changes of healthy volunteers after cold exposure and administration of meteoadaptogen Trekrezan ↗
In a 75-volunteer cold-exposure report, Trekrezan was described as normalizing physical and metabolic measures; the abstract provides exposure conditions but no numerical performance effect.
- Physical and metabolic measures
- Reported normalization after pretreatmentNo numerical work-capacity or cognitive-task change supplied
- Participants
- 75 healthy men
- Exposure conditions
- −10°C; wind 2.5 m/s; 40 minutesEnvironmental challenge, not an outcome
Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug Semax in optic nerve disease ↗
A three-group optic-nerve report described faster visual recovery when Semax was added to neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory care, without numerical visual-acuity or field changes in its abstract.
- Visual outcomes
- Reported improvement in acuity, total visual field, color vision and optic-nerve electrical measuresNo effect size or arm counts supplied
- Treatment comparison
- 2 Semax delivery groups and 1 control groupAll within a therapeutic package
Effects of aminalon, fenibut, and picamilon on the typological parameters of cerebral hemodynamics in swimmers with dysadaptation syndrome ↗
A swimmer study reported changes in cerebral circulation after four weeks of Aminalon, Phenibut or Picamilon; Picamilon did not show the described venous-outflow improvement in the hypokinetic subgroup.
- Cerebral circulation
- Reported lower blood filling and improved venous outflow across most subgroupsException: hypokinetic subgroup taking Picamilon
- Studied preparations
- Aminalon 0.25 g; Phenibut 0.25 g; Picamilon 0.10 gSeparate treatment preparations; administration frequency not specified
- Treatment and testing
- 4 weeks; test 20 minutes after warm-up
Possibilities of the pharmacological correction of adaptive reactions of human organism in short-term moving from middle to high altitude] ↗
An altitude-adaptation comparison reported earlier metabolic adaptation with combined Metaprot and Ladasten than with Hypoxen or placebo. The abstract does not quantify the work-capacity improvement.
- Adaptation timing
- Combination: within first hours; Hypoxen: by day 3; placebo: still developing on day 3Authors’ descriptive metabolic time course, not a timed endurance effect
- Exercise tolerance and blood-cell measures
- Reported stronger responses with the combinationNo absolute work or blood-cell effect sizes supplied
- Studied arms
- Metaprot 0.125 g + Ladasten 0.1 g; Hypoxen 0.5 g; placeboCombination effect cannot be assigned to either component alone
Treatment of contusion of moderate severity in children in outpatient clinics ↗
A 74-child brain-contusion comparison reported recovery in both groups and favorable cognitive/EEG findings with adjunctive Cortexin, without numerical group differences in the abstract.
- Cognitive, EEG and clinical findings
- Reported favorable dynamics; both groups improvedNo numerical cognitive or neurological treatment effect supplied
- Participants
- 74 children overallArm sizes not supplied
- Reassessment
- 30 days after treatment began
Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristic of noopept in patients with mild cognitive impairment of posttraumatic and vascular origin ↗
A Noopept report described increased alpha/beta EEG power and reduced delta power in patients with vascular or traumatic brain disorders; it supplies no numerical clinical response rate.
- EEG power
- Alpha/beta increased; delta decreased; patterns more typical in vascular than traumatic diseaseNo absolute spectral-power changes or clinical effect sizes supplied
- Alpha frequency region
- 6.7–10.2 HzFrequency band implicated in the EEG response; not a cognitive effect size
Hyperthermia-induced disruption of functional connectivity in the human brain network ↗
A heat-exposure experiment found 65 altered functional connections: 50 decreased and 15 increased. It tested heat exposure, not a peptide or drug.
- Altered functional connections
- 65 total: 50 decreased, 15 increasedHyperthermia versus normal-temperature group
- Attention association
- More altered connections correlated with greater executive-control reaction timeCorrelation coefficient not supplied in abstract
- Physiological associations
- No significant correlation with rectal-temperature differences or weight loss
Pineamin in combined therapy for diminished ovarian reserve ↗
In a 70-person open randomized adjunctive study, IVF pregnancies were reported in 14/36 women receiving Pineamin with hormone therapy versus 6/34 receiving hormone therapy alone. These were pregnancies, not live births.
- IVF pregnancies
- 14/36 (38.9%) versus 6/34 (17.6%)After preparation and IVFTable 4 p=0.050; abstract/narrative say p<0.05Adjunctive versus hormone-only
- Corpus luteum detected
- 18/36 (50.0%) versus 9/34 (26.5%)After treatmentp=0.044 in tableTable 4; abstract instead says 17 treated patients
- AMH >0.9 ng/mL
- 25/36 (69.4%) versus 11/34 (32.4%)After treatmentp=0.002Threshold counts, not mean AMH changes
Picamilon in stage I and II chronic cerebral ischemia: open comparative study ↗
In the 2025 open Picamilon comparison, MoCA increased from 24.9 to 28.3 in stage I disease and from 20.9 to 25.9 in stage II disease. Sleep and symptom scores also improved; there was no placebo or untreated group.
- MoCA score, mean ± SD
- Stage I: 24.9 ± 3.78 → 26.5 ± 2.77 → 28.3 ± 2.18; stage II: 20.9 ± 4.79 → 24.6 ± 3.64 → 25.9 ± 3.88Baseline → end of treatment → 45-day follow-upWithin-stage values; not randomized disease-stage comparison
- Sleep score, mean ± SD
- Stage I: 19.7 ± 3.77 → 22.7 ± 3.46 → 24.3 ± 3.06; stage II: 18.5 ± 4.01 → 21.8 ± 3.61 → 22.8 ± 3.01Same visitsLevin subjective questionnaire; higher is better
- Adverse events
- 4/50 stage I; 4/50 stage II; none serious or causing discontinuationTreatment periodAll 100 enrolled patients in safety analysis
More results from the studies already in the library
Structured findings have been added or expanded for 15 existing records. These are source reviews, not 15 newly published studies.
Integrative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of outpatient use of Picamilon ↗
Cognitive scores and sleep questionnaires improved during two active Picamilon schedules. There was no untreated or placebo group.
- MoCA cognitive score
- 24.9 → 26.5 → 28.3 pointsReported serial assessmentsp=0.022 and p<0.001 as reportedPooled active-treatment sample; the abstract does not map all three quoted values to specific visits
- Sleep improvement
- 50% at visit 3; 84% at visit 4End of 60-day treatment; then 1.5-month follow-upQuestionnaire-defined improvement; not measured sleep stages
- Fedin neurological symptom score
- 11.9 ± 8.3 → 6.0 ± 6.1 → 2.77 ± 4.43 pointsp<0.0001 for both follow-up comparisonsBaseline → visit 3 → visit 4
Clinical efficacy and safety of Picamilon in patients with progressive chronic cerebral ischemia ↗
In an uncontrolled 50-person stage II cohort, cognition and sleep questionnaire scores improved during treatment and follow-up.
- MoCA cognitive score
- 20.9 → 24.6 → 25.9 pointsp<0.0001 and p=0.0006 as reportedBaseline → end of treatment → delayed follow-up
- Sleep normalization
- 55% → 81%p<0.0001 and p=0.0025End of treatment → delayed follow-up; questionnaire-defined
- Fedin neurological score
- 17.4 ± 9.34 → 8.06 ± 6.84 → 5.31 ± 5.71 pointsp<0.0001 and p=0.0002Baseline → visit 2 → visit 3
The efficacy of add-on treatment with phenotropil in adult patients with locally-induced epilepsy ↗
The paper reports at least 50% seizure reduction in 83% and 61% of the two active groups, alongside 32 discontinuations due to adverse events.
- At least 50% seizure-frequency reduction
- 83% at 200 mg/day; 61% at 100 mg/dayEnd of treatmentPublished results narrative; placebo responder percentage is not supplied in the checked passage
- Adverse-event discontinuations
- 12/30 at 200 mg/day; 12/30 at 100 mg/day; 8/30 with placeboDuring three-month treatmentCounts as reported in methods; 32/90 total withdrawals
- Cognitive and mood outcomes
- Improvements reported; exact scale differences are in image tablesMMSE, depression, asthenia and P300 assessments; no reconstructed numbers
Treatment of asthenic syndrome in chronic brain ischemia: TRIUMPH observational program ↗
Fatigue scores declined in an observational program, with large exclusions from analysis and no untreated group.
- General-fatigue reduction at three months
- 59.1%, 55.9%, 60.5% and 55.7%Three months after treatment startedFour age-by-duration subgroups; within-person reductions, not a placebo-adjusted effect
- Post-treatment MFI-20 score
- 33.3 points in younger patients; 37.0 in older patientsFinal follow-upAges 45–54 and 55–65; reported overall baseline score 77
- Baseline severity versus subsequent reduction
- r=0.789p=0.001Correlational association
Effect of Cortexin on neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis ↗
Depression and quality-of-life scores improved in an open MS cohort; the disability score did not change significantly.
- Beck depression score
- 17.6 ± 1.3 → 12.9 ± 1.4 pointsAfter the treatment programp<0.05 versus baselineWithin-person change; 12 participants had depressive symptoms at baseline
- EQ-5D health score
- 0.41 ± 0.07 → 0.73 ± 0.03After treatmentp<0.05 versus baselineWithin-person change; higher score indicates better reported health
- EDSS disability
- No significant changeParticipants entered in remission with EDSS below 3
Combined therapy including Pineamin in postmenopausal women: open randomized controlled study ↗
Both hormonal-treatment groups improved. The Pineamin add-on group had lower symptom scores, while several between-group biomarker and daily-impact comparisons were not significant.
- Greene total symptom score
- 40.0 → 17.0 → 10.0 with add-on PineaminBaseline → week 4 → week 12Hormone therapy alone: 37.5 → 18.5 → 12.5
- Mild symptom category
- 65% versus 38%Week 12Between-group severity-distribution p=0.021Add-on versus hormone therapy alone
- Sleep-symptom item
- 2.9 → 0.9 versus 2.6 → 1.1Week 12Both within-group p<0.001Add-on versus hormone therapy alone; questionnaire item, not sleep staging
Pineamin and ejaculate quality and symptoms associated with male aging ↗
Semen parameters improved more with Pineamin than with L-carnitine in a small open comparison. Pregnancy and live-birth outcomes were not tested.
- Sperm concentration
- 20 [12–31] → 31 [22–68] million/mLThree monthsWithin-group p<0.001 versus p=0.137L-carnitine: 19 [16–27] → 21 [18–29]; medians [IQR]
- A+B motility
- 41 [24–54]% → 63 [45–76]%Three monthsWithin-group p<0.001 versus p=0.018L-carnitine: 29 [23–34]% → 31 [26–38]%; medians [IQR]
- Normal morphology
- 2.5 [2.0–3.5]% → 5.0 [3.5–6.0]%Three monthsWithin-group p<0.001 versus p=0.205L-carnitine: 3.0 [2.5–3.5]% → 3.0 [3.0–4.0]%; medians [IQR]
Efficacy of Cerebrolysin Treatment as an Add-On Therapy to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Due to Large Vessel Occlusion in Anterior Circulation: Results of a 3-Month Follow-up of a Prospective, Open Label, Single-Center Study. ↗
Functional independence at 90 days was more frequent in the treated cohort, while mortality did not differ significantly.
- Functional independence, mRS 0–2
- 68% versus 44%Day 90OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.1; p=0.016Treated versus historical control; 50 per group
- Secondary intracranial hemorrhage
- 14% versus 40%Follow-upReported RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.14–0.95; p=0.02Source abstract percentages; historical comparison
- NIHSS
- 3 [IQR 4] versus 6 [IQR 9]Day 7p=0.01Median neurological deficit score; lower is better
Cerebrolysin as an adjuvant therapy after mechanical thrombectomy in large vessel occlusion cardioembolic stroke: a propensity score matching analysis. ↗
Both the full cohort and propensity-matched subset favored Cerebrolysin for disability outcomes; cognition did not differ significantly.
- Functional independence, mRS 0–2
- 48/75 (64%) versus 26/75 (34.7%)Day 90p<0.001Treated versus historical controls
- Matched functional independence
- 33/51 (65%) versus 16/51 (31%)Day 90p<0.001Rounded percentages as printed in Table 2
- Any hemorrhagic transformation
- 15/75 (20%) versus 43/75 (57.3%)p<0.001 full cohort; p=0.001 matchedMatched: 13/51 (25.5%) versus 29/51 (56.9%)
Cerebrolysin, hemorrhagic transformation, and anticoagulation timing after reperfusion therapy in stroke: <i>post hoc</i> secondary analysis of the CEREHETIS trial. ↗
A secondary analysis found lower hemorrhage hazards in the higher-risk subgroup. The proposed anticoagulation windows are model outputs, not validated treatment instructions.
- Symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation
- HR 0.245; 95% CI 0.072–0.83714-day analysisp=0.020Cerebrolysin versus control in higher-risk subgroup
- Any hemorrhagic transformation
- HR 0.543; 95% CI 0.297–0.99114-day analysisp=0.032Higher-risk subgroup
- Modeled risk-equilibrium window
- Days 1–3 versus days 3–5Treated versus control in higher-risk subgroup; exploratory model, not a measured safe-start rule
Cerebrolysin after Endovascular Thrombectomy in Stroke: 12‑Month Functional Outcomes in a Propensity‑Matched Cohort. ↗
At 12 months, treated patients had better functional measures, while cumulative mortality was 18% in both groups.
- Functional independence
- Adjusted OR 6.10; 95% CI 1.64–22.6612 monthsp<0.01mRS 0–2; model-adjusted association with Cerebrolysin
- Favorable mRS shift
- Common OR 3.57; 95% CI 1.42–8.9312 monthsp<0.01Shift across disability-score categories
- Mortality
- 18% in each group12 monthsCumulative deaths; no mortality difference
Meteoadaptogenic properties of peptide drugs in healthy volunteers ↗
Noopept showed different performance and anxiety results under cold, heat and simulated altitude. The tables also distinguish Cortexin, Dilept and Vinpotropil.
- Noopept PWC170 in cold
- 189 ± 10 versus 162 ± 2Cold chamberSource marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical controlPlacebo comparison in the cold chamber; source PWC170 values, units not added
- Noopept PWC170 in heat
- 188 ± 6 versus 152 ± 1Heat chamberSource marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical controlPlacebo in the heat chamber; values checked in Table 2
- Noopept arithmetic errors in heat
- 0 ± 0 versus 0.8 ± 0.2Heat chamberSource significance marker versus placebo and historical controlPlacebo in the heat chamber; test-specific errors
Picamilon and cerebral blood flow in maladapted swimmers with different systemic hemodynamic types ↗
The eukinetic subgroup showed different vascular measurements with Picamilon and placebo. These were physiological findings in children, not an adult cognition trial.
- Cerebral venous-outflow measure
- 26.2 ± 1.1% versus 37.5 ± 1.7%Second training stagep<0.001 as placed in the source tablePicamilon versus placebo; eukinetic subgroup
- Dicrotic index
- 77.7 ± 6.4% versus 53.3 ± 1.1%Second stagep<0.01Picamilon versus placebo; physiological index
- Venoarterial ratio
- 78.6 ± 6.9% versus 51.7 ± 1.4%Second stagep<0.01Picamilon versus placebo
Recent tendencies in the prevention and treatment of menopausal syndrome ↗
At 90 days, the trial reported a symptom-category response in 59.1% of Pineamin recipients versus 36.7% with placebo.
- Modified Kupperman response
- 52/88 (59.1%) versus 11/30 (36.7%)Day 90OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.06–5.87; p=0.037Pooled active courses versus placebo; efficacy population
- Two-course response
- 37/58 (63.8%) versus 12/30 (40.0%)Day 180OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.01–6.13; pairwise p=0.04Two courses versus placebo; efficacy population
- One-course response
- 19/30 (63.3%) versus 12/30 (40.0%)Day 180OR 2.59, 95% CI 0.91–7.34; table reports omnibus p=0.08One course versus placebo; efficacy population
Peptide bioregulators in surgical treatment of chronic periapical odontogenic infection in older adults ↗
A later research lecture reports 13.5% higher bone-regenerate density with perioperative Cartalax than with controls. The original paper’s outcome tables remain unavailable.
- Bone-regenerate density
- 13.5% higher than controls6, 9 and 12 monthsReported in the 2025 research lecture citing the 2015 clinical paper; not independently checked against original tables
- Overall bone-structure restoration
- Achieved in both groups, according to the lectureThe reported difference concerns speed and density, not healing versus no healing
- Speed of reparative bone formation
- 17% faster, as described in the lectureA later-source claim; original definition and calculation have not been verified
Semax and Epitalon: HHS compounding-policy notice
The October 30 Federal Register notice announces a draft interim HHS enforcement-discretion policy for specified 503A compounding involving six peptides, including Semax and Epitalon. This changes the compounding policy context; it is not FDA approval or a new finding of clinical effectiveness.
| Peptide | Form | Route described |
|---|---|---|
| Semax | Free base | Intranasal |
| Epitalon | Acetate | Subcutaneous or intramuscular; intermittent courses |
The policy sets conditions including:
- A patient-specific prescription and qualifying licensed pharmacy, federal facility or physician.
- Specified ingredient identity and route, FDA-registered manufacturing sources, valid certificates of analysis and applicable manufacturing requirements.
- Single-active-ingredient products, required labeling, and reporting of products compounded, serious adverse events and quality problems.
The notice calls the policy draft and nonbinding. Its conditions, forms and routes matter; it does not approve research-use products or establish safety and effectiveness. The other listed peptides are BPC-157, KPV, MOTS-c and TB-500. Read the government documents for the complete conditions.
Federal Register notice, 91 FR 68526 ↗ · HHS policy and appendices PDF ↗
Published in October 2026
Comparison in people · 2026-10-16
Visual-field improvement persisted after combined glaucoma rehabilitation ↗
After glaucoma surgery, a physiotherapy package including Semax electrophoresis improved visual-field mean deviation from −8.62 ± 1.86 to −4.33 ± 0.98 dB, with benefit maintained through six months. The comparison group received Semax nasal drops and returned to baseline by month three. Structural retinal measures and visual-field index did not differ significantly.
- Participants
- 50 patients; 64 eyes
- Visual-field mean deviation
- −8.62 ± 1.86 → −7.03 ± 1.36 → −4.33 ± 0.98 dBp<0.01 after surgery; p<0.0001 after physiotherapyBaseline → after surgery → after added physiotherapy
- Persistence
- Improvement maintained up to 6 monthsControl group returned to baseline by month 3
Population, methods and source notes
50 patients (64 eyes) with stage II–III primary open-angle glaucoma undergoing nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy.
Both groups received Semax. Magnetic/electrical stimulation, heliox and a different delivery method prevent isolating the contribution of Semax. Eyes and patients are separate denominators; allocation and masking require full-methods appraisal.
Indexed 2026-10-19. Indexed abstract checked.
Observational study · 2026-10-20
Attention, fatigue and reading improvements reported in a pediatric cohort ↗
After Cortexin treatment, the authors reported improvement in attention, working memory, fatigue symptoms and reading skills in 82% of cases in the sluggish-cognitive-tempo group. EEG changes accompanied the clinical observations. ADHD and healthy children were diagnostic reference groups, not randomized untreated children with the same condition.
- Treated clinical group
- 40 children ages 12–14
- Reported improvement
- 82% of casesAttention, working memory, fatigue and reading assessed after treatment; do not infer an exact responder count from the rounded percentage
- Reference groups
- 30 children with combined ADHD; 30 healthy childrenThese are diagnostic comparisons, not a placebo-controlled treatment comparison
Population, methods and source notes
40 children ages 12–14 with sluggish cognitive tempo; comparison groups of 30 with combined ADHD and 30 healthy children.
Before-and-after treatment observation without a randomized placebo comparison in the affected group. The abstract does not give endpoint-specific effect sizes, a response definition sufficient to reconstruct individual counts, or an adverse-event rate.
Indexed 2026-10-21. Indexed abstract checked.
Review of earlier studies · 2026-10-22
ADHD council assessment places these preparations in its limited-evidence group ↗
The expert council places Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax in Group B, its category for preparations with a limited evidence base in ADHD. It discusses adjunctive use within psychoeducation and behavioral care, rather than replacement of established first-line treatment.
- Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax
- Group B: limited evidence base for ADHD
- Document type
- Expert-council resolutionCouncil meeting 16 July 2026; publication 22 October 2026
Population, methods and source notes
Expert-council assessment of adjunctive ADHD pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents; no new patient trial.
Expert consensus and evidence appraisal, not a new efficacy trial. The assessment concerns childhood ADHD, not every clinical use of these preparations.
Indexed 2026-10-24. Indexed abstract checked.
Animal research · 2026-10-01
No significant nerve-regeneration improvement at the 14-day endpoint ↗
After 14 days, piracetam, hyperbaric oxygen and their combination did not significantly improve axonal continuity, myelin regeneration or capillary formation. Piracetam increased fibroblast density and inflammatory-cell infiltration; selected circulating biochemical markers also changed. These early tissue and biomarker changes did not establish functional nerve recovery.
- Animals and follow-up
- 40 rats; four groups of 10; 14 days
- Nerve repair
- No significant improvement in axonal continuity, myelin regeneration or capillary formation
- Fibroblast density
- Higher with piracetam than untreated injury controlp=0.025
Population, methods and source notes
40 male Wistar-Albino rats with sciatic nerve crush injury; four randomized groups of 10.
Rat injury model with a 14-day endpoint. Histological and biochemical changes are not proof of sustained functional recovery; the increased NSE and inflammatory measures must not be summarized as uniformly protective.
Indexed 2026-10-28. Original full-text XML, methods and results checked.
Laboratory analysis · 2026-10-16
Predicted piracetam crystal Form VI experimentally resolved ↗
Three-dimensional electron diffraction resolved piracetam crystal Form VI, previously predicted computationally. Free-energy calculations place it among polymorphs accessible under ambient conditions. This is a solid-state chemistry result, not a trial of cognitive effects.
- Structure identified
- Piracetam Form VI
- Method
- 3D electron diffraction with free-energy calculations
- Clinical outcomes
- Not studied
Population, methods and source notes
Nanocrystalline piracetam powder mixture; electron diffraction and free-energy calculations.
No patients, therapeutic outcomes or bioavailability comparison were studied. A new crystal structure does not establish a clinically superior formulation.
Indexed 2026-10-19. Indexed abstract checked.
Computer modeling · 2026-10-02
OGP informs a CB2-binding model and design of a different candidate peptide ↗
OGP and Pepcan-12 were used to model a proposed allosteric binding site on CB2. Screening 56 peptides yielded five candidates. Pep-5, the best-performing new candidate, inhibited cAMP accumulation with an EC50 of 6.0 micromolar and enhanced the effect of WIN55,212-2 in the cell assay.
- Screening
- 56 peptides → 5 candidates
- Pep-5 functional potency
- EC50 6.0 micromolarPep-5 cell assay; NOT an OGP potency estimate
- OGP contribution
- Modeled CB2 allosteric bindingDocking and molecular dynamics, not a clinical experiment
Population, methods and source notes
CB2 receptor docking and molecular dynamics; cell-based functional testing of a newly designed peptide, Pep-5.
The measured 6.0 micromolar potency belongs to Pep-5, not OGP. OGP binding was computationally modeled. The proposed binding site and new candidate do not establish a treatment effect in people.
Indexed 2026-10-16. Indexed abstract checked.
Animal research · 2026-10-06
OGP-mimetic hydrogel promoted dental-tissue differentiation in experimental models ↗
An engineered OGP-mimetic hydrogel enhanced osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation markers RUNX2, ALP and DSPP in dental-pulp stem cells, without significantly changing proliferation. It also increased mineralized-tissue formation in an ectopic implantation model. The system was designed to protect its peptide cargo and control release.
- Dental-pulp differentiation
- RUNX2, ALP and DSPP expression increasedHuman cells in culture
- Cell proliferation
- No significant change
- Mineralized tissue
- Increased formation in an ectopic renal-capsule modelEngineered hydrogel; not isolated OGP in patients
Population, methods and source notes
Human dental-pulp stem-cell cultures and an ectopic renal-capsule implantation model; OGP-mimetic hydrogel.
The intervention is an engineered OGP-fragment-mimetic hydrogel, not unmodified OGP. Human cells in culture are not treated patients; the implantation model is not a clinical dental-pulp trial.
Indexed 2026-10-19. Indexed abstract checked.
Animal research · 2026-10
Spinorphin reduced migraine-like responses in rats ↗
Spinorphin reduced mechanical hypersensitivity, c-Fos, CGRP and meningeal mast-cell degranulation in a rat migraine model. Nalmefene attenuated these effects. In ex vivo preparations, Spinorphin reduced capsaicin-evoked CGRP release and enhanced sumatriptan’s inhibitory effect on that endpoint.
- Migraine-like responses
- Mechanical hypersensitivity and CGRP-related measures reducedRat model
- Opioid-receptor involvement
- Effects attenuated by nalmefene
- Sumatriptan combination
- Greater inhibition of capsaicin-evoked CGRP releaseEx vivo endpoint; not human combination efficacy
Population, methods and source notes
Male Wistar rats with nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like responses; complementary ex vivo hemiskull preparations.
Experimental rat and ex vivo findings, not a human migraine trial. A combined effect on CGRP release is not established clinical synergy with sumatriptan. These are Spinorphin results, not results for every myelopeptide.
Indexed 2026-10-25. Indexed abstract checked.
Animal research · 2026-10-20
Spinorphin reduced experimental seizures and associated neurochemical changes ↗
Spinorphin reduced behavioral seizures and cortical epileptiform spike frequency, improved passive-avoidance retention, and altered glutamate, GABA and inflammatory/oxidative markers. Nalmefene substantially attenuated the effects but did not fully reverse them, suggesting both opioid-related and other mechanisms.
- Models
- Two acute seizure models: pentylenetetrazole and penicillin
- Seizure activity
- Behavioral seizures and cortical spike frequency reducedNumerical reduction not supplied by the abstract
- Memory
- Passive-avoidance retention improved
Population, methods and source notes
Rat pentylenetetrazole- and penicillin-induced acute seizure models.
Acute rat seizure models, not clinical epilepsy evidence. The abstract does not provide numerical effect sizes or group-specific seizure counts. Spinorphin results cannot be assigned to all members of the myelopeptide family.
Indexed 2026-10-21. Indexed abstract checked.
Animal research · 2026-10-13
B vitamins changed selected injury markers without significant tissue improvement ↗
B1/B6/B12 combinations improved selected biochemical measures after methotrexate exposure. Both doses lowered creatinine and renal TBARS; only the higher dose lowered AST and hepatic TBARS. Neither dose significantly improved liver or kidney histopathology, ALT, urea or total thiol.
- Low vitamin dose
- B1/B6/B12: 16/16/0.16 mg/kg dailyIntraperitoneal, days 1–14; animal doses
- High vitamin dose
- B1/B6/B12: 32/32/0.32 mg/kg dailyIntraperitoneal, days 1–14; animal doses
- Creatinine and renal TBARS
- Lower at both vitamin dosesVersus methotrexate alone
Population, methods and source notes
Male Wistar rats exposed to methotrexate; B1/B6/B12 combinations, not a verified Binavit-brand trial.
This is class-level B-vitamin research in rats, not evidence for the Binavit brand or human methotrexate care. No vitamin-only group was included, and biochemical changes were not accompanied by significant tissue-level improvement.
Indexed 2026-10-19. Indexed abstract checked.
Newly indexed in October
New to the index does not mean newly published. The August stroke case and February psychiatric case series retain their earlier dates; the cardiovascular review has no exact publication date in the checked index.
Observational study · 2026-08
Rapid improvement after thrombectomy described in a single case ↗
After thrombectomy and adjunctive Cerebrolysin, NIHSS improved from 7 to 1 within hours. The patient was discharged on day five with mild residual cognitive deficits. Recovery was already unfolding around treatment initiation, so the case cannot isolate a Cerebrolysin contribution.
- Clinical observation
- One 57-year-old man
- NIHSS
- 7 → 1 within hoursAfter thrombectomy and adjunctive care; no isolated drug effect
- Hospital course
- Discharged on day 5 with mild residual cognitive deficits
Population, methods and source notes
One 57-year-old man after thrombectomy and carotid stenting for tandem arterial occlusion.
Single case without a comparator. Successful recanalization, spontaneous recovery and concurrent care are alternative explanations. August publication newly indexed in October, not an October trial.
Indexed 2026-10-19. Original full-text XML, methods and results checked.
Review of earlier studies · 2026; exact publication date not supplied
Review connects vascular extracts, KED and AEDR experimental research ↗
The review brings together vascular polypeptide, KED and AEDR research. It describes changes in endothelial endothelin-1 expression, vascular hemodynamics and experimental myocardial injury. These preparation-specific observations are preclinical; the review supplies no new human cardiovascular efficacy trial.
- Preparations reviewed
- Vascular polypeptide preparation, KED and AEDR
- Endothelial findings
- KED restored elevated ET-1 expression toward normal in reported culturesCultures derived from patients are not a clinical treatment trial
- Cardiac findings
- AEDR experimental cardioprotection summarizedAnimal experiments; no new human trial
Population, methods and source notes
Review of vascular-polypeptide, KED and AEDR experiments in endothelial cultures and animal cardiovascular models.
Review of earlier experiments, not independent replication. Vascular extracts, KED and AEDR are different preparations; effects cannot be transferred between them. Exact publication day is not supplied by the index; newly indexed 28 October 2026.
Indexed 2026-10-27. Indexed abstract checked.
Observational study · 2026-02-23
Three-case clinical communication located; outcome details require the article ↗
A February 2026 clinical communication describes dextromethorphan with piracetam in three consecutive cases. The indexed record does not provide an abstract; doses, individual outcomes and adverse events have not been extracted.
- Publication scope
- Three consecutive clinical cases
- Regimen
- Dextromethorphan with piracetamDose and outcome details not supplied by the index
Population, methods and source notes
Three consecutive clinical cases of refractory bipolar disorder with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Small case series with no abstract available in the checked index. No numerical efficacy or protocol claim is made without the article. Newly indexed in October; originally published 23 February 2026.
Indexed 2026-10-16. Citation only; no indexed abstract.
Already in the library
The 8 October Epitalon/Epithalamin narrative review was added in the previous update. It separates synthetic Epitalon from the pineal extract Epithalamin and is a review of earlier work, not a new trial.
Educational information, not medical advice. For medical conditions or health concerns, seek help from a qualified healthcare professional. Reported study doses describe research methods.