ThymogenТимоген
What the studies found
Comparison in people · 1993
[A cytomorphological basis for the correction of radiation-induced immunodeficiencies and hematopoietic depression using thymus and bone marrow peptides].
Study of multiple preparations
- Immune and hematopoietic findings
- Reported recovery of immune-organ and neutrophil function; reduced asthenia with ThymalinNo preparation-specific comparative numerical outcome supplied
A mixed clinical and animal report described immune and hematopoietic recovery with several thymus/bone-marrow preparations, but does not isolate a numerical Thymogen or Thymalin treatment effect.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.
Design Clinical setting 100 patients; separate experiments in 160 animals; multiple preparations.
- Clinical participants
- 100 across the clinical settingNot 100 recipients of each preparation
- Separate animal experiments
- 160 animalsNot human participants
Important limitations
- The abstract leaves the preparation and study methods unclear. Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count.
- The patient and animal experiments used different preparations. Their findings apply to the individual preparations tested.
Arkhiv patologii · Indexed abstract
Comparison in people · 2011
Imunofan and mixed herpesvirus infections in Redkin and Lyuboshenko’s 2011 comparison
Study of multiple preparations
- Clinical improvement
- 73.7% versus 57.1%Imunofan-based care versus the pooled thymic-peptide group. Denominators conflict in the paper.
- Fewer, shorter or no recurrences
- 36.8% versus 28.6%Composite reported in Table 2.
- Immunogram normalization
- 85.7% versus 84.3%Table 2. No formal between-group test given for these percentages.
The paper reports clinical improvement in 73.7% with Imunofan-based care versus 57.1% with a pooled thymic-peptide comparison. Immunogram normalization was similar (85.7% versus 84.3%). Allocation followed the order patients presented, and some percentages do not match the stated counts.
More reported outcomes
- Temperature normalization
- 21% versus 14.3%
- Lower antiviral or antibacterial antibody titres
- 31.6% versus 14.3%
- CD3 lymphocytes
- 53.34 ± 1.55% to 65.8 ± 1.70%Within the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- CD4 lymphocytes
- 31.36 ± 1.29% to 36.95 ± 1.40%Within the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- Spontaneous IFN-γ
- 23.8 ± 2.47 to 42.13 ± 7.75 pg/mLWithin the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- Stimulated IFN-γ
- 1,669.7 ± 123.1 to 2,170.6 ± 89.8 pg/mLWithin the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Adults with chronic recurrent infections referred to an immunologist in Omsk in 2010–2011. The methods give 35 patients per group, but list 29 women and 8 men in the Imunofan arm (37) and 25 women and 10 men in the comparison arm (35).
Design The methods list 35 patients per group but also give 29 women and 8 men in the Imunofan arm. Assignment followed order of presentation. Both groups received individualized care. The comparator pooled Thymalin, Thymogen and Tactivin. Lymphocyte markers and IFN-γ were assessed before and after treatment.
Important limitations
- The comparison group pooled Thymalin, Thymogen and Tactivin. The paper gives no drug-specific subgroup outcomes, so the rates cannot establish a difference versus any one preparation. The groups were assigned in order of presentation and differed in average age. Concurrent antimicrobial and immune-active treatment varied by clinical presentation. The Imunofan denominator conflicts within the methods, and Table 2 supplies percentages without event counts or a separate significance test. No systematic adverse-event results were reported.
- The Table 2 percentages are reproduced as published. The paper gives conflicting group sizes and no event counts, and the groups received different care. The IFN-γ and lymphocyte figures are within-group changes.
Public Health of the Far East. 2011;3(49):38–41. · Original journal article
Animal research · 2021
2021 bone study: GHK plus Dalargin improved neutrophil measures
Study of multiple preparations
- Phagocytic index: GHK plus Dalargin
- 71.3 ± 5.1% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controlsUninjured control 70.7 ± 7.0%; n=8/group; M±m as printedDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1 marks *2
- Phagocytosis activation index: GHK plus Dalargin
- 2.4 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.03 in fracture controlsUninjured control 2.7 ± 0.2; GHK alone 1.2 ± 0.1; Dalargin alone 1.3 ± 0.1Day 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; pairwise superiority to single peptides not established by table symbols
- Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK alone
- No significant increase versus fracture controls; remained below the uninjured referenceFigure 5 group 2 has no fracture-control significance star; no exact bar values digitizedDay 10Figure marker indicates p<0.05 versus uninjured animals
At day 10, GHK plus Dalargin had a phagocytic index of 71.3±5.1% versus 30.8±3.1% in fracture controls. GHK alone did not significantly improve oxygen-dependent neutrophil reserve. Bone-repair findings were qualitative.
More reported outcomes
- Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK plus Dalargin
- Increased versus fracture controls; not marked different from the uninjured referenceFigure 5 group 5; this does not establish equivalence to healthy animalsDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; exact plotted values not extracted
- GHK plus Thymogen: phagocytic index
- 75.3 ± 5.9% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controlsThis combination also improved uptake; its oxygen-dependent reserve did not show the same restoration pattern as GHK plus DalarginDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1
- Bone repair
- More advanced callus remodeling described with GHK combinations; fracture line described as barely visibleQualitative histology/radiography, not a quantified union-time or strength endpointDay 10
- Safety and clinical outcomes
- No formal adverse-event series, infection-rate reduction or human treatment outcome reported
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Male Wistar rats with experimental femoral fracture; Table 1 lists eight groups, n=8/group; overall cohort flow not separately specified
Design Male Wistar rats with experimental femoral fracture; Table 1 lists eight groups, n=8/group; overall cohort flow not separately specified. Eight displayed groups: uninjured saline, fractured saline, three single peptides and three pairwise combinations. Assessments at day 10; local intraosseous exposure.
- Assay group sizes
- Table 1 and Figure 5 report n=8/group; histology sample flow not separately established
Important limitations
- Eight rats per assay group; local experimental delivery. GHK alone did not significantly improve oxygen-dependent reserve. Bone-repair findings are qualitative.
- Small animal groups; randomization, blinded assessment, power calculation and complete participant flow are not described. The numerical endpoints are neutrophil assays, not fracture-union time, mechanical bone strength or clinical infection rates. Table significance symbols compare uninjured or fracture controls; they do not establish equivalence to healthy animals or a formal combination-interaction effect. Local intraosseous administration differs from the systemic 2011 patent experiment. Shared authors and related models do not establish independent replication; cohort overlap is unresolved. The peptide tested was unbound GHK, not GHK-Cu. Pairwise combinations used two peptides per group. The study had no three-peptide cocktail.
- This is an original animal study, not a clinical review. Neutrophil uptake and oxygen-dependent reserve are surrogate assays; bone outcomes are descriptive. The claimed synergy lacks a formal interaction test. The 2021 local-delivery study and the 2011 systemic patent belong to a related research program; independent replication or shared animals cannot be established from the available reports.
Humans and their Health / Chelovek i ego zdorovye. 2021;24(4):59–67 · Original preclinical journal study; not a literature review
About Thymogen
Names in this research collection
EW
A short peptide containing two amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with immune regulation. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.
Identity / background source ↗
Research background
EW is discussed in the thymus-derived research program. Thymalin extract outcomes cannot be assigned to this defined peptide.
Autoimmune research: disease-specific findings, immune effects and open questions ↗
Pregnancy and offspring research
A dissertation describes 140 women receiving Thymalin or Thymogen with conventional anemia care, versus 70 receiving conventional care. Individual peptide-arm sizes and clinical effects were not isolated. The separate 12-versus-12 prevention subgroup tested Thymalin.
The 2/12 versus 6/12 prevention finding belongs to Thymalin, not Thymogen.
Reported findings and methods ↗ · Pregnancy research: full evidence review and archive ↗
Conference sources and research collaborators ↗
More study findings
Animal research · 2018
Original hypoxia, heat and cold results
Study of multiple preparations
- Thymogen · course hypoxia
- 10.6±3.2, 20.1±11.1 and 28.6±11.8 minAt 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg respectively. Saline 2.2±0.1 min.p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 versus saline as marked.
- Thymogen · air cooling
- 185±25 vs 168±12 min to rectal temperature of 35°C0.05 mg/kg versus control. No significant contrast marked.
- Publication overlap
- 2014 Table 11 and 2018 Table 1 repeat the same valuesCounts as one reported experiment. Both publications also describe a distinct acute mouse screen.
The 2014 and 2018 course-hypoxia tables repeat the same experiment.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Outbred male mice in the single-dose hypoxia screen; male rats (180–210 g) in the repeated-dose hypoxia table. Separate temperature experiments.
Design The single-dose mouse screen used 10,000 m, 8–10 per dose in the 2018 report (6–10 in the 2014 book). Table 1 instead reports a three-day rat series tested at 11,500 m the next day. Arm sizes for the repeated-dose table are not stated in the audited passage.
Important limitations
- Separate mouse and rat protocols. Human performance was not assessed.
- The 2018 rat course results and 2014 book table belong to one evidence family. The book omits an explicit course-series species and altitude in the adjacent paragraph. Short survival in an extreme animal model is separate from human endurance or safety.
- The papers distinguish the single-dose mouse screen from the three-day rat protocol. The matching table adds no independent animals or human participants.
Biomeditsina 2018(2):4–14, Tables 1–3; paired with 2014 Volume III Table 11 · Biomeditsina 2018(2):4–14, Tables 1–3; paired with 2014 Volume III Table 11
Comparison in people · 2014
Single intranasal exposure at simulated altitude
Study of multiple preparations
- Thymogen · blood lactate
- 1.81±0.21 vs 2.98±0.46Source Table 12 units not specified on the row.p<0.05 versus saline
Table 12 compares four small peptide arms with saline at 4,500 m.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Men aged 20–25 with asthenic or immune-status features. Four active arms of 6–8 each and 11 saline controls.
Design Author-described random assignment. Exposure for 60–80 min at simulated 4,500 m with postural testing, a three-minute 100 W cycling load, motor tasks and blood measurements.
Important limitations
- Participant overlap with the broader aerospace archive remains unresolved.
- Small arms, numerous endpoints and several comparisons reported at p<0.1. Exact allocation counts and overlap with the Medilab lineage remain unresolved.
- The 4,500 m protocol differs from Cheprasov’s 5,000 m comparison. Participant independence has not been established and this series adds no people to the historical tally.
Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 7, pp. 177–180, Table 12 · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 7, pp. 177–180, Table 12
Comparison in people · 1997
Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stress
Study of multiple preparations
- Hypobaric comparison
- Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measuresAbstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable.
- Coriolis motion tolerance
- Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68%Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm.
- Sustained work
- Author reported recovery of selected Thymogen-group measures to baseline by three hoursFour per arm. Cortexin and oral Bemitil plus sydnocarb were separate comparators.
The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.
More reported outcomes
- Postflight respiratory infections
- 1 of 4 in Thymogen arm versus 4 of 4 salineReported during the following year, a descriptive count from four pairs.
- Program headcount
- 328 stated; stage rows add to 338The 116 and 8 are subseries, with no additional headcount contributed to the historical tally.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 116 men across three stress comparisons (30, 70 and 16), plus an eight-cosmonaut comparison within the reported dissertation program of 328.
Design Hypobaric test: three arms of 10 at 5,000 m for 60 min. Motion: seven arms of 10 in a Coriolis test. Work: four arms of four at 50% of individually tolerated load. Postflight: four mission pairs, one participant per pair given Thymogen.
- Reported study exposure
- Hypoxia: intranasal Cortexin or Thymalin, 20 mg per course over two days, or placebo. Motion: single intranasal 5 mg Thymalin, Cortexin, Prostatilen or Epithalamin, or 50 µg Thymogen, with oral scopolamine 0.1 mg and placebo controls. Work: nasal Thymogen 100 µg or Cortexin 10 mg before work and after 6 and 12 h, or oral sydnocarb plus Bemitil, or saline. Postflight: intranasal Thymogen 100 µg/day for seven days.
Important limitations
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications.
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications. The 47 modeling experts were outside the participant table.
- The aerospace findings concern separate stress and recovery tasks, with no reliable pooled treatment effect.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods · Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods
Animal research · 2024
Kim’s five-peptide animal comparison: tables missing
Study of multiple preparations
- Comparative preparations
- Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and ThymogenChapter 6.4 title. Thymogen is a defined dipeptide; the five entries are not all tissue extracts.
- Five-agent effect estimates
- Original comparative tables not recoveredNo verified head-to-head result for Pineamin versus Cortexin, Thymalin, Thymogen or Prostatilen.
Named comparator in Chapter 6.4; original per-preparation outcomes are unavailable.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable
Design Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable
Important limitations
- No established human environmental-performance result.
- The 1990s Biorhythmology and Rang-97 records were reanalyzed; they are not new human recruits. The 2022–2024 physiology studies were separate. The conclusions do not provide numerical comparisons between the five preparations. The accessible account associates HIF-1α and TSPO measurements with stress physiology and discusses the nonpeptide DMAE derivative separately; a Pineamin-mediated biomarker mechanism is not established.
- This is a documented animal comparison with inaccessible efficacy tables. Existing Pineamin reproductive studies establish a separate clinical setting, not evidence for physical performance or environmental resilience.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation, 359 pp.; 2024 bibliography, related catalog entry dated 2025 · Dissertation
Comparison in people · 1996
Thymic peptides in Furgal’s military immunization research
Study of multiple preparations
- Staphylococcal toxoid donor program · immune responders
- ≥83.7% with the peptide-inclusive approach versus 60.5% with standard vaccinationThymalin and Thymogen were discussed within the 240-person donor series. Individual treatment-arm sizes are unresolved.
- Reported antibody titres
- ≥9.6±0.2 versus 8.6±0.7 IU/mLDonor comparison; uncertainty term and exact n not verified.
- Reported duration of humoral response
- At least 20 weeks versus 6–8 weeksAuthor’s interpretation of donor antibody response. Clinical infection protection requires separate evidence.
The donor immunization program reported 83.7% or more immune responders with thymic peptide adjuncts versus 60.5% with standard toxoid vaccination. The source does not isolate a reliable effect for either peptide.
More reported outcomes
- Thymalin · respiratory illness and pneumonia
- 1.6-fold lower influenza or acute respiratory illness incidence; 3.5-fold lower pneumonia incidenceAuthor-reported historical comparisons; arm denominators unresolved.
- Thymalin · prolonged illness
- 4.0-fold lower after the initial administration; 5.5-fold lower for prolonged or complicated illness after repeat administrationSeparate reported comparisons.
- Thymogen · subcutaneous series
- 1.5-fold lower respiratory illness incidence; 5.6-fold lower incidence of hospital stays beyond ten daysFrom the dissertation author abstract; not a head-to-head comparison with the nasal series.
- Thymogen · intranasal series
- 9.2-fold lower incidence of respiratory illness with prolonged hospitalizationAuthor-reported comparison; event counts and allocation unavailable.
- Reported immunocorrection series
- 7,630 across thirteen military unitsEleven reported series with observation periods of 4–24 months. Includes peptide and nonpeptide approaches.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.
Design 7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.
Important limitations
- The donor study measured antibodies. Infection rates and work performance were separate outcomes.
- The donor study measured antibodies. Infection rates and work performance were separate outcomes. The summarized findings do not resolve whether Thymalin and Thymogen were used together or in distinct regimens. Original denominators and allocation are needed to estimate uncertainty.
- This source documents military immunology and infection-prevention research. The program total spans multiple interventions and controls.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, 52 pp. · Dissertation
Comparison in people · 1995
Thymogen in a historical adjunctive anemia program
Study of multiple preparations
- Adjunctive treatment group
- 140 women shared between Thymalin and Thymogen regimens70 conventional-care patients; no separate Thymogen denominator
- Delivery complications
- Reported 1.72-fold lower frequency with combined immunocorrective careHistorical nonrandomized program; not a Thymogen-specific effect
A dissertation describes 140 women receiving Thymalin or Thymogen with conventional anemia care, versus 70 receiving conventional care. Individual peptide-arm sizes and clinical effects were not isolated. The separate 12-versus-12 prevention subgroup tested Thymalin.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 520 women in the overall research program; treatment comparisons: conventional care n=70, adjunct Thymalin/Thymogen n=140, conventional care plus heparin n=60. Separate prevention subgroup: 12 Thymalin versus 12 controls.
Design Historical clinical and experimental dissertation program; women aged 17–40. Iron/vitamins as background treatment; separate heparin group; 100-woman longitudinal biomarker subgroup and HLA-selected 24-woman prevention comparison. The program total already includes these subsets.
Important limitations
- The 2/12 versus 6/12 prevention finding belongs to Thymalin, not Thymogen.
- Historical nonrandomized multimodal care; the study does not establish efficacy or safety of either peptide in current pregnancy care. Third-party author-abstract transcription, not an authenticated 313-page thesis with 49 original tables. Treatment-arm sizes for Thymalin and Thymogen individually are not supplied. The 12/12 prevention comparison is small and selected. Claims of 83.3% prevention lack a randomized counterfactual and must not be advertised as treatment efficacy. Narrative prevention timing is weeks 20 and 28; recommendation section says weeks 16 and 24. The schedules conflict. No comprehensive congenital-anomaly or long-term child-safety assessment is available.
Doctoral dissertation author’s abstract. Irkutsk, 1995; work conducted at Chita Medical Academy · Dissertation author-abstract transcription
Review of earlier studies · 2007
Thymogen in obstetrics
- 29-woman series
- 89.7% reported clinical response; delivery follow-up in 25/2921 term, 2 post-term, 2 preterm; four women lack delivery follow-up in this summary
- 63-woman series
- 89% reported aggregate clinical responseConcurrent conventional therapy; no controlled effect estimate
- Reported adverse events
- None reported in the 29-woman summarySmall sample and limited follow-up cannot establish reproductive safety
The monograph reports a positive clinical response in 89.7% of a 29-woman gestosis series, but only 25 were followed to delivery: 21 term, two post-term and two preterm births. These are historical uncontrolled summaries, not a new trial.
More reported outcomes
- Source transcription conflicts
- Another summary prints 100 mg instead of the surrounding 100 µg and gives a notably different birth-weight uncertaintyDo not silently harmonize or use the anomalous units as a clinical regimen
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Secondary summaries include 29- and 63-woman pregnancy series; other cohorts and anemia/infection programs discussed
Design Narrative monograph collating obstetric and gynecological programs. One cited series: 17 women with edema, 12 with mild nephropathy. Another: 63 women receiving adjunct Thymogen with conventional treatment. Healthy controls in other reports do not substitute for untreated disease controls.
Important limitations
- Secondary source from a product-associated host; original cited papers and complete cohort protocols are still needed. This account summarizes earlier studies and adds no independent trial.
- Secondary source from a product-associated host; original cited papers and complete cohort protocols are still needed. This account summarizes earlier studies and adds no independent trial. No established random allocation, blinded assessment or appropriate untreated disease control in the quoted series. Clinical-response definitions and pregnancy-safety ascertainment are limited; small uncontrolled reports do not establish maternal or fetal safety.
Timogen v akushersko-ginekologicheskoi praktike / Thymogen in Obstetric and Gynecological Practice. Bibliographic year 2007; year not visible on the retrieved title page · Historical monograph / secondary source
Observational study · 1996
Thymic peptides and microsurgery in Maksimov’s ocular-trauma program
Study of multiple preparations
- Visual and structural recovery
- The author reported recovery in parts of the surgical program. Effects of individual preparations were not isolated.
The author reported structural and functional recovery after some combined surgical and peptide treatments. The severe injury subgroup is not a verified exposure count for either peptide.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model A mixed experimental and clinical program. The narrative describes a subgroup of 119 patients (186 eyes) with severe gunshot eye injuries.
- Severe injury subgroup
- 119 patients and 186 eyes in the narrative. The table lists 150 patients and 186 eyes.
Important limitations
- The abstract combines microsurgery and multiple preparations. The severe-injury narrative and table disagree on the number of people, while both give 186 eyes. No reliable preparation-specific visual outcome or dose can be assigned to the 119-person subgroup.
Doctoral dissertation author abstract. Moscow, 1996. · Dissertation author abstract
Study involving people · 1993
Thymogen and acute respiratory illness in a military unit
- Frequency, severity and duration of respiratory illness
- The authors reported reductions. Arm sizes and numerical outcomes are unavailable in the indexed abstract.
The abstract reports lower frequency, severity and duration of respiratory illness in a study of intranasal and subcutaneous Thymogen.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Military training unit. The indexed abstract does not report arm sizes.
Important limitations
- No numerical arm-level outcomes or dose were verified from the indexed paper. No additional participants were added to the Furgal program total.
Voen Med Zh. 1993;(2):31–32, 80. PMID 8498021. · Indexed abstract
Review of earlier studies · 2026
From thymus extracts to synthetic thymomimetics
Study of multiple preparations
- Thymomimetic research
- The authors summarize evidence from different thymic compounds and discuss changes in neutrophil phenotype and function in studies of Imunofan.
The review traces the move from thymus-derived mixtures to defined compounds and summarizes neutrophil phenotypes and functional assays reported for the thymopoietin-derived hexapeptide Imunofan.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Review of laboratory and clinical literature on thymic peptides.
Important limitations
- Cell markers, laboratory findings and outcomes from combination care answer different questions. The review does not validate efficacy across thymic peptides.
- Secondary synthesis. No new clinical cohort or pooled effect estimate.
Adaptive Medical Immunology and Public Health Issues. 2026;2(1):6–19. · Narrative review
Animal research · 2019
GHK and Thymogen had different immune effects in liver-injury models
Study of multiple preparations
- GHK and liver proliferation
- Stronger hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen described; numerical effect sizes not supplied
- GHK and antibody responses
- Suppression in both injury models; no correction of the already-suppressed response in the hydrazine modelBaseline response increased with tetrachloromethane injury but decreased with hydrazine injury
- Thymogen and antibody responses
- Normalization described in hydrazine injurySeparate Thymogen group, not an effect of adding Thymogen to GHK
GHK had a stronger reported hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen but suppressed antibody responses in both injury models. Thymogen normalized the response in the hydrazine model, where baseline immunity was suppressed. No numerical treatment-effect table was reported.
More reported outcomes
- Numerical outcomes and safety
- No group sizes, outcome means, exact p-values, confidence intervals or adverse-event counts supplied
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Wistar rats, 180–220 g; tetrachloromethane and hydrazine liver-injury models. Group sizes not supplied in the three-page report.
Design Separate GHK, Thymogen and saline groups in two rat toxic-liver-injury models; ten daily intraperitoneal injections. Group sizes unavailable.
- Dose statement
- Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg, with the per-kg denominator not repeated for GHLTen daily intraperitoneal injections; antibody-producing cells measured day 5 after immunization
Important limitations
- Ten daily intraperitoneal injections in separate animal groups: Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg with the per-kg denominator not repeated. GHK suppressed an already-low antibody response; numerical effect sizes are unavailable.
- Animal comparison, not a human liver-disease trial; GHK and Thymogen were tested separately. The paired dose statement gives Thymogen 1 µg/kg and GHL 1.5 µg without repeating the per-kg denominator for GHL. That abbreviation is retained rather than treated as a fully resolved dose. No group sizes, outcome means, confidence intervals or exact p-values supplied. A stronger proliferation signal does not establish healthier liver tissue.
- Qualitative preclinical evidence only. GHK did not consistently normalize immune responses; the apparent proliferation advantage cannot be equated with clinical liver recovery. The abbreviated GHL denominator remains an extraction limitation.
Russian Journal of Immunology. 2019:644–646. Publisher record: 22(2-1); PDF header: 13(22), №2. · Original experimental journal publication
Animal research · 1993
[Radioprotective effect of synthetic immunomodulators on hemopoietic CFU-S].
Study of multiple preparations
- Spleen hematopoietic colony-forming units (CFU-S)
- Both peptides reportedly halved the measured radiation-related loss of CFU-S in the experimental comparison.
- Post-exposure recovery
- The abstract describes greater CFU-S recovery than in controls in a separate comparison.
Synthetic peptides were studied using hematopoietic colony assays after irradiation. The indexed abstract gives Thymohexin as Arg–Lys–Asp–Val–Tyr–Arg; the conflicting Asn/RKNVYR rendering requires checking against original chemistry.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.
Design Mouse hematopoietic colony assay after irradiation. Group sizes and treatment doses were unavailable in the abstract.
Important limitations
- The abstract leaves the preparation and study methods unclear. Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count.
- A laboratory endpoint in mice. The finding does not establish clinical radioprotection.
Radiatsionnaia biologiia, radioecologiia · Indexed abstract
Animal research · 1992
[The effect of the synthetic immunomodulator thymogen on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in rats].
A long-duration radionuclide experiment in female rats reported differences in tumor occurrence. It does not establish cancer prevention or treatment in people.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.
Important limitations
- The abstract leaves the preparation and study methods unclear. Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count.
Voprosy onkologii · Indexed abstract
Laboratory analysis · 2021
Identification of short peptides: optimization of target therapeutic properties of the thymus medicine
Study of multiple preparations
Identifies KE and EDP as minor components of Thymalin and cites earlier detection of EW. KE maps to Vilon; EW maps to Thymogen in the short-peptide catalogue.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Thymalin composition by UHPLC–MS
Important limitations
- EW identification is cited earlier work, not a new EW experiment in this report. Presence in the extract does not assign all extract benefits to individual sequences.
Molecular Medicine, 2021 · Indexed abstract
Lab research · 2022
Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line
Study of multiple preparations
- Inflammatory response
- Reduced LPS-stimulated TNF/IL-6 in differentiated cells; reduced monocyte adhesion
- Chonluten cell response
- Reduced monocyte TNF; an apoptotic fraction also observed
Five preparations reduced LPS-induced TNF and IL-6 expression in differentiated THP-1 cells and reduced adhesion to activated endothelial cells. Chonluten also reduced monocyte TNF release; the full text notes an apoptotic cell fraction with Chonluten.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.
Design THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.
- Test concentration
- 100 ng/mL per preparation; LPS 100 ng/mL in monocyte/macrophage experiments
Important limitations
- A cell-line experiment, with peptides tested individually. No patient treatment or clinical anti-inflammatory effect was measured. Numerical cytokine reductions are shown graphically rather than supplied as exact data tables.
International journal of molecular sciences 2022 · Journal publication
Research record · 2014
Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process
Study of multiple preparations
- Crystagen response
- B-cell activation reported; no aging-spleen cell renewal
- Other peptide responses
- Vilon: reduced T-helper apoptosis; Thymogen: B-cell proliferation with less apoptosis
Crystagen activated B-cell measures but did not cause renewal of the aging spleen. Vilon was associated with lower T-helper-cell apoptosis; Thymogen with lower apoptosis and increased B-cell proliferation.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Experimental aging-spleen work; species and assay design not specified in the indexed abstract.
Design Experimental aging-spleen work; species and assay design not specified in the indexed abstract.
Important limitations
- The abstract does not establish the experimental model sufficiently to classify this as a human study or a specific animal/cell design. Commercial product equivalence is unverified.
Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii 2014 · Journal publication
Thymogen + Dalargin is a distinct pair
In the 2021 fracture experiment, Thymogen/Dalargin had a phagocytic index of 54.6±5.1% versus 30.8±3.1% in fracture controls at day 10 (n=8/group). The defined Thymogen dipeptide is distinct from the Thymalin extract; these results cannot validate a Thymalin pair.
Performance research in context
- Compound class
- Short peptide research
- Research collection
- Peptide bioregulation · editorial grouping
- Research institutions
- No institutional affiliation recorded
- Source review
- Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Clinical studies cited in a 2013 review
Study methods
Review and composition analysis
Independent replication
Independent replication not established by this collection
Source access
Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below
Safety evidence
Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
Patents and claimed inventions
These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →
Linked sources
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