COMPOUND RECORD / SEMAX

Semax peptide: human studies, effects and safetyСемакс

CognitionPerformance

Source linked

What the studies found

Comparison in people · 2026

Visual-field improvement persisted after combined glaucoma rehabilitation

Visual-field mean deviation: −8.62 ± 1.86 → −7.03 ± 1.36 → −4.33 ± 0.98 dBBaseline → after surgery → after added physiotherapyp<0.01 after surgery; p<0.0001 after physiotherapy
Persistence: Improvement maintained up to 6 monthsControl group returned to baseline by month 3
Retinal structure and visual-field index: No significant differences in VFI, AvgRNFL or GCC

After glaucoma surgery, a physiotherapy package including Semax electrophoresis improved visual-field mean deviation from −8.62 ± 1.86 to −4.33 ± 0.98 dB, with benefit maintained through six months. The comparison group received Semax nasal drops and returned to baseline by month three. Structural retinal measures and visual-field index did not differ significantly.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 50 patients (64 eyes) with stage II–III primary open-angle glaucoma undergoing nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy.

Participants: 50 patients; 64 eyes

Important limitations

Both groups received Semax. Magnetic/electrical stimulation, heliox and a different delivery method prevent isolating the contribution of Semax. Eyes and patients are separate counts. The abstract leaves group assignment and blinding unclear.

Vestnik oftalmologii 142(5) · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2025

Behavior and amyloid changes in an Alzheimer’s mouse model

Cortical plaques at two weeks: 2.8-fold lower with Semax and 1.6-fold lower with the modified peptide versus untreated APP/PS1 mice.
Hippocampal plaques at two weeks: 2.6-fold lower with Semax and 1.7-fold lower with the modified peptide.
Plaques at 1.5 months: Cortical counts were 2.2-fold and 1.8-fold lower, and hippocampal counts were 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold lower, with Semax and the derivative respectively.

After 15 intranasal doses, cortical and hippocampal plaque counts at two weeks were 2.8-fold and 2.6-fold lower with Semax than in untreated APP/PS1 mice.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9/Blg mice

Design Semax or Met-Glu-Asp-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro at 50 μg/kg intranasally every other day for 15 doses. Controls were untreated APP/PS1 and wild-type mice. Histology figures report n=10 per group.

Important limitations

An animal Alzheimer’s model does not establish clinical efficacy or safety in people. The derivative and Semax are distinct preparations; results must not be treated as interchangeable.
The derivative includes EDR within a different molecule. The study did not test standalone Pinealon.

Acta naturae; 2025 Oct-Dec · Publication record

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2001

Peptidergic correction of the effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia in pregnant rats on progeny

Growth and eye opening: Delayed by hypoxia; authors report prevention with the peptide mixture
Behavior: Hypoxia-associated changes reportedly prevented; exact tests and scores not supplied

Maternal Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 reportedly prevented delayed pup growth, weight gain, eye opening and behavioral changes after acute hypoxia. The abstract provides no numerical effect sizes.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Pregnant albino rats and offspring after acute hypobaric hypoxia; n unavailable in abstract

Design Maternal intranasal peptide exposure around an acute prenatal hypoxic insult; postnatal growth/behavior or brain monoamines evaluated.

Important limitations

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects.
The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects. No verified sample sizes, effect magnitudes, randomization, masking or systematic reproductive-safety assessment in the abstract. Related papers from one laboratory do not establish independent replication or human pregnancy safety.

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2001;131(2):109. PMID 11391386 · Original journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

01 / OVERVIEW

What is Semax?

Names in this research collection

ACTH(4–7)-PGP · MEHFPGP

A synthetic peptide based on a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Its research focuses on brain function and responses to neurological injury.

Identity / background source ↗

Research background

ACTH-fragment-derived peptide with clinical stroke and optic-nerve reports, healthy-volunteer imaging and preclinical neuroregulation research. Precursor, patent and dissertation sources remain separately labeled.

RESEARCH GUIDE / UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Semax: what the evidence shows

Semax is an ACTH-fragment-derived peptide investigated in stroke, neurological conditions and experimental brain models. Clinical reports and brain-imaging changes answer different questions from memory enhancement in healthy people.

Curated by Molekul / @PepMariner. This guide summarizes linked source records; it is not an independent clinical review. Each source states what was inspected.

Stroke: an adjunctive clinical comparison

A historical report compared 30 patients receiving Semax plus intensive stroke care with 80 conventional-care controls. Faster regression of neurological deficits was reported, but the indexed abstract provides no numerical outcome-score difference. Randomized allocation was not established.

1997: Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study) ↗

Healthy volunteers: imaging rather than better memory

In 24 healthy volunteers, 14 receiving Semax and 10 receiving placebo, resting-state imaging showed a frontal default-mode-network difference. A later 52-person study compared separate Semax, Selank and placebo conditions. Neither imaging result establishes improved memory, attention or anxiety symptoms; cohort overlap remains unresolved.

Recent clinical and experimental findings

A 42-patient retinal-surgery report favored heliox plus Semax electrophoresis over Semax nasal drops; both groups received Semax. A separate rat-neuron experiment found increased spontaneous calcium events but no significant effect on proton-stimulated calcium responses in the tested cerebellar cells.

Questions about effects and safety ↓ · All linked studies and patents ↓

Autoimmune research: disease-specific findings, immune effects and open questions ↗

Alzheimer’s research evidence map ↗

Pregnancy and offspring research

Maternal Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 reportedly prevented delayed pup growth, weight gain, eye opening and behavioral changes after acute hypoxia. The abstract provides no numerical effect sizes.

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects.

Reported findings and methods ↗ · Pregnancy research: full evidence review and archive ↗

Shustov papers, coauthors and archival leads ↗

More study findings

Animal research · 2014

Semax during repeated rotarod testing in rats

Rotarod duration: +263% at day 21 relative to day 7Duration dropped after dosing stopped. Controls showed smaller gains with repeated testing.Authors described a trend around p=0.1

The authors reported a 263% increase in duration on day 21 relative to day 7. They classified the effect on fatigue resistance as a statistical trend.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model WAG/GY rats. Arm sizes not verified in the checked section.

Design Accelerating rotarod, assessed weekly during dosing and again seven days after the course.

Reported study exposure: Semax 0.22 mg/kg rectally daily for 21 days.

Important limitations

Repeated training, coordination and motivation can affect the endpoint. The graph does not supply a confirmed human effect.
Keep the within-group percentage and weak statistical result together.

Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 145–147, Figures 54–55 · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 145–147, Figures 54–55

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2025

Semax in women’s basketball: conflicting tables and prose

Reported free-throw change: 17.3±2.6%; p=0.37Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Reported three-point change: 9.5±1.7%; p=0.44Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Sample-size conflict: 28 in methods versus 40 in the tableSeveral larger changes appear in the column labelled comparison. Allocation cannot be reconstructed.

The narrative reports nonsignificant shooting changes. The table labels and direction conflict with the prose, preventing confident assignment of a benefit.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model The text describes 28 women aged 18–26 and 14 per arm; Table 1 instead labels its columns 18 and 22.

Design Competition and practice metrics, with five-minute 100–200 W cycle ergometry and early/late recovery measurements.

Reported study exposure: Intranasal Semax, identified as 0.5% in results; methods give 200–2,000 µg per administration and 500–5,000 µg per day for seven precompetition and seven competition days. Individual delivered doses are unclear.

Important limitations

The inconsistent sample and table headings prevent a reliable treatment estimate.

Original journal text, methods and Table 1 · Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2017

Semax and hand tapping in 20 archers

First ten seconds: 60.05 → 63.95 tapsGroup means.
Third and sixth intervals: 61.65 → 61.20; 60.75 → 56.05 tapsDirectional decreases despite the favorable overall narrative.
Fifth interval: 56.20 → 61.40 tapsDescriptive within-session change.

Tapping increased in four intervals and declined in two, with no parallel control group or measure of shooting accuracy.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 20 competitive archers tested before and after exposure.

Design Six consecutive ten-second intervals of hand tapping, with descriptive means and standard errors.

Reported study exposure: Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax; the procedure allowed a short absorption interval before retesting.

Important limitations

Repeated testing can produce practice or fatigue effects. No controlled inference about archery performance.

FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1 · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2018

Semax in shooters and martial-arts athletes

Within-group motor measures: Active groups reported p<0.05; saline p>0.05Full group effect estimates unavailable in these proceedings.
Cohort and comparator: 14 saline, 17 shooting, 14 martial artsThe paper has no hypoxic-training arm. Overlap with the earlier 20-archer study is unresolved.

Authors reported faster sound, light and choice reactions in the Semax cohorts. The same report describes stability or gains in tapping measures.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 45 qualified athletes. Saline n=14, shooting sports n=17, martial arts n=14.

Design Groups defined by sport. Reaction and tapping tasks repeated 15 minutes after exposure.

Reported study exposure: Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax in the two active cohorts; saline in the comparison cohort.

Important limitations

Sport and treatment assignment are entangled. Within-group significance cannot establish an active-placebo difference.

Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57 · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Original source or citation ↗

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Animal research · 2011

Semax and Selank in acute loaded swimming

Study of multiple preparations

30 minutes: Semax +45%; Selank +50%Reported relative to control.
Four hours: Semax +110%; Selank +45%The treated groups were distinct.
24 hours: No detected benefit with either peptideThe separate human physiology comparison included 36 participants and did not test either peptide.

Both peptides prolonged swimming at selected early time points. Neither had a reported effect at 24 hours.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Rat subgroups of 6–7 per sampling interval. The separate human physiology comparison included 18 athletes and 18 comparison participants without a drug intervention.

Design Forced swim with 20% body-mass load, tested 0.5, 4 or 24 hours after administration. Separate enzyme and biochemical measurements.

Reported study exposure: Single intranasal Semax or Selank, 300 µg/kg, 1% solution, 6 µL. Control received distilled water.

Important limitations

Small subgroups, incomplete uncertainty and extreme swim conditions.

Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2006

Radiolabeled Semax in rat brain after intranasal dosing

Brain signal at two minutes: 0.093% of administered radioactivity per gramApproximately 80% intact Semax and the remainder metabolites.
Biotransformation: Rapid degradation; Pro–Gly–Pro predominated among peptide productsNeither target-site concentration nor a human half-life is supplied.

At two minutes, 0.093% of administered radioactivity per gram was detected in brain. About 80% of that signal was identified as Semax.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Outbred white rats weighing 200–250 g. Sample size unavailable in the indexed abstract.

Design Tritium label on C-terminal proline, with measurements of Semax and degradation products in blood and brain.

Reported study exposure: Single intranasal dose of 50 µg/kg, 20 µL solution.

Important limitations

Rat tissue radioactivity does not resolve the transport path, blood contribution or human pharmacokinetics.

Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722 · Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2019

Semax, normobaric hypoxia and short reaction tests in athletes

Flash reaction time: Semax 0.34±0.11 → 0.25±0.04 sHypoxia 0.27±0.05 → 0.24±0.04 s; saline 0.31±0.12 → 0.32±0.11 s. Post-test p=0.01 for each active arm vs saline as printed.
Choice reaction time: Post-test Semax 0.32±0.06 s; hypoxia 0.33±0.06 s; saline 0.42±0.10 sTables report unadjusted group means.
Late tapping interval: Semax 60.41 → 55.47 tapsDirection varies by interval. A faster visual response did not imply uniform tapping improvement.

Post-test flash reaction time was 0.25 s with Semax, 0.24 s with hypoxia and 0.32 s with saline. Baseline differences and overlap with related conference cohorts remain unresolved.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 45 athletes aged 21–25; saline n=14, Semax n=17, hypoxia n=14.

Design Pre/post response to sound, flash and choice stimuli and hand tapping. Hypoxia was a 30-minute, 10%-oxygen exposure.

Important limitations

The overlapping authors and matching arm sizes with the 2018 proceedings warrant comparison of recruitment records. The third arm is described differently.
Short psychophysiological endpoints and baseline imbalances limit inference about sport performance.

Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, publisher article and Tables 1–2 · Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, publisher article and Tables 1–2

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2021

Semax with and without laser-assisted application in biathletes

Stress-resistance index: 9.2±0.31 → 15.7±0.16 with laser; 8.5±0.24 → 10.4±0.14 with nasal application aloneAuthors’ index. A reliable between-arm effect is unavailable.
HADS anxiety: 8.41±1.22 → 5.16±0.12 vs 8.83±1.66 → 5.96±0.21Within-group p<0.05 for the laser arm and p>0.05 for the comparator as printed.

Stress-resistance and anxiety indices changed in both Semax arms. The study compared delivery procedures and did not measure race performance or brain exposure.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 66 biathletes. Abstract and tables report 47 versus 19; one methods paragraph gives 21 comparison participants.

Design Fifteen-day observation during precompetition training. Both arms used intranasal Semax, with laser application in the main group.

Important limitations

Comparator denominator conflict, no inert placebo, and no measured delivery or pharmacokinetic endpoint.
A comparison of two Semax procedures, with an unresolved treatment-group flow.

Journal of New Medical Technologies, electronic edition (6):132–135 · Journal of New Medical Technologies, electronic edition (6):132–135

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Animal research · 2022

Cortexin and Semax in a prolonged rat cold-stress model

Study of multiple preparations

Semax · day-14 limiting swim: 3.2±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min salineTable 5, p<0.05 versus saline as marked.
Cortexin · day-14 limiting swim: 1.3±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min salineEarlier differences did not persist at day 14.
Temperature plateau near 35°C: 10 days saline; 12 Cortexin; 14 SemaxReported thermoregulation endpoint, separate from the swim outcome.

Day-14 swim time was 3.2±0.1 min with Semax and 1.3±0.1 min with either saline or Cortexin. The 35°C plateau lasted 10, 12 and 14 days across the three groups.

More reported outcomes

Publication overlap: Identical weighted-swim means and uncertainties at all six time pointsThe 2023 Russian Biomedical Research paper (DOI 10.56871/RBR.2023.20.34.002) repeats Table 5. Count one animal experiment.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 90 outbred male rats (180–220 g), with 30 each in the placebo, Cortexin and Semax groups.

Design Ninety outbred male rats, 30 per group. Prolonged cold exposure combined with altered lighting, noise and dietary restriction. Serial thermoregulation and weighted-swim measurements.

Important limitations

The report conflicts on administration route and frequency. Cortexin and Semax were given to separate groups.
The report conflicts on administration route and frequency. Cortexin and Semax were given to separate groups. The 2023 report repeats the weighted-swim table. It supplies no independent animal count or human performance evidence.
Cortexin and saline had the same mean swim time at day 14. The paper reports a 14-day temperature plateau for Semax.

Pediatrician 13(6):85–96 · Pediatrician 13(6):85–96

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 1996

Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxia

Study of multiple preparations

Severe hemorrhage · mortality: 23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controlsMortality in the stated pretreatment comparison, not the whole 595-rat program.p<0.025 as reported
Naloxone comparator · mortality: 83% mortality (n=6)Small separate pretreatment group; no clear benefit.
Serum malondialdehyde after hypoxia: +192% versus baseline controls after hypoxia; +66% with peptide pretreatmentThe mixture alone did not significantly change the measure; p-values are not a formal direct contrast between the two hypoxia groups.p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively versus control as described

Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.

More reported outcomes

Acute hypobaric model: Improved selected survival-related measures at simulated 11,000–11,500 mDistinct experiment; routes and doses differ from the hemorrhage protocol.
Behavior after severe stress: Motor and exploratory effects at day 2; contextual-memory changes by day 6Author reports effects on selected post-stress behavior measures, not validated neurological recovery.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison

Design 595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison

Reported study exposure: Hemorrhage pretreatment: 40-minute intra-arterial infusion of FMRFamide 0.01, TRH 0.01 and Semax 0.002 mg/kg/min. Hypoxia experiments used a separate intraperitoneal schedule: FMRFamide 0.5, TRH 0.5 and Semax 0.05 mg/kg in narrative; the figure transcription appears to read TRH 0.6 mg/kg. Original scan needed to resolve that value.

Important limitations

Small mortality groups; percentages cannot be converted into exact counts without the original group denominators.
Small mortality groups; percentages cannot be converted into exact counts without the original group denominators. Pretreatment of rats before extreme blood loss is a distinct model from emergency treatment, athlete performance or environmental prophylaxis in people. The related 1997 report is part of this research program; its independence is not established.
This is defined-mixture research. The outcomes cannot be assigned to Semax alone, and the magnitude of interaction among the three components was not established for human use.

Moscow State University candidate dissertation, 142 pp. · Dissertation

Original source or citation ↗

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Animal research · 1997

Cooperative regulatory peptide effects in rat hypoxic shock

Study of multiple preparations

Publication trail: Journal report identified for hypoxic shockThe 79% and 23% mortality figures come from the separate hemorrhage experiment.

Companion publication on cooperative regulatory peptide effects under hypoxic shock; keep distinct from the dissertation’s quantified hemorrhage comparison.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined

Design Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined

Important limitations

A separate publication is not necessarily an independent replication.
A separate publication is not necessarily an independent replication. Original full methods and numerical results remain an acquisition target.
Use the dissertation record for verified numerical context. Full paper needed to verify the exact comparison arms and outcome estimates.

Biull Eksp Biol Med. 124(10):400–402. PMID 9410168 · Original journal article

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2009

Rat behavioral assays: semax

Study of multiple preparations

Noopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity: Reduced vertical movements reportedCompound-specific rat behavior at the stated doses, not a measure of human alertness.
Porsolt immobility: Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and SelankThis unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.

Separate comparisons in an assay battery.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Design 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Reported study exposure: 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the rat study.

Important limitations

Electrical self-stimulation and immobility do not measure athletic endurance.
Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery. Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred. The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.
Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.

Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357 · Original journal article

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Animal research · 2003

Effect of acute progestational hypoxia on the content of biogenic amines in the brain of albino rat pups

Offspring catecholamines: Age-dependent brainstem/cortical disturbances reportedly preventedNo numerical concentrations or separate compound effects supplied

Maternal intranasal Semax and β-casomorphin-7 were reported to prevent age-dependent disturbances of offspring brain amines. Exact concentrations, group sizes and peptide-specific effects are unavailable in the abstract.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Pregnant albino rats and offspring after acute hypobaric hypoxia; n unavailable in abstract

Design Maternal intranasal peptide exposure around an acute prenatal hypoxic insult; postnatal growth/behavior or brain monoamines evaluated.

Important limitations

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects.
The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects. No verified sample sizes, effect magnitudes, randomization, masking or systematic reproductive-safety assessment in the abstract. Related papers from one laboratory do not establish independent replication or human pregnancy safety.

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2003;136(2):123. PMID 14631488 · Original journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

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Review of earlier studies · 2003

The effects of ante- and postnatal hypoxia on the central nervous system and their correction with peptide hormones

Development and behavior: Qualitative peptide-constellation benefit described; not an independently established new experiment

The synthesis describes poorer postnatal learning and hyperactivity after hypoxia and improvement with a peptide constellation. It supplies no extractable trial-level numerical effect.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Review/synthesis of ante- and postnatal hypoxia experiments; no new cohort established

Design Review/synthesis; English translation of the 2002 Russian Physiological Journal article, 88(2):184–190.

Important limitations

Russian 2002 original and English 2003 translation must be counted once.
Russian 2002 original and English 2003 translation must be counted once. Related experimental papers from the same research program may overlap; the review supplies no independent replication or human safety estimate.

Neuroscience and behavioral physiology. 2003;33(6):607-11. PMID 14552554 · Review and translated source

Original source or citation ↗

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Lab research · 2017

Studying the Toxic Effects of Some Biologically Active Peptides on the Model of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Study of multiple preparations

Selank neuronal differentiation: GABA-positive neuron ratio decreased by 61%Selank 100 µM versus control; not an in-vivo malformation endpoint
PGP proliferation: Small but significant inhibition at 10 µMNo numerical inhibition magnitude in abstract
Semax cell survival: Increased survival at 10 and 0.1 µM during serum deprivationCell-stress endpoint, not reproductive toxicology

Selank at 100 µM reduced the GABA-positive neuron ratio by 61% versus control. Semax improved cell survival under serum deprivation, while PGP modestly inhibited proliferation at 10 µM. Cell findings cannot substantiate the abstract’s broad fetal-safety conclusion.

More reported outcomes

Safety-inference limit: The authors infer no embryonic/fetal toxicity; this culture model does not establish that claim in pregnancy

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Mouse embryonic stem cells and neuronal derivatives, not pregnant animals or human fetuses

Design Cultured mouse embryonic stem cells; proliferation, survival during serum deprivation and neuronal differentiation after several peptides and growth-factor controls.

Important limitations

Embryonic-cell experiments do not test placental exposure, whole-embryo development, birth defects or pregnancy outcomes.
Embryonic-cell experiments do not test placental exposure, whole-embryo development, birth defects or pregnancy outcomes. The study also found reduced cell differentiation and proliferation. Concentrations in a culture dish are not human doses; biological replicate counts and complete numerical results absent from the abstract.

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2017;163(6):731. PMID 29063333 · Original journal publication

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Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2020

Semax in the 2020 peptide-profile study

Findings for Semax within a multi-preparation animal study

Semax: hypoxia time: 218±23 s versus displayed control 95±3 sTable 2, M±m; male rats; ten per group
Semax: loaded swimming: 221±60 s versus displayed control 135±6 sTable 2, M±m; female rats; ten per group; 10% body-weight load

Hypoxia and swimming results came from separate animal cohorts. The original raw times and dose statements are retained below.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Outbred rats; ten per treatment group and separate control groups for each endpoint. Hypoxia: three-month-old males, 250±20 g. Loaded swimming: pretrained females, 200±20 g. A pooled analysis of separate experiments, not a verified single contemporaneous head-to-head cohort.

Design Ten rats per group; males for chamber hypoxia (time to agonal signs) and females for loaded swimming (time to exhaustion). Single rectal exposure one hour before testing; saline vehicle controls. Separately performed experiments were standardized and pooled.

Reported animal exposure: Semax 0.22 mg/kg rectally, once, one hour before testingExperimental route; not a human regimen

Important limitations

Different experiments and unequal doses limit comparisons. The 2019 book reproduces these results; it is not independent confirmation. The paper gives no pairwise p-value showing superiority for this preparation.
Different-sex cohorts and separate experiments contributed to the two endpoints; randomization is stated, but masking, allocation concealment and complete animal flow are not established. Doses were unequal, and the nominal experimental-preparation dose in methods conflicts with the discussion maximum. Table 2 does not resolve each complex’s actual exposure. Table 2 reports M±m; its uncertainty notation is retained without relabeling it as a verified SD. No preparation-specific pairwise p-values or confidence intervals establish PPK-V superiority over Cortexin. T-scores standardize results against experiment-specific controls. Their percentages and ratios cannot be interpreted as proportional increases in raw swim time or clinical performance. Table 1’s final bin is printed >1 kDa, while the narrative describes <1 kDa. Some fractions do not sum to 100%; blank cells are not assumed zero and values are not renormalized. The 5–10 kDa association is observational within the pooled analysis, not isolation of an active sequence or proof of brain penetration. Rectal results do not establish intranasal delivery. Matching 2019 and 2020 numerical tables are treated as one research program. No human PPK-V efficacy or long-term safety follows from these results.
This is a composition–activity hypothesis from pooled animal experiments. PPK-V is a distinct experimental cortex hydrolysate, not Cortexin or the brainstem PPK-B. Unequal exposures, source inconsistencies and matching earlier tables limit comparisons. No clinical superiority, formal combination synergy or intranasal PPK-V delivery has been established.

Search for the optimal mass profile of neuropeptides for the implementation of antihypoxic and activating actions. Pharmacy Formulas. 2020;2(4):72–81. · Original animal and analytical journal research

Original source or citation ↗

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Comparison in people · 2026

Visual recovery differed between two Semax regimens

Combined treatment: Heliox: 21% oxygen, 79% heliumAfter 15 minutes, 1% Semax electrophoresis for 10 minutes; eight daily procedures starting postoperative day 5
Comparison treatment: 0.1% Semax nasal dropsStarting postoperative day 5
Recovery difference: Combined arm favored by month 6Abstract gives no numerical visual-acuity or sensitivity difference

Among 42 patients after retinal-detachment surgery, heliox plus Semax electrophoresis produced greater visual-acuity and retinal-sensitivity recovery than Semax nasal drops.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 42 patients after retinal-detachment surgery

Design 42 post-retinal-detachment patients: combined physiotherapy 23 versus Semax drops 19; 12-month follow-up.

Important limitations

Both groups received Semax; the comparison cannot isolate its contribution.
Both groups received Semax; this does not establish its benefit versus no Semax. Heliox, delivery route and formulation differed; the independent contribution of each cannot be separated. Small comparison; randomization and masking were not established from the abstract.
Both arms received Semax; heliox and delivery differences prevent attribution to Semax alone.

Vestnik oftalmologii; 2026 · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

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Review of earlier studies · 2026

ADHD council assessment places these preparations in its limited-evidence group

Study of multiple preparations

Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax: Group B: limited evidence base for ADHD
Document type: Expert-council resolutionCouncil meeting 16 July 2026; publication 22 October 2026

The expert council places Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax in Group B, its category for preparations with a limited evidence base in ADHD. It discusses adjunctive use within psychoeducation and behavioral care, rather than replacement of established first-line treatment.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Expert-council assessment of adjunctive ADHD pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents; no new patient trial.

Important limitations

Expert consensus and evidence appraisal, not a new efficacy trial. The assessment concerns childhood ADHD, not every clinical use of these preparations.

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 126(9. Vyp. 2) · Expert-council resolution

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Research updates ↗

Performance research in context

Sports performance evidence map ↗ Military & occupational evidence map ↗

Compound class: Synthetic regulatory neuropeptide
Research collection: Neuropeptide research · editorial grouping
Research institutions: No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review: Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.

02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research Clinical comparisons and small imaging studies
Study methods Study-specific design and limitations below
Independent replication Independent replication and participant overlap are unclear
Source access Indexed abstracts, selected publisher text and archival records
Safety evidence Long-term safety and product equivalence not established by this collection

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

Questions about Semax

What is Semax peptide?

Semax is Met–Glu–His–Phe–Pro–Gly–Pro (MEHFPGP), a seven-amino-acid peptide comprising the ACTH(4–7) fragment followed by Pro–Gly–Pro. Studies of older ACTH fragments or modified Semax derivatives do not automatically describe the same preparation.

What benefits of Semax have been studied in humans?

Human reports include adjunctive stroke treatment, optic-nerve conditions and small healthy-volunteer imaging experiments. Some report favorable changes, but their clinical populations, background treatments and methodological limits matter. They do not establish general memory enhancement in healthy people.

Does Semax increase BDNF or improve cognition?

Neurotrophin and gene-expression research provides proposed mechanisms, much of it from animal or laboratory models. A molecular change is not itself a demonstrated cognitive benefit. The healthy-volunteer studies linked here measured brain connectivity rather than validated improvement in memory or attention.

What is the difference between Semax and Selank?

Semax is derived from an ACTH fragment; Selank is derived from tuftsin. They are distinct sequences with different research histories. The 52-person imaging report used separate Semax, Selank and placebo conditions; it was not a trial of a combined stack.

What is known about Semax side effects and long-term safety?

Safety must be assessed within each study’s preparation, route, duration and patient population. The small imaging and clinical reports in this collection do not establish long-term safety for healthy users or equivalence to N-acetylated, amidated or differently delivered products. An unreported adverse-event rate is not evidence that side effects do not occur.

Has Semax been studied during pregnancy?

Historical pregnant-rat experiments studied Semax with β-casomorphin-7 and reported prevention of selected hypoxia-related offspring changes. These combination findings do not isolate Semax or establish safety in pregnant people. Embryonic stem-cell experiments answer a different, narrower question.

Compare related preparations: Selank research ↗ · Cortexin research ↗

Evidence standards and review limits · Send a source correction

More findings, background and history

RELATED PEPTIDE RESEARCH / UPDATED OCTOBER 2026

Connections in the research

A direct PGP/PGPL comparison did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression pattern after rat cerebral ischemia. The PGP tail and the full hybrid peptide must retain separate evidence.

Glyprolins & PGP hybrids ↗

A family record separating simple Pro/Gly peptides, PGP-containing hybrids and proposed protein-fragment lineages.

CPG & GZK-111 ↗

A grouped record for endogenous cyclo(Pro-Gly), its experimental linear precursor GZK-111 and the connection to Noopept metabolism.

View the peptide family map and sources ↗

Stroke research matrix ↗ — compare human stroke outcomes, experimental findings, safety and adjacent cerebral-ischemia research.

RESEARCH UPDATE · OCTOBER 6, 2026

Recent Semax studies

Additional indexed papers from 2024–2026. Human comparisons, animal experiments and laboratory findings answer different questions. This update is not a systematic review.

The 2024 frontal-cortex and 2025 striatal stroke analyses used the same animals. They represent two tissue analyses of one experiment.

[Effect of a combined physiotherapeutic approach on changes in functional parameters after endovitreal surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a favorable anatomical outcome].
2026 · Human comparative study · 42 patients after retinal-detachment surgery
The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.
2025 · Animal / experimental · Transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9/Blg mice
The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons.
2025 · In vitro · Rat brain neurons and brain-slice preparations
Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.
2025 · Animal / experimental · Female mice with spinal-cord injury; supporting cellular experiments
Genes That Associated with Action of ACTH-like Peptides with Neuroprotective Potential in Rat Brain Regions with Different Degrees of Ischemic Damage.
2025 · Animal / experimental · Rat striatum, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
ACTH-like Peptides Compensate Rat Brain Gene Expression Profile Disrupted by Ischemia a Day After Experimental Stroke.
2024 · Animal / experimental · Rat frontal cortex, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing.
2025 · In vitro · Copper–amyloid chemistry and SH-SY5Y cell experiments

What remains unclear

Numerical results and adverse events remain incomplete in the stroke and optic-nerve records. Recent ophthalmology comparisons used Semax in both groups, so they cannot isolate its contribution to the treatment package.

Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.

Browse original study records ↗

SOURCE REVIEW / 2 OCTOBER 2026

Clinical comparison boundaries clarified

The acute-stroke abstract specifies 30 adjunctive-treatment patients and 80 conventional-care controls. Clinical comparisons remain separate from healthy-volunteer imaging.

What remains unresolved

Recover original stroke and optic-nerve papers, allocation, attrition and harms. Imaging changes do not establish cognitive benefit or occupational safety.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗Source 3 ↗

Compare all 13 evidence updates ↗

REGULATORY NEUROPEPTIDES / SOURCE CHECK 30 SEP 2026

Semax: from ACTH fragments to clinical research.

Semax is the seven-amino-acid sequence Met–Glu–His–Phe–Pro–Gly–Pro (MEHFPGP): ACTH(4–7) followed by Pro–Gly–Pro. The older ACTH(4–10) experiments are its research background, not experiments on an identical molecule. Identity source ↗

Educational only; not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for any condition. Evidence here concerns the preparations studied; it is not automatically applicable to N-acetylated or amidated products, other routes, or self-combined stacks.

Clinical neurology and vision

Stroke and optic-nerve reports investigate Semax alongside clinical care. Rehabilitation timing, background treatment and incomplete methods reporting limit causal interpretation.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗Source 3 ↗

Healthy-volunteer imaging

Small studies examine resting-state networks. Connectivity changes do not establish better memory, attention or safe performance under fatigue. Overlap between imaging cohorts remains unresolved.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗

Neuroregulation and ischemia models

Serum enzyme assays and rat ischemia experiments explore possible mechanisms. These findings cannot establish a clinical benefit or a complete mechanism of action.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗

Dermatology and operational archives

The dermatitis dissertation has a confirmed library record and related institutional proceedings. The special-risk-veterans report and early hypoxia work remain recovery targets; no occupational protection claim is inferred.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗Source 3 ↗Source 4 ↗

Lineage and document recovery

Bibliographic records, patents and dissertations provide historical context. An available file is not a completed evidence review. Unverified military-origin claims and numerical duration claims have not been adopted.

1978 / Indexed bibliographic record

ACTH(4–10) and learning in white rats under positive reinforcement

Precursor ACTH-fragment research, not a trial of mature Semax. The indexed author is Shelekhov; an earlier transcription used Melekhov. No abstract or full paper appraised.

Bibliographic record ↗

1982 / Russian patent record / scan link

Heptapeptide as a prolonged-action memory stimulant — SU939440A1

Primary development document. Patent claims are not clinical evidence. Linked record checked; PDF retrieval unsuccessful.

Bibliographic record ↗

1984 / Citation traced in a later research article

ACTH(4–10) analogue — a prolonged-action learning stimulant

Original paper remains an acquisition target. The linked paper cites it; it is not the 1984 original. No duration multiplier adopted.

Bibliographic record ↗

2009 / Library record · full text listed as open

Semax and treatment of atopic dermatitis: regulatory-system dissertation

The library record confirms the title and page count. The original work is needed to assess patient allocation and outcomes.

Bibliographic record ↗

2009 / Institutional Russian PDF · passage located

Semax in adjunctive treatment of atopic dermatitis — conference report

Related report describes 47 patients. Methods and overlap with the dissertation are unresolved; not counted as an independent replication.

Bibliographic record & PDF ↗

2004 / Library record · viewer/download offered

Semax CNS mechanisms: role of neurotrophins — dissertation abstract

This record is the 24-page dissertation abstract, not the full 127-page dissertation. Download endpoint was not retrieved.

Bibliographic record ↗

1980 / Unverified archival citation

Two ACTH analogues: learning and exploratory behavior

Research on Semax precursors. The citation and methods are unverified.

Bibliographic record ↗

1985 / Unverified archival citation

Hormonal activity of a prolonged-action ACTH analogue

Original paper needed; no absence-of-hormonal-effects claim adopted.

Bibliographic record ↗

1992 / Unverified archival citation

Semax and resistance to hypoxia

Secondary citations disagree on end page (107 versus 110). Original methods and human/animal setting need verification.

Bibliographic record ↗

2001 / Unverified archival citation

Semax rehabilitation of special-risk-unit veterans

An unverified citation describes a 147-page report and a submarine-radiation-accident context. Original report not recovered; no cohort or efficacy claim entered.

Bibliographic record ↗

2007 / Unverified archival citation

Synthetic melanocortin analogues: structure–function investigation

Doctoral dissertation lead; original catalogue and full text still needed.

Bibliographic record ↗

Explore Selank ↗ Compare the distinct tissue-peptide tradition ↗

PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Patents and claimed inventions

These 4 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.

2026 · EP4758157A1 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analoguesModified analogue · Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold

Reported findings

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay: Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-foldAs stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary: 41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parentThe text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Modified analogue. The family claims chemically modified peptides, including acetylated parent sequences extended with C-terminal arginine amide; it also has a 2025 WO publication.

Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.

Publication: EP4758157A1 ↗ · 2026-06-17
Earliest priority / filing: 2023-08-13 / 2023-08-13
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 88092996 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

New peptides and use thereof

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4758157A1 · WO2025037992A1

Read source review →

2005 · RU2251429C2 · Semax: stroke-oriented pharmaceutical compositionFormulation · Regression reported in 88% with Semax versus 55.2% control

Reported findings

The patent reports faster neurological regression, with incompletely specified subgroup percentage denominators.

Moderate-stroke course: Regression reported in 88% with Semax versus 55.2% controlPercentages retained as printed; subgroup denominators do not map cleanly to these values
Moderate-stroke functional recovery: 80% reported good recovery and 36% complete focal-symptom regressionEnd of acute periodPatent narrative; no prespecified modern functional endpoint established

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. The patent concerns a Semax formulation proposed for stroke-related applications.

A formulation filing is not a newly completed stroke trial or proof of healthy-person cognitive enhancement.

Publication: RU2251429C2 ↗ · 2005-05-10
Earliest priority / filing: 2002-12-30 / 2002-12-30
Original applicant / assignee: Институт Молекулярной Генетики Российской Академии Наук (Имг Ран)
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 35747098 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Pharmaceutical composition for treating ischemic insult and method for therapy

Inventors: И.П. Ашмарин (RU); И.П. Ашмарин; Л.Ю. Алфеева (RU); Л.Ю. Алфеева; Л.А. Андреева (RU); Л.А. Андреева; И.А. Гривенников (RU); И.А. Гривенников; Е.И. Гусев (RU); Е.И. Гусев; О.В. Долотов (RU); О.В. Долотов; А.А. Каменский (RU); А.А. Каменский; соедов Н.Ф. М (RU); Н.Ф. Мясоедов; В.Н. Незавибатько (RU); В.Н. Незавибатько; А.В. Немерский (RU); А.В. Немерский; В.И. Скворцова (RU); В.И. Скворцова.

RU2251429C2

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

1999 · RU2138269C1 · Semax plus heparin: antithrombotic compositionFormulation · 45.5 seconds with the complex versus 28.7 seconds with the heparin comparison

Reported findings

The combination produced anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects in laboratory tests.

Thrombin time: 45.5 seconds with the complex versus 28.7 seconds with the heparin comparisonRat plasma clotting assay; longer is not an established clinical benefit
Platelet aggregation: Reported reduction from a 100% reference to 15%Experimental combination result; group denominator not supplied in the extracted narrative

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. The claims concern an antithrombotic combination involving Semax and heparin.

A combined composition cannot demonstrate Semax-alone efficacy or justify unsupervised anticoagulant treatment.

Publication: RU2138269C1 ↗ · 1999-09-27
Earliest priority / filing: 1997-12-04 / 1997-12-04
Original applicant / assignee: Ашмарин Игорь Петрович; Ляпина Людмила Анисимовна; Пасторова Валентина Ефимовна; Каменский Андрей Александрович; Скворцова Вероника Игоревна; Мясоедов Николай Федорович
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 20199624 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Antithrombosis agent

Inventors: И.П. Ашмарин; Л.А. Ляпина; В.Е. Пасторова; А.А. Каменский; В.И. Скворцова; Н.Ф. Мясоедов.

RU2138269C1

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

2010 · RU2384343C2 · Intranasal Semax in Alzheimer’s diseaseUse · 23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.

Reported findings

23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.

Overall clinical improvement: 23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.
Cognitive scores: Mean MMSE improved by 2.4 points and ADAS-Cog improved by 4.9 points.

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. Claims the use of Semax 1% nasal drops in Alzheimer’s disease.

The patent provides no concurrent placebo group. Changes cannot be separated from other influences, and the report does not establish treatment benefit.

Publication: RU2384343C2 ↗ · 2010-03-20
Earliest priority / filing: 2008-02-27 / 2008-02-27
Original applicant / assignee: Peptogen
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-12
Patent family: Grouping identifier unavailable · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Intranasal Semax in Alzheimer’s disease

Inventors: Nikolay F. Myasoedov; Svetlana I. Gavrilova; Yaroslav B. Kalyn; Igor V. Kolykhalov; Natalya M. Mikhailova; Natalya D. Selezneva; Olga N. Sokolova; Alexander S. Tiganov; Lyudmila A. Andreeva.

RU2384343C2 · RU2008107113A

Read source review →

Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →

03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2014 · Semax during repeated rotarod testing in ratsRotarod duration: +263% at day 21 relative to day 7

2014Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Semax during repeated rotarod testing in rats

· Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 145–147, Figures 54–55

Format: Original publication and selected methods and results checked · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

N. N. Karkishchenko, V. V. Uyba, V. N. Karkishchenko, E. B. Shustov, K. V. Kotenko, S. L. Lyublinskiy · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 145–147, Figures 54–55

The authors reported a 263% increase in duration on day 21 relative to day 7. They classified the effect on fatigue resistance as a statistical trend.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

The authors reported a 263% increase in duration on day 21 relative to day 7. They classified the effect on fatigue resistance as a statistical trend.

Accelerating rotarod, assessed weekly during dosing and again seven days after the course.

Dose, route and schedule

Semax 0.22 mg/kg rectally daily for 21 days.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Results · Original publication and selected methods and results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Rotarod duration	+263% at day 21 relative to day 7	Duration dropped after dosing stopped. Controls showed smaller gains with repeated testing. · Authors described a trend around p=0.1

Keep the within-group percentage and weak statistical result together.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: WAG/GY rats. Arm sizes not verified in the checked section.
Source reviewed: Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Study limitations

Repeated training, coordination and motivation can affect the endpoint. The graph does not supply a confirmed human effect.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2025 · Semax in women’s basketball: conflicting tables and proseReported free-throw change: 17.3±2.6%; p=0.37

2025Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Semax in women’s basketball: conflicting tables and prose

· Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Format: Original journal text, methods and Table 1 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

E. A. Orlova, Ya. S. Rybalkina, A. V. Dorontsev, O. V. Morozova · Original journal text, methods and Table 1

The narrative reports nonsignificant shooting changes. The table labels and direction conflict with the prose, preventing confident assignment of a benefit.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

The narrative reports nonsignificant shooting changes. The table labels and direction conflict with the prose, preventing confident assignment of a benefit.

Competition and practice metrics, with five-minute 100–200 W cycle ergometry and early/late recovery measurements.

Dose, route and schedule

Intranasal Semax, identified as 0.5% in results; methods give 200–2,000 µg per administration and 500–5,000 µg per day for seven precompetition and seven competition days. Individual delivered doses are unclear.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Results · Original journal text, methods and Table 1
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported free-throw change	17.3±2.6%; p=0.37	Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Reported three-point change	9.5±1.7%; p=0.44	Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Sample-size conflict	28 in methods versus 40 in the table	Several larger changes appear in the column labelled comparison. Allocation cannot be reconstructed.

The inconsistent sample and table headings prevent a reliable treatment estimate.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: The text describes 28 women aged 18–26 and 14 per arm; Table 1 instead labels its columns 18 and 22.
Source reviewed: Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Study limitations

The inconsistent sample and table headings prevent a reliable treatment estimate.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2017 · Semax and hand tapping in 20 archersFirst ten seconds: 60.05 → 63.95 taps

2017Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Semax and hand tapping in 20 archers

· FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Format: FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

R. V. Tambovtseva, D. I. Sechin · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Tapping increased in four intervals and declined in two, with no parallel control group or measure of shooting accuracy.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Tapping increased in four intervals and declined in two, with no parallel control group or measure of shooting accuracy.

Six consecutive ten-second intervals of hand tapping, with descriptive means and standard errors.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax; the procedure allowed a short absorption interval before retesting.

Protocol source ↗ · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Results · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
First ten seconds	60.05 → 63.95 taps	Group means.
Third and sixth intervals	61.65 → 61.20; 60.75 → 56.05 taps	Directional decreases despite the favorable overall narrative.
Fifth interval	56.20 → 61.40 taps	Descriptive within-session change.

Repeated testing can produce practice or fatigue effects. No controlled inference about archery performance.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: 20 competitive archers tested before and after exposure.
Source reviewed: FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Study limitations

Repeated testing can produce practice or fatigue effects. No controlled inference about archery performance.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2018 · Semax in shooters and martial-arts athletesWithin-group motor measures: Active groups reported p<0.05; saline p>0.05

2018Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Semax in shooters and martial-arts athletes

· Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Format: Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

D. I. Sechin et al. · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Authors reported faster sound, light and choice reactions in the Semax cohorts. The same report describes stability or gains in tapping measures.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Authors reported faster sound, light and choice reactions in the Semax cohorts. The same report describes stability or gains in tapping measures.

Groups defined by sport. Reaction and tapping tasks repeated 15 minutes after exposure.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax in the two active cohorts; saline in the comparison cohort.

Protocol source ↗ · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Results · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Within-group motor measures	Active groups reported p<0.05; saline p>0.05	Full group effect estimates unavailable in these proceedings.
Cohort and comparator	14 saline, 17 shooting, 14 martial arts	The paper has no hypoxic-training arm. Overlap with the earlier 20-archer study is unresolved.

Sport and treatment assignment are entangled. Within-group significance cannot establish an active-placebo difference.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: 45 qualified athletes. Saline n=14, shooting sports n=17, martial arts n=14.
Source reviewed: Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Study limitations

Sport and treatment assignment are entangled. Within-group significance cannot establish an active-placebo difference.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2011 · Semax and Selank in acute loaded swimming30 minutes: Semax +45%; Selank +50%

2011Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Semax and Selank in acute loaded swimming

· Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Format: Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

V. B. Solovyov · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Both peptides prolonged swimming at selected early time points. Neither had a reported effect at 24 hours.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Both peptides prolonged swimming at selected early time points. Neither had a reported effect at 24 hours.

Forced swim with 20% body-mass load, tested 0.5, 4 or 24 hours after administration. Separate enzyme and biochemical measurements.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal Semax or Selank, 300 µg/kg, 1% solution, 6 µL. Control received distilled water.

Protocol source ↗ · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Results · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
30 minutes	Semax +45%; Selank +50%	Reported relative to control.
Four hours	Semax +110%; Selank +45%	The treated groups were distinct.
24 hours	No detected benefit with either peptide	The separate human physiology comparison included 36 participants and did not test either peptide.

Small subgroups, incomplete uncertainty and extreme swim conditions.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: Rat subgroups of 6–7 per sampling interval. The separate human physiology comparison included 18 athletes and 18 comparison participants without a drug intervention.
Source reviewed: Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Study limitations

Small subgroups, incomplete uncertainty and extreme swim conditions.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Radiolabeled Semax in rat brain after intranasal dosingBrain signal at two minutes: 0.093% of administered radioactivity per gram

2006Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Radiolabeled Semax in rat brain after intranasal dosing

· Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722

Format: Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

K. V. Shevchenko, I. Yu. Nagaev, L. Yu. Alfeeva, L. A. Andreeva, A. A. Kamensky, N. G. Levitskaya, V. P. Shevchenko, I. A. Grivennikov, N. F. Myasoedov · Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722

At two minutes, 0.093% of administered radioactivity per gram was detected in brain. About 80% of that signal was identified as Semax.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

At two minutes, 0.093% of administered radioactivity per gram was detected in brain. About 80% of that signal was identified as Semax.

Tritium label on C-terminal proline, with measurements of Semax and degradation products in blood and brain.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal dose of 50 µg/kg, 20 µL solution.

Protocol source ↗ · Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722

Results · Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Brain signal at two minutes	0.093% of administered radioactivity per gram	Approximately 80% intact Semax and the remainder metabolites.
Biotransformation	Rapid degradation; Pro–Gly–Pro predominated among peptide products	Neither target-site concentration nor a human half-life is supplied.

Rat tissue radioactivity does not resolve the transport path, blood contribution or human pharmacokinetics.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: Outbred white rats weighing 200–250 g. Sample size unavailable in the indexed abstract.
Source reviewed: Bioorganicheskaya Khimiya, PMID 16523722

Study limitations

Rat tissue radioactivity does not resolve the transport path, blood contribution or human pharmacokinetics.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2019 · Semax, normobaric hypoxia and short reaction tests in athletesFlash reaction time: Semax 0.34±0.11 → 0.25±0.04 s

2019Human comparative studyFull text available

Semax, normobaric hypoxia and short reaction tests in athletes

· Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, publisher article and Tables 1–2

Format: Original publisher English text and tables, cross-checked with the 2019 issue index. Dose unit requires confirmation. · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

R. V. Tambovtseva, D. I. Sechin · Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, publisher article and Tables 1–2

Post-test flash reaction time was 0.25 s with Semax, 0.24 s with hypoxia and 0.32 s with saline. Baseline differences and overlap with related conference cohorts remain unresolved.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Post-test flash reaction time was 0.25 s with Semax, 0.24 s with hypoxia and 0.32 s with saline. Baseline differences and overlap with related conference cohorts remain unresolved.

Pre/post response to sound, flash and choice stimuli and hand tapping. Hypoxia was a 30-minute, 10%-oxygen exposure.

Protocol information

Intranasal Semax 0.1% or saline. The English source prints 500 mg, whereas related conference methods print 500 µg. Exact delivered dose for this report requires the original Russian methods.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher English text and tables, cross-checked with the 2019 issue index. Dose unit requires confirmation.

Results · Original publisher English text and tables, cross-checked with the 2019 issue index. Dose unit requires confirmation.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Flash reaction time	Semax 0.34±0.11 → 0.25±0.04 s	Hypoxia 0.27±0.05 → 0.24±0.04 s; saline 0.31±0.12 → 0.32±0.11 s. Post-test p=0.01 for each active arm vs saline as printed.
Choice reaction time	Post-test Semax 0.32±0.06 s; hypoxia 0.33±0.06 s; saline 0.42±0.10 s	Tables report unadjusted group means.
Late tapping interval	Semax 60.41 → 55.47 taps	Direction varies by interval. A faster visual response did not imply uniform tapping improvement.

Short psychophysiological endpoints and baseline imbalances limit inference about sport performance.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: 45 athletes aged 21–25; saline n=14, Semax n=17, hypoxia n=14.
Source reviewed: Original publisher English text and tables, cross-checked with the 2019 issue index. Dose unit requires confirmation.

Study limitations

The overlapping authors and matching arm sizes with the 2018 proceedings warrant comparison of recruitment records. The third arm is described differently.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2021 · Semax with and without laser-assisted application in biathletesStress-resistance index: 9.2±0.31 → 15.7±0.16 with laser; 8.5±0.24 → 10.4±0.14 with nasal application alone

2021Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Semax with and without laser-assisted application in biathletes

· Journal of New Medical Technologies, electronic edition (6):132–135

Format: Original article, methods and Tables 1–2 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

A. A. Khadartsev, N. A. Fudin, V. A. Badtieva, B. G. Valentinov, V. G. Kupeev · Journal of New Medical Technologies, electronic edition (6):132–135

Stress-resistance and anxiety indices changed in both Semax arms. The study compared delivery procedures and did not measure race performance or brain exposure.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Stress-resistance and anxiety indices changed in both Semax arms. The study compared delivery procedures and did not measure race performance or brain exposure.

Fifteen-day observation during precompetition training. Both arms used intranasal Semax, with laser application in the main group.

Protocol information

Intranasal 0.1% Semax in both arms. Delivered peptide mass per participant is unverified.

Protocol source ↗ · Original article, methods and Tables 1–2

Results · Original article, methods and Tables 1–2
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Stress-resistance index	9.2±0.31 → 15.7±0.16 with laser; 8.5±0.24 → 10.4±0.14 with nasal application alone	Authors’ index. A reliable between-arm effect is unavailable.
HADS anxiety	8.41±1.22 → 5.16±0.12 vs 8.83±1.66 → 5.96±0.21	Within-group p<0.05 for the laser arm and p>0.05 for the comparator as printed.

A comparison of two Semax procedures, with an unresolved treatment-group flow.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: 66 biathletes. Abstract and tables report 47 versus 19; one methods paragraph gives 21 comparison participants.
Source reviewed: Original article, methods and Tables 1–2

Study limitations

Comparator denominator conflict, no inert placebo, and no measured delivery or pharmacokinetic endpoint.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

2022 · Cortexin and Semax in a prolonged rat cold-stress modelSemax · day-14 limiting swim: 3.2±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min saline

2022Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Cortexin and Semax in a prolonged rat cold-stress model

· Pediatrician 13(6):85–96

Format: Original methods and Table 5 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

V. P. Ganapolsky, P. V. Agafonov, V. O. Matytsyn · Pediatrician 13(6):85–96

Day-14 swim time was 3.2±0.1 min with Semax and 1.3±0.1 min with either saline or Cortexin. The 35°C plateau lasted 10, 12 and 14 days across the three groups.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Day-14 swim time was 3.2±0.1 min with Semax and 1.3±0.1 min with either saline or Cortexin. The 35°C plateau lasted 10, 12 and 14 days across the three groups.

Ninety outbred male rats, 30 per group. Prolonged cold exposure combined with altered lighting, noise and dietary restriction. Serial thermoregulation and weighted-swim measurements.

Protocol information

Methods specify intraperitoneal Cortexin 5 mg/kg and Semax 0.3 mg/kg twice daily, beginning three days before cold stress. The discussion specifies subcutaneous administration and the conclusion says once daily. The route and frequency conflict.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods and Table 5

Results · Original methods and Table 5
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Semax · day-14 limiting swim	3.2±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min saline	Table 5, p<0.05 versus saline as marked.
Cortexin · day-14 limiting swim	1.3±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min saline	Earlier differences did not persist at day 14.
Temperature plateau near 35°C	10 days saline; 12 Cortexin; 14 Semax	Reported thermoregulation endpoint, separate from the swim outcome.
Publication overlap	Identical weighted-swim means and uncertainties at all six time points	The 2023 Russian Biomedical Research paper (DOI 10.56871/RBR.2023.20.34.002) repeats Table 5. Count one animal experiment.

Table 5 · maximum weighted swim time during cold stress

Table 5 · maximum weighted swim time during cold stress
Day	Placebo (min)	Cortexin (min)	Semax (min)
0	9.5±0.8	9.8±0.7	9.4±0.6
5	8.4±1.2	8.5±0.9	9.5±1.2
7	5.2±0.6*	7.0±0.5#	7.9±0.8#
10	3.2±0.3*	4.9±0.3#	5.2±0.4#
12	3.1±0.5*	3.6±0.7	5.4±0.6#
14	1.3±0.1*	1.3±0.1	3.2±0.1#

M±m. * p<0.05 versus day 0, # p<0.05 versus placebo as printed. Both publications print the same values.

Cortexin and saline had the same mean swim time at day 14. The paper reports a 14-day temperature plateau for Semax.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: 90 outbred male rats (180–220 g), with 30 each in the placebo, Cortexin and Semax groups.
Source reviewed: Original methods and Table 5

Study limitations

The report conflicts on administration route and frequency. Cortexin and Semax were given to separate groups.
The 2023 report repeats the weighted-swim table. It supplies no independent animal count or human performance evidence.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Read the source ↗

1996 · Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxiaSevere hemorrhage · mortality: 23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controls

1996Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxia

Defined mixture of Semax (MEHFPGP), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (pGlu–His–Pro–NH₂) and FMRFamide (Phe–Met–Arg–Phe–NH₂). · Dissertation

Format: Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

Ya. V. Krushinskaya · Moscow State University candidate dissertation, 142 pp.

Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.

595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison

Dose, route and schedule

Hemorrhage pretreatment: 40-minute intra-arterial infusion of FMRFamide 0.01, TRH 0.01 and Semax 0.002 mg/kg/min. Hypoxia experiments used a separate intraperitoneal schedule: FMRFamide 0.5, TRH 0.5 and Semax 0.05 mg/kg in narrative; the figure transcription appears to read TRH 0.6 mg/kg. Original scan needed to resolve that value.

Protocol source ↗ · Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable

Results · Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Severe hemorrhage · mortality	23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controls	Mortality in the stated pretreatment comparison, not the whole 595-rat program. · p<0.025 as reported
Naloxone comparator · mortality	83% mortality (n=6)	Small separate pretreatment group; no clear benefit.
Serum malondialdehyde after hypoxia	+192% versus baseline controls after hypoxia; +66% with peptide pretreatment	The mixture alone did not significantly change the measure; p-values are not a formal direct contrast between the two hypoxia groups. · p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively versus control as described
Acute hypobaric model	Improved selected survival-related measures at simulated 11,000–11,500 m	Distinct experiment; routes and doses differ from the hemorrhage protocol.
Behavior after severe stress	Motor and exploratory effects at day 2; contextual-memory changes by day 6	Author reports effects on selected post-stress behavior measures, not validated neurological recovery.

This is defined-mixture research. The outcomes cannot be assigned to Semax alone, and the magnitude of interaction among the three components was not established for human use.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: 595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison
Source reviewed: Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable

Study limitations

Small mortality groups; percentages cannot be converted into exact counts without the original group denominators.
Pretreatment of rats before extreme blood loss is a distinct model from emergency treatment, athlete performance or environmental prophylaxis in people.
The related 1997 report is part of this research program; its independence is not established.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

1997 · Cooperative regulatory peptide effects in rat hypoxic shockPublication trail: Journal report identified for hypoxic shock

1997Animal / experimentalBibliographic record

Cooperative regulatory peptide effects in rat hypoxic shock

· Original journal article

Format: Indexed companion paper and dissertation publication trail; full numerical tables not recovered · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

S. V. Antonova, M. Ya. Akhalaia, A. A. Baizhumanov, S. V. Shestakova, E. N. Goncharenko, Ya. V. Krushinskaya, A. V. Orlov, N. A. Sokolova, A. A. Kamensky, S. B. Parin, I. P. Ashmarin · Biull Eksp Biol Med. 124(10):400–402. PMID 9410168

Companion publication on cooperative regulatory peptide effects under hypoxic shock; keep distinct from the dissertation’s quantified hemorrhage comparison.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Companion publication on cooperative regulatory peptide effects under hypoxic shock; keep distinct from the dissertation’s quantified hemorrhage comparison.

Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined

Results · Indexed companion paper and dissertation publication trail; full numerical tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Publication trail	Journal report identified for hypoxic shock	The 79% and 23% mortality figures come from the separate hemorrhage experiment.

Use the dissertation record for verified numerical context. Full paper needed to verify the exact comparison arms and outcome estimates.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined
Source reviewed: Indexed companion paper and dissertation publication trail; full numerical tables not recovered

Study limitations

A separate publication is not necessarily an independent replication.
Original full methods and numerical results remain an acquisition target.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2009 · Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and CortexinNoopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity: Reduced vertical movements reported

2009Animal / experimentalFull text available

Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin

· Original journal article

Format: Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

P. D. Shabanov et al. · Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Dose, route and schedule

Intraperitoneal doses: 1 mg/kg Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Cortagen, Oleyl-Cortagen, Noopept and Dilept; 0.1 mg/kg Deltaran, Semax and Selank; piracetam 200 mg/kg. General behavior tests 30–40 minutes post-dose; self-stimulation measured 15–20 minutes post-dose.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Results · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · self-stimulation	+32% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase, not an endurance or strength endpoint.
Cortexin · self-stimulation	+23% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase; no direct statistical test versus Oleyl-Cortagen supplied in narrative.
Cortagen and Cerebrolysin · self-stimulation	No change reported in pedal-press frequency	At the systemic doses in this article; does not contradict the separate central-dose comparisons.
Open-field behavior	Oleyl-Cortagen increased horizontal and vertical movement but halved hole exploration	Cortexin and Cerebrolysin increased horizontal movement; Dilept reduced horizontal and vertical movement.
Noopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity	Reduced vertical movements reported	Compound-specific rat behavior at the stated doses, not a measure of human alertness.
Porsolt immobility	Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and Selank	This unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.
Deltaran · grooming	Grooming reactions increased	The report tested Deltaran, a DSIP-containing formulation; this observation is not assigned to isolated DSIP.

Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery
Source reviewed: Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Study limitations

Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery.
Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred.
The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2001 · Peptidergic correction of the effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia in pregnant rats on progenyGrowth and eye opening: Delayed by hypoxia; authors report prevention with the peptide mixture

2001Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Peptidergic correction of the effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia in pregnant rats on progeny

Semax and β-casomorphin-7; combined or incompletely separated in accessible report · Original journal publication

Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Maslova MV, Zemlyanskii KS, Shkol'nikova MV, Maklakova AS, Krushinskaya YV, Sokolova NA, Ashmarin IP · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2001;131(2):109. PMID 11391386

Maternal Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 reportedly prevented delayed pup growth, weight gain, eye opening and behavioral changes after acute hypoxia. The abstract provides no numerical effect sizes.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Maternal Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 reportedly prevented delayed pup growth, weight gain, eye opening and behavioral changes after acute hypoxia. The abstract provides no numerical effect sizes.

Maternal intranasal peptide exposure around an acute prenatal hypoxic insult; postnatal growth/behavior or brain monoamines evaluated.

Dose, route and schedule

Intranasal maternal peptide exposure. The 2003 abstract specifies a single administration; doses and exact exposure timing are not supplied in the abstracts.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Results · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Growth and eye opening	Delayed by hypoxia; authors report prevention with the peptide mixture
Behavior	Hypoxia-associated changes reportedly prevented; exact tests and scores not supplied

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects. No verified sample sizes, effect magnitudes, randomization, masking or systematic reproductive-safety assessment in the abstract. Related papers from one laboratory do not establish independent replication or human pregnancy safety.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Pregnant albino rats and offspring after acute hypobaric hypoxia; n unavailable in abstract
Source reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Study limitations

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects.
No verified sample sizes, effect magnitudes, randomization, masking or systematic reproductive-safety assessment in the abstract.
Related papers from one laboratory do not establish independent replication or human pregnancy safety.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2003 · Effect of acute progestational hypoxia on the content of biogenic amines in the brain of albino rat pups: Peptide correctionOffspring catecholamines: Age-dependent brainstem/cortical disturbances reportedly prevented

2003Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Effect of acute progestational hypoxia on the content of biogenic amines in the brain of albino rat pups: Peptide correction

Semax and β-casomorphin-7; combined or incompletely separated in accessible report · Original journal publication

Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Maslova MV, Graf AV, Sokolova NA, Goncharenko EN, Shestakova SV, Kudryashova NY, Andreeva LA · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2003;136(2):123. PMID 14631488

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Maternal intranasal peptide exposure around an acute prenatal hypoxic insult; postnatal growth/behavior or brain monoamines evaluated.

Dose, route and schedule

Intranasal maternal peptide exposure. The 2003 abstract specifies a single administration; doses and exact exposure timing are not supplied in the abstracts.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Results · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Offspring catecholamines	Age-dependent brainstem/cortical disturbances reportedly prevented	No numerical concentrations or separate compound effects supplied

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Pregnant albino rats and offspring after acute hypobaric hypoxia; n unavailable in abstract
Source reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Study limitations

The 2001 intervention is explicitly a Semax plus β-casomorphin-7 mixture; the 2003 abstract does not isolate compound-specific effects.
No verified sample sizes, effect magnitudes, randomization, masking or systematic reproductive-safety assessment in the abstract.
Related papers from one laboratory do not establish independent replication or human pregnancy safety.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2003 · The effects of ante- and postnatal hypoxia on the central nervous system and their correction with peptide hormonesDevelopment and behavior: Qualitative peptide-constellation benefit described; not an independently established new experiment

2003ReviewEnglish abstract

The effects of ante- and postnatal hypoxia on the central nervous system and their correction with peptide hormones

semax · Review and translated source

Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Maslova MV, Maklakova AS, Sokolova NA, Ashmarin IP, Goncharenko EN, Krushinskaya YV · Neuroscience and behavioral physiology. 2003;33(6):607-11. PMID 14552554

The synthesis describes poorer postnatal learning and hyperactivity after hypoxia and improvement with a peptide constellation. It supplies no extractable trial-level numerical effect.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The synthesis describes poorer postnatal learning and hyperactivity after hypoxia and improvement with a peptide constellation. It supplies no extractable trial-level numerical effect.

Review/synthesis; English translation of the 2002 Russian Physiological Journal article, 88(2):184–190.

Results · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Development and behavior	Qualitative peptide-constellation benefit described; not an independently established new experiment

Russian 2002 original and English 2003 translation must be counted once. Related experimental papers from the same research program may overlap; the review supplies no independent replication or human safety estimate.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Review/synthesis of ante- and postnatal hypoxia experiments; no new cohort established
Source reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Study limitations

Russian 2002 original and English 2003 translation must be counted once.
Related experimental papers from the same research program may overlap; the review supplies no independent replication or human safety estimate.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2017 · Studying the Toxic Effects of Some Biologically Active Peptides on the Model of Mouse Embryonic Stem CellsSelank neuronal differentiation: GABA-positive neuron ratio decreased by 61%

2017In vitroEnglish abstract

Studying the Toxic Effects of Some Biologically Active Peptides on the Model of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

semax, selank, glyprolins · Original journal publication

Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Kobylyanskii AG, Zolotarev YA, Andreeva LA, Grivennikov IA, Myasoedov NF · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine. 2017;163(6):731. PMID 29063333

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Cultured mouse embryonic stem cells; proliferation, survival during serum deprivation and neuronal differentiation after several peptides and growth-factor controls.

Results · Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Selank neuronal differentiation	GABA-positive neuron ratio decreased by 61%	Selank 100 µM versus control; not an in-vivo malformation endpoint
PGP proliferation	Small but significant inhibition at 10 µM	No numerical inhibition magnitude in abstract
Semax cell survival	Increased survival at 10 and 0.1 µM during serum deprivation	Cell-stress endpoint, not reproductive toxicology
Safety-inference limit	The authors infer no embryonic/fetal toxicity; this culture model does not establish that claim in pregnancy

Embryonic-cell experiments do not test placental exposure, whole-embryo development, birth defects or pregnancy outcomes. The study also found reduced cell differentiation and proliferation. Concentrations in a culture dish are not human doses; biological replicate counts and complete numerical results absent from the abstract.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Mouse embryonic stem cells and neuronal derivatives, not pregnant animals or human fetuses
Source reviewed: Indexed original abstract; full methods and outcome tables not recovered

Study limitations

Embryonic-cell experiments do not test placental exposure, whole-embryo development, birth defects or pregnancy outcomes.
The study also found reduced cell differentiation and proliferation.
Concentrations in a culture dish are not human doses; biological replicate counts and complete numerical results absent from the abstract.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2026 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analogues — EP4758157A1GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay: Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold

2026Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analogues — EP4758157A1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Filip Majewski · EP4758157A1 · patent family 88092996

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.

Results · Experimental Examples 2.2–2.6 and Example 3; cell, telomerase and stability narratives.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay	Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold	As stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary	41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parent	The text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints
Cortagen-related Ki-67	Approximately threefold expression-area increase for modified peptide versus more than twofold for parent at different stated concentrations	Different tested exposures prevent a simple potency ratio
Storage and chemical stability	Modified compounds described as more stable in comparison assays	Individual stability-table values not transcribed; no human half-life established

In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.
In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

2005 · Semax: stroke-oriented pharmaceutical composition — RU2251429C2Moderate-stroke course: Regression reported in 88% with Semax versus 55.2% control

2005Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Semax: stroke-oriented pharmaceutical composition — RU2251429C2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

И.П. Ашмарин (RU), И.П. Ашмарин, Л.Ю. Алфеева (RU), Л.Ю. Алфеева, Л.А. Андреева (RU), Л.А. Андреева, И.А. Гривенников (RU), И.А. Гривенников, Е.И. Гусев (RU), Е.И. Гусев, О.В. Долотов (RU), О.В. Долотов, А.А. Каменский (RU), А.А. Каменский, соедов Н.Ф. М (RU), Н.Ф. Мясоедов, В.Н. Незавибатько (RU), В.Н. Незавибатько, А.В. Немерский (RU), А.В. Немерский, В.И. Скворцова (RU), В.И. Скворцова · RU2251429C2 · patent family 35747098

The patent reports faster neurological regression, with incompletely specified subgroup percentage denominators.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The patent reports faster neurological regression, with incompletely specified subgroup percentage denominators.

Patent stroke comparison: 80 patients, 40 Semax-formulation and 40 control; severity mix differed (24 versus 20 moderate cases).

Results · Clinical efficacy narrative and baseline-group Tables 2–4.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Moderate-stroke course	Regression reported in 88% with Semax versus 55.2% control	Percentages retained as printed; subgroup denominators do not map cleanly to these values
Moderate-stroke functional recovery	80% reported good recovery and 36% complete focal-symptom regression	Patent narrative; no prespecified modern functional endpoint established · End of acute period

Allocation, masking, subgroup denominators and concurrent care require original-trial verification. This patent may reproduce clinical material already in the literature and is not an additional independent trial.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Patent stroke comparison: 80 patients, 40 Semax-formulation and 40 control; severity mix differed (24 versus 20 moderate cases).
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

A formulation filing is not a newly completed stroke trial or proof of healthy-person cognitive enhancement.
Allocation, masking, subgroup denominators and concurrent care require original-trial verification. This patent may reproduce clinical material already in the literature and is not an additional independent trial.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

1999 · Semax plus heparin: antithrombotic composition — RU2138269C1Thrombin time: 45.5 seconds with the complex versus 28.7 seconds with the heparin comparison

1999Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Semax plus heparin: antithrombotic composition — RU2138269C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

И.П. Ашмарин, Л.А. Ляпина, В.Е. Пасторова, А.А. Каменский, В.И. Скворцова, Н.Ф. Мясоедов · RU2138269C1 · patent family 20199624

The combination produced anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects in laboratory tests.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The combination produced anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects in laboratory tests.

Semax–heparin complex tested in rat plasma and animal thrombosis experiments; no human anticoagulation trial.

Results · Example 1: thrombin-time, platelet and thrombosis-result narrative; no administration instructions reproduced.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Thrombin time	45.5 seconds with the complex versus 28.7 seconds with the heparin comparison	Rat plasma clotting assay; longer is not an established clinical benefit
Platelet aggregation	Reported reduction from a 100% reference to 15%	Experimental combination result; group denominator not supplied in the extracted narrative
Experimental thrombosis mortality	16% with the combination versus 40% saline control	Animal challenge; no verified human risk estimate

The effects concern the complex, not Semax alone. Small incompletely reported animal experiments do not establish clinical effectiveness, bleeding safety or an appropriate human regimen.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Semax–heparin complex tested in rat plasma and animal thrombosis experiments; no human anticoagulation trial.
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

A combined composition cannot demonstrate Semax-alone efficacy or justify unsupervised anticoagulant treatment.
The effects concern the complex, not Semax alone. Small incompletely reported animal experiments do not establish clinical effectiveness, bleeding safety or an appropriate human regimen.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

2010 · Intranasal Semax in Alzheimer’s disease — RU2384343C2Overall clinical improvement: 23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.

2010Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Intranasal Semax in Alzheimer’s disease — RU2384343C2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Nikolay F. Myasoedov, Svetlana I. Gavrilova, Yaroslav B. Kalyn, Igor V. Kolykhalov, Natalya M. Mikhailova, Natalya D. Selezneva, Olga N. Sokolova, Alexander S. Tiganov, Lyudmila A. Andreeva · RU2384343C2 · patent family RU2384343C2

23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.

Uncontrolled before-and-after observations in 25 patients: 13 with mild and 12 with moderate dementia. The disclosure describes 18–20 mg/day of intranasal Semax and reports the same group across examples.

Results · Original patent text, selected examples and tables.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Overall clinical improvement	23/25 improved on the global assessment: 13 minimally and 10 moderately.
Cognitive scores	Mean MMSE improved by 2.4 points and ADAS-Cog improved by 4.9 points.
Instrumental activities of daily living	The patent reports a 1.2-point improvement overall.

The patent provides no concurrent placebo group. Changes cannot be separated from other influences, and the report does not establish treatment benefit.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-12

Population / setting: Uncontrolled before-and-after observations in 25 patients: 13 with mild and 12 with moderate dementia. The disclosure describes 18–20 mg/day of intranasal Semax and reports the same group across examples.
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

The patent provides no concurrent placebo group. Changes cannot be separated from other influences, and the report does not establish treatment benefit.
The patent provides no concurrent placebo group. Changes cannot be separated from other influences, and the report does not establish treatment benefit.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-12.

Read the source ↗

2020 · PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile studyPPK-V: hypoxia time: 552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 s

2020Animal / experimentalFull text available

PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile study

Commercial Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin; their combinations; experimental calf-brain hydrolysates PPK-A, B, V, G, D and E. PPK-V is cortex-derived; PPK-B is brainstem-derived. · Original animal and analytical journal research

Format: Original publisher indexed HTML/PDF text; matching tables in recovered 2019 monograph · Reviewed: Original indexed methods and Tables 1–7 checked; matching monograph pp.294–296 visually inspected. Original journal PDF page images not recovered.

E. B. Shustov, D. Yu. Ivkin, A. S. Ivkina, A. E. Kim, S. L. Lublin, M. S. Nesterov · Search for the optimal mass profile of neuropeptides for the implementation of antihypoxic and activating actions. Pharmacy Formulas. 2020;2(4):72–81.

Table 2 reports PPK-V hypoxia time 552±44 s and swimming time 289±66 s; Cortexin 201±11 s and 172±44 s; displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s. Unequal doses and pooled experiments prevent a reliable potency or superiority claim.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Raw times and standardized T-scores are shown separately below. Larger reported values are not a dose-matched estimate of superiority.

Ten rats per group; males for chamber hypoxia (time to agonal signs) and females for loaded swimming (time to exhaustion). Single rectal exposure one hour before testing; saline vehicle controls. Separately performed experiments were standardized and pooled.

Dose, route and schedule

Single rectal administration one hour before testing. Methods list Dalargin 0.56 mg/kg, Semax 0.22 mg/kg, Cortexin 1 mg/kg and experimental peptide preparations 2.5 mg/kg. Combination components were not dose-reduced. The discussion instead gives an overall range up to 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; this discrepancy is unresolved.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods and dose-analysis discussion; animal protocol, not human dosing

Results · Original publisher indexed text, methods and selected Tables 1, 2, 5 and 6; matching monograph Tables 109–110 visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
PPK-V: hypoxia time	552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 s	Table 2, M±m; separate experiments and unequal doses; no verified pairwise PPK-V-versus-Cortexin p-value
PPK-V: loaded-swimming time	289±66 s; Cortexin 172±44 s; displayed control 135±6 s	Table 2, M±m; 10% body-weight load; female cohort differs from the male hypoxia cohort
Route, timing and nominal PPK dose	Rectal, once, one hour before testing; experimental preparations 2.5 mg/kg in methods	Discussion maximum: 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; individual complex exposures not fully reconciled
Cortexin alone	Hypoxia 201±11 s; loaded swimming 172±44 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 1 mg/kg rectally
Semax alone	Hypoxia 218±23 s; loaded swimming 221±60 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.22 mg/kg rectally
Dalargin alone	Hypoxia 170±8 s; loaded swimming 201±12 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.56 mg/kg rectally
Combination comparisons	Cortexin + Dalargin: 250±15 s / 275±62 s; Semax + Dalargin: 293±25 s / 198±10 s	Hypoxia / swimming; M±m. Components were not dose-reduced. The combined Semax/Dalargin swimming mean was below Semax alone (221±60 s); no formal synergy demonstrated.
5–10 kDa fraction and hypoxia	D=0.44; p=10⁻²⁰	Table 5 pooled factor analysis; association does not identify the active molecule or establish causation
5–10 kDa fraction and swimming	D=0.01; p=0.97	Table 6: no association detected in this analysis; the hypoxia finding is not a general performance result
Dose as a confounding factor	Reported dose-factor D=0.31 for hypoxia and D=0.40 for swimming	Table 4; composition and exposure varied together. The authors grouped doses across different preparations.
Mass-profile reporting gap	PPK-V fractions total 95.33%; Cortexin fractions total 98.37%	Calculated sums of Table 1 entries, not new laboratory results. Final bin heading >1 kDa conflicts with the narrative <1 kDa; no renormalization.
Safety and duration	No dedicated adverse-event counts, long-term follow-up or human PPK-V outcome supplied	An acute functional assay cannot establish a safe human regimen

Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate

Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate
Preparation	Hypoxia time (s), M±m	Hypoxia T-score, M±m	Swimming time (s), M±m	Swimming T-score, M±m
Saline control	95±3	50±1	135±6	50±2
Dalargin	170±8	79±3	201±12	331±38
Semax	218±23	97±9	221±60	397±198
Cortexin	201±11	91±4	172±44	235±143
Cortexin + Dalargin	250±15	110±5	275±62	576±202
Semax + Dalargin	293±25	126±10	198±10	319±33
PPK-A · hippocampus	532±47	418±128	309±71	684±233
PPK-B · brainstem	538±23	418±73	186±27	280±90
PPK-V · cortex	552±44	460±130	289±66	621±215
PPK-G · combined regions	551±46	456±135	373±95	896±311
PPK-D · combined regions	498±30	298±87	369±92	886±300
PPK-E · combined regions	487±22	267±67	344±61	800±200

Original Table 2, p.76; matching 2019 monograph Table 110, p.296, visually inspected. n=10 per experimental group; separate sex-specific endpoint cohorts. Hypoxia time ends at agonal signs, not long-term survival; swimming time ends at exhaustion. Source M±m notation retained. Experiment-specific control normalization means T-score percentages are not raw-time improvements. No pairwise superiority p-values supplied here.

Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions

Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions
Preparation	10–30 kDa (%)	5–10 kDa (%)	1–5 kDa (%)	Final bin (%)
Dalargin	—	—	—	98
Semax	—	—	—	100
Cortexin	—	33.37	62	3
Cortexin + Dalargin	—	5	18	77
Semax + Dalargin	—	—	75.55	24
PPK-A	14.88	38.73	39.11	4.77
PPK-B	2.54	43.5	49.04	4.92
PPK-V	11.39	35.39	43.15	5.4
PPK-G	30	36.27	25.51	5.58
PPK-D	13.83	25.63	23.54	35.48
PPK-E	12.7	20.23	48.87	18.2

Original Table 1, p.76; matching monograph Table 109, p.295, visually inspected. Final heading is printed >1 kDa, although the narrative describes <1 kDa; unresolved source inconsistency. — means a blank source cell, not verified zero. Fractions are not forced to total 100%. Molecular-mass bins do not identify peptide sequences or brain uptake.

This is a composition–activity hypothesis from pooled animal experiments. PPK-V is a distinct experimental cortex hydrolysate, not Cortexin or the brainstem PPK-B. Unequal exposures, source inconsistencies and matching earlier tables limit comparisons. No clinical superiority, formal combination synergy or intranasal PPK-V delivery has been established.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Outbred rats; ten per treatment group and separate control groups for each endpoint. Hypoxia: three-month-old males, 250±20 g. Loaded swimming: pretrained females, 200±20 g. A pooled analysis of separate experiments, not a verified single contemporaneous head-to-head cohort.
Source reviewed: The journal text and 2019 monograph reproduce the same outcomes and mass profiles (journal Tables 1–2 and book Tables 109–110, pp. 295–296). They represent one research program. Journal page images were unavailable for comparison.

Study limitations

Different-sex cohorts and separate experiments contributed to the two endpoints; randomization is stated, but masking, allocation concealment and complete animal flow are not established.
Doses were unequal, and the nominal experimental-preparation dose in methods conflicts with the discussion maximum. Table 2 does not resolve each complex’s actual exposure.
Table 2 reports M±m; its uncertainty notation is retained without relabeling it as a verified SD. No preparation-specific pairwise p-values or confidence intervals establish PPK-V superiority over Cortexin.
T-scores standardize results against experiment-specific controls. Their percentages and ratios cannot be interpreted as proportional increases in raw swim time or clinical performance.
Table 1’s final bin is printed >1 kDa, while the narrative describes <1 kDa. Some fractions do not sum to 100%; blank cells are not assumed zero and values are not renormalized.
The 5–10 kDa association is observational within the pooled analysis, not isolation of an active sequence or proof of brain penetration. Rectal results do not establish intranasal delivery.
Matching 2019 and 2020 numerical tables are treated as one research program. No human PPK-V efficacy or long-term safety follows from these results.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Changes in retinal light sensitivity and morphometry during surgical treatment of primary glaucoma with physiotherapeutic stimulationParticipants: 50 patients; 64 eyes

2026Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Changes in retinal light sensitivity and morphometry during surgical treatment of primary glaucoma with physiotherapeutic stimulation

· Journal publication

Yusef Y, Sheludchenko VM, Korzhavina AV, Kosova DV, Volzhanin AV · Vestnik oftalmologii 142(5)

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

A two-week course of transcranial magnetic/electrical stimulation, endonasal electrophoresis with Semax 0.1% and heliox (21/79), beginning one month after surgery. Controls received Semax 0.1% nasal drops twice daily for ten days. Study methods, not a personal-use protocol.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed abstract checked

Results · Indexed abstract checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Participants	50 patients; 64 eyes
Visual-field mean deviation	−8.62 ± 1.86 → −7.03 ± 1.36 → −4.33 ± 0.98 dB	Baseline → after surgery → after added physiotherapy · p<0.01 after surgery; p<0.0001 after physiotherapy
Persistence	Improvement maintained up to 6 months	Control group returned to baseline by month 3
Retinal structure and visual-field index	No significant differences in VFI, AvgRNFL or GCC

Both groups received Semax. Magnetic/electrical stimulation, heliox and a different delivery method prevent isolating the contribution of Semax. Eyes and patients are separate counts. The abstract leaves group assignment and blinding unclear.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-31

Population / setting: 50 patients (64 eyes) with stage II–III primary open-angle glaucoma undergoing nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy.
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked through Europe PMC on 31 October 2026. No unavailable effect sizes inferred. Publisher page confirms online publication 2026-10-16.

Study limitations

Both groups received Semax. Magnetic/electrical stimulation, heliox and a different delivery method prevent isolating the contribution of Semax. Eyes and patients are separate counts. The abstract leaves group assignment and blinding unclear.

Reviewed 2026-10-31.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Expert Council resolution: adjunctive pharmacotherapy for hyperkinetic disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children and adolescentsCortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax: Group B: limited evidence base for ADHD

2026ReviewEnglish abstract

Expert Council resolution: adjunctive pharmacotherapy for hyperkinetic disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in children and adolescents

· Expert-council resolution

Lapochkin OL, Zykov VP, Zavadenko NN, Goryunov AV, Chutko LS, Barhatova AN, Koren EV, Kupriyanova TA, Skoromets AP, Grechany SV, Nesterovsky YE, Goryunova AV, Komarova IB, Barkhatov MV, Sulimov AV, Tsotsonava ZM, Makarov IV · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 126(9. Vyp. 2)

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Results · Indexed abstract checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cortexin, Cerebrolysin and Semax	Group B: limited evidence base for ADHD
Document type	Expert-council resolution	Council meeting 16 July 2026; publication 22 October 2026

Expert consensus and evidence appraisal, not a new efficacy trial. The assessment concerns childhood ADHD, not every clinical use of these preparations.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-31

Population / setting: Expert-council assessment of adjunctive ADHD pharmacotherapy in children and adolescents; no new patient trial.
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked through Europe PMC on 31 October 2026. No unavailable effect sizes inferred. Publisher page confirms online publication 2026-10-22.

Study limitations

Expert consensus and evidence appraisal, not a new efficacy trial. The assessment concerns childhood ADHD, not every clinical use of these preparations.

Reviewed 2026-10-31.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Intranasal Semax Attenuates Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits in a Rat Model of LPS-induced Neuroinflammation — preprint

2026Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Intranasal Semax Attenuates Behavioral and Cognitive Deficits in a Rat Model of LPS-induced Neuroinflammation — preprint

· Preprint; under review

Format: SSRN preprint · Reviewed: See scope

Vladimir Belyakov, Aisance Tchang · SSRN; posted 20 February 2026

The preprint reports improvement in behavioral and cognitive measures following intranasal Semax in an LPS-induced inflammation model.

Population / setting: 27 male Wistar rats; three groups of nine
Source reviewed: SSRN indexed abstract and publication-status field checked; full manuscript not appraised.

Study limitations

SSRN lists this as under review; it is not treated as a peer-reviewed publication.
Small animal experiment. Numerical effect estimates and the full protocol were not independently appraised.

Reviewed 2026-10-11.

Read the source ↗

2026 · [Effect of a combined physiotherapeutic approach on changes in functional parameters after endovitreal surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a favorable anatomical outcome].Combined treatment: Heliox: 21% oxygen, 79% helium

2026Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

[Effect of a combined physiotherapeutic approach on changes in functional parameters after endovitreal surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a favorable anatomical outcome].

Sheludchenko VM, Matyushchenko AG, Alharki L, Baryshev KV, Balkar SS, Makarova MA, Alenov MM, Harki YA · Vestnik oftalmologii; 2026

The combined heliox and Semax electrophoresis group showed greater recovery of visual acuity and retinal sensitivity than the Semax nasal-drop group.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

42 post-retinal-detachment patients: combined physiotherapy 23 versus Semax drops 19; 12-month follow-up.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Combined treatment	Heliox: 21% oxygen, 79% helium	After 15 minutes, 1% Semax electrophoresis for 10 minutes; eight daily procedures starting postoperative day 5
Comparison treatment	0.1% Semax nasal drops	Starting postoperative day 5
Recovery difference	Combined arm favored by month 6	Abstract gives no numerical visual-acuity or sensitivity difference

Both arms received Semax; heliox and delivery differences prevent attribution to Semax alone.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 42 patients after retinal-detachment surgery
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.

Study limitations

Both groups received Semax; this does not establish its benefit versus no Semax.
Heliox, delivery route and formulation differed; the independent contribution of each cannot be separated.
Small comparison; randomization and masking were not established from the abstract.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2025 · The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Cortical plaques at two weeks: 2.8-fold lower with Semax and 1.6-fold lower with the modified peptide versus untreated APP/PS1 mice.

2025Animal / experimentalFull text available

The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

Radchenko AI, Kuzubova EV, Apostol AA, Mitkevich VA, Andreeva LA, Limborska SA, Stepenko YV, Shmigerova VS, Solin AV, Korokin MV, Pokrovskii MV, Myasoedov NF, Makarov AA · Acta naturae; 2025 Oct-Dec

After 15 intranasal doses, cortical and hippocampal plaque counts at two weeks were 2.8-fold and 2.6-fold lower with Semax than in untreated APP/PS1 mice.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Semax or Met-Glu-Asp-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro at 50 μg/kg intranasally every other day for 15 doses. Controls were untreated APP/PS1 and wild-type mice. Histology figures report n=10 per group.

Results · Full article, Figures 6–7.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cortical plaques at two weeks	2.8-fold lower with Semax and 1.6-fold lower with the modified peptide versus untreated APP/PS1 mice.
Hippocampal plaques at two weeks	2.6-fold lower with Semax and 1.7-fold lower with the modified peptide.
Plaques at 1.5 months	Cortical counts were 2.2-fold and 1.8-fold lower, and hippocampal counts were 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold lower, with Semax and the derivative respectively.

The derivative includes EDR within a different molecule. The study did not test standalone Pinealon.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-12

Population / setting: Transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9/Blg mice
Source reviewed: Original full text, group design and Figures 6–7 checked.

Study limitations

An animal Alzheimer’s model does not establish clinical efficacy or safety in people.
The derivative and Semax are distinct preparations; results must not be treated as interchangeable.

Reviewed 2026-11-12.

Read the source ↗

2025 · The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons.

2025In vitroEnglish abstract

The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons.

Kolbaev SN, Sharonova IN, Skrebitsky VG · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2025 Aug

Semax increased spontaneous calcium-event frequency in hippocampal CA1 neurons. It did not significantly change proton-stimulated calcium responses in cerebellar granule cells.

Population / setting: Rat brain neurons and brain-slice preparations
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.

Study limitations

Cellular calcium signals are not clinical cognitive outcomes.
The negative proton-response finding does not support the proposed acid-sensing-channel effect in this assay.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2025 · Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.

2025Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.

Liu R, Chen Y, Huang H, Li X, Lv J, Jiang L, Jiang H, Wu C, Chen W, Xu H, Zhu Z, Cai H, Xiao J, Yin L, Ni W · British journal of pharmacology; 2025 Nov

The authors reported improved motor recovery and reduced oxidative stress and pyroptosis. Experiments proposed an Oprm1–USP18–FTO pathway.

Population / setting: Female mice with spinal-cord injury; supporting cellular experiments
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.

Study limitations

Spinal-cord injury is distinct from cerebral stroke.
Results in female mice and cells do not establish human recovery or safety.
The proposed receptor pathway requires independent confirmation.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2025 · Genes That Associated with Action of ACTH-like Peptides with Neuroprotective Potential in Rat Brain Regions with Different Degrees of Ischemic Damage.

2025Animal / experimentalFull text available

Genes That Associated with Action of ACTH-like Peptides with Neuroprotective Potential in Rat Brain Regions with Different Degrees of Ischemic Damage.

Filippenkov IB, Shpetko YY, Ales DA, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Yuzhakov VV, Fomina NK, Gubsky LV, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV · International journal of molecular sciences; 2025 Jun

Semax partially countered ischemia-associated gene-expression changes in the striatum. The response was smaller than previously reported in the frontal cortex.

Population / setting: Rat striatum, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12249733/

Study limitations

Uses the same animals as the 2024 frontal-cortex paper; not independent replication.
The reported worsening of 152 inflammation-associated genes concerned ACTH(6–9)PGP, not Semax.
Transcriptomic changes do not establish human stroke recovery.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2024 · ACTH-like Peptides Compensate Rat Brain Gene Expression Profile Disrupted by Ischemia a Day After Experimental Stroke.

2024Animal / experimentalFull text available

ACTH-like Peptides Compensate Rat Brain Gene Expression Profile Disrupted by Ischemia a Day After Experimental Stroke.

Filippenkov IB, Shpetko YY, Stavchansky VV, Denisova AE, Gubsky LV, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV · Biomedicines; 2024 Dec

Semax and ACTH(6–9)PGP partly countered ischemia-associated gene-expression changes involving neurotransmission and inflammation.

Population / setting: Rat frontal cortex, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673339/

Study limitations

The 2025 striatal analysis used these same animals.
Different peptides and brain regions must be distinguished.
Gene-expression endpoints do not establish patient benefit.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2025 · Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing.

2025In vitroFull text available

Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing.

Tomasello MF, Di Rosa MC, Naletova I, Sciacca MFM, Giuffrida A, Maccarrone G, Attanasio F · Bioinorganic chemistry and applications; 2025

Semax reduced copper-associated reactive oxygen species and amyloid-related cellular toxicity in the tested systems, consistent with copper binding and altered redox activity.

Population / setting: Copper–amyloid chemistry and SH-SY5Y cell experiments
Source reviewed: Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12151629/

Study limitations

Chemical and cell assays do not demonstrate Alzheimer’s treatment efficacy.
Effective brain exposure and clinical safety were not established.

Reviewed 2026-10-06.

Read the source ↗

2005 · Natural and hybrid ("chimeric") stable regulatory glyproline peptides.

2005ReviewEnglish abstract

Natural and hybrid ("chimeric") stable regulatory glyproline peptides.

Ashmarin IP, Samonina GE, Lyapina LA, Kamenskii AA, Levitskaya NG, Grivennikov IA, Dolotov OV, Andreeva LA, Myasoedov NF · Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology

The developers described PGP-containing hybrid peptides as a way to combine regulatory activity with greater peptide stability. This historical framework does not transfer Semax or Selank outcomes to isolated PGP.

Population / setting: Developer synthesis of glyprolin research
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.

Study limitations

Review of a research program, not an independent trial.
Specific peptide origin, metabolism and clinical claims require original-source confirmation.

Reviewed 2026-10-05.

Read the source ↗

2022 · Insight into Glyproline Peptides' Activity through the Modulation of the Inflammatory and Neurosignaling Genetic Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion.

2022Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Insight into Glyproline Peptides' Activity through the Modulation of the Inflammatory and Neurosignaling Genetic Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion.

Stavchansky VV, Filippenkov IB, Remizova JA, Denisova AE, Mozgovoy IV, Gubsky LV, Myasoedov NF, Andreeva LA, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV · Genes

PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression response after cerebral ischemia in rats. Most measured genes remained unchanged with the shorter peptides, underscoring that a shared PGP motif does not imply equivalent effects.

Population / setting: Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; gene-expression assays
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.

Study limitations

Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
Abstract only. Full methods and independent replication remain unconfirmed.

Reviewed 2026-10-05.

Read the source ↗

2000 · Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug Semax in optic nerve diseaseVisual outcomes: Reported improvement in acuity, total visual field, color vision and optic-nerve electrical measures

2000Clinical trial / comparisonEnglish abstract

Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug Semax in optic nerve disease

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

G S Polunin, S M Nurieva, D L Baiandin, N L Sheremet, L A Andreeva · Vestn Oftalmol. 116(1):15–18

A three-group optic-nerve report described faster visual recovery when Semax was added to neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory care, without numerical visual-acuity or field changes in its abstract.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

A three-group optic-nerve report described faster visual recovery when Semax was added to neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory care, without numerical visual-acuity or field changes in its abstract.

Vascular, toxic-allergic, inflammatory and partial-atrophy optic-nerve conditions; intranasal, endonasal-electrophoresis and control groups.

Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Visual outcomes	Reported improvement in acuity, total visual field, color vision and optic-nerve electrical measures	No effect size or arm counts supplied
Treatment comparison	2 Semax delivery groups and 1 control group	All within a therapeutic package

Route and combination-care effects cannot be separated from the abstract. This does not quantify visual benefit in a specific modern diagnosis.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01

Population / setting: Three groups: two Semax administration routes and a control; sample size not established here
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

Background treatment complicates attribution.
Allocation, blinding and numerical treatment effects require full-text review.

Reviewed 2026-11-01.

Read the source ↗

2018 · The efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic strokeSemax regimen: 6,000 micrograms/day

2018Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

The efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

E I Gusev, M Yu Martynov, E V Kostenko, L V Petrova, S N Bobyreva · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 118(3 Vyp 2):61–68

The report links treatment and rehabilitation timing to plasma BDNF and functional outcomes.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

110 stroke patients: 43 men and 67 women, mean age 58.0 ± 9.7 years. Early rehabilitation 89 ± 9 days versus late 214 ± 22 days; each subdivided by Semax use.

Dose, route and schedule

Semax: 6,000 micrograms/day in two ten-day courses separated by a 20-day interval during post-stroke rehabilitation. The route and within-day schedule are not specified in the indexed abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Semax regimen	6,000 micrograms/day	Two ten-day courses separated by a 20-day interval
BDNF and Barthel outcomes	Higher BDNF and improved recovery reported	No numerical between-group effect size in the abstract

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 110 stroke patients; early/late rehabilitation groups with and without Semax
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

Randomization and blinding are not established by the abstract.
BDNF association does not prove mediation; rehabilitation timing is a separate influence.
Disease-specific findings do not establish healthy-person enhancement.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

2018 · Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the BrainResting-state fMRI timing: Before treatment, then 5 and 20 minutes afterward

2018Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the Brain

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

I S Lebedeva, Ya R Panikratova, O Yu Sokolov, D A Kupriyanov, A D Rumshiskaya, N V Kost, N F Myasoedov · Bull Exp Biol Med. 165(5):653–656

Resting-state imaging detected a difference in a frontal default-mode-network component.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

24 healthy volunteers: 11 men, 13 women; age 43.9 ± 9.5 years. Intranasal 1% Semax 14 participants versus placebo 10.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Resting-state fMRI timing	Before treatment, then 5 and 20 minutes afterward
Default-mode network rostral subcomponent	Greater volume reported with Semax	No numerical volume difference; imaging rather than cognitive performance

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 24 healthy volunteers: 14 Semax, 10 placebo
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

Small imaging experiment; connectivity is not a validated memory or attention benefit.
Cohort independence from later work by the same group has not been established.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

2020 · Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax EffectsFunctional connectivity: Between-group and between-condition differences involving right amygdala and right temporal regions

2020Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

Ya R Panikratova, I S Lebedeva, O Yu Sokolov, A D Rumshiskaya, D A Kupriyanov, N V Kost, N F Myasoedov · Dokl Biol Sci. 490(1):9–11

A 52-person fMRI study found drug-related differences in amygdala–temporal connectivity after Semax, Selank or placebo; it did not quantify improved anxiety or cognition.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

A 52-person fMRI study found drug-related differences in amygdala–temporal connectivity after Semax, Selank or placebo; it did not quantify improved anxiety or cognition.

52 healthy participants; resting-state fMRI before treatment and at 5 and 20 minutes.

Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Functional connectivity	Between-group and between-condition differences involving right amygdala and right temporal regions	Brain-imaging finding; no clinical symptom response rates
Participants	52 across Semax, Selank and placebo	Arm counts not supplied in indexed abstract
Assessment schedule	Baseline; 5 and 20 minutes

Connectivity changes are not proof of improved executive function or treatment of anxiety. No numerical clinical effect is available in this abstract.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01

Population / setting: 52 healthy participants; separate Semax, Selank and placebo conditions
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

This compares separate interventions; it is not a Semax-plus-Selank combination trial.
No demonstrated cognitive-performance gain follows from the imaging endpoint.
Potential overlap with earlier imaging publications remains to be checked.

Reviewed 2026-11-01.

Read the source ↗

2001 · Semax and Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serumSemax IC50: 10 microM

2001In vitroEnglish abstract

Semax and Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

N V Kost, O Iu Sokolov, M V Gabaeva, I A Grivennikov, L A Andreeva, N F Miasoedov, A A Zozulia · Bioorg Khim. 27(3):180–183

Both peptides and certain fragments inhibited peptide-degrading enzymes in laboratory assays.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Human-serum enzyme assays comparing Semax, Selank and peptide-degradation inhibitors.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Semax IC50	10 microM
Selank IC50	20 microM
Puromycin comparator IC50	10 mM
Active fragments	Five-amino-acid fragments inhibited degradation; three/four/six-amino-acid fragments did not

IC50 values measure enzyme inhibition in vitro, not clinical potency or dose equivalence.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Human-serum enzyme assays
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

Human-derived serum does not make this a patient trial.
Assay concentrations and enzyme effects do not establish a clinical mechanism or benefit.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

2021 · Brain Protein Expression Profile of Semax in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion

2021Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Brain Protein Expression Profile of Semax in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion

Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication

Olga Yu Sudarkina, Ivan B Filippenkov, Vasily V Stavchansky, Alina E Denisova, Vadim V Yuzhakov, Larisa E Sevankaeva, Liya V Valieva, Julia A Remizova, Veronika G Dmitrieva, Leonid V Gubsky, Nikolai F Myasoedov, Svetlana A Limborska, Lyudmila V Dergunova · Int J Mol Sci. 22(12):6179

Protein profiling connects experimental ischemia research with inflammation and recovery-related signaling.

Population / setting: Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.

Study limitations

Animal molecular endpoints do not demonstrate clinical stroke efficacy.
Related transcriptomic and protein studies are not automatically independent replication.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

1998 · Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats

1998Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats

Author transcription pending · Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 32(1):55–60

The indexed abstract identifies GVS-111 among nootropics investigated in hypoxia/ischemia-associated memory impairment.

Population / setting: Rat hypoxia / cerebral-ischemia memory models
Source reviewed: Indexed primary abstract identified; full author list and methods remain pending.

Study limitations

Original results and compound-specific effects require full-paper extraction.
Not a human occupational trial.

Reviewed 2026-09-29.

Read the source ↗

2013 · Neuroprotective effects of peptides bioregulators in people of various age

2013ReviewEnglish abstract

Neuroprotective effects of peptides bioregulators in people of various age

R. S. Umnov, N. S. Linkova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Adv Gerontol. 26(4):671–678. PMID 24738258

A gateway review comparing polypeptide complexes (Cortexin and Cerebrolysin) with short peptides (Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon). It discusses older populations and cellular mechanisms; the abstract supplies no trial-quality assessment.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Indexed English abstract checked; Russian full text not retrieved.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

1997 · Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)Moderate-stroke daily dose: 12 mg

1997Clinical trial / comparisonEnglish abstract

Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)

Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Indexed abstract

E. I. Gusev, V. I. Skvortsova, N. F. Miasoedov, V. N. Nezavibatko, E. Iu. Zhuravleva, A. V. Vanichkin · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 97(6):26–34

The report studied Semax alongside intensive stroke care and described neurological and electrophysiological changes.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

30 patients receiving Semax plus intensive stroke care versus 80 conventional-treatment controls.

Dose, route and schedule

Semax: daily amounts of 12 mg in moderately severe stroke and 18 mg in severe stroke were reported, with five- and ten-day treatment courses, alongside intensive care. The abstract does not specify the route or map each course length to a severity group.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Moderate-stroke daily dose	12 mg
Severe-stroke daily dose	18 mg
Reported course durations	5 and 10 days	The abstract does not unambiguously map each duration to severity
Neurological recovery	Faster regression of motor and other deficits reported	No numerical outcome score difference supplied

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 30 acute-stroke patients receiving adjunctive Semax and 80 conventional-care controls
Source reviewed: Indexed abstract rechecked; original allocation, attrition and adverse-event tables still unavailable.

Study limitations

Unequal comparison groups; randomized allocation is not established.
Background intensive treatment and stroke severity complicate attribution.
No inference about healthy-worker performance from this clinical setting.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.

Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗