RESEARCH FAMILY / GHK-CU

GHK-Cu & GHK familyGHK и структурные аналоги

RecoveryStressLongevity

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01 / OVERVIEW

About GHK-Cu & GHK family

Copper tripeptide-1 / GHK-Cu · GHK, GHK-GP, GHK-PGP and other family members ↓

GHK is the naturally occurring Gly–His–Lys tripeptide; GHK-Cu is its copper(II) complex. This family card brings together 15 named molecules and constructs, including the Russian GHK-GP/PGP and D-alanine series, with the evidence kept specific to each member.

Identity / background source ↗

Research background

A single research family collecting GHK-Cu, unbound GHK, Russian terminal extensions, stereochemical variants and related delivery constructs. The member map identifies which molecule each source actually studied; a shared card does not establish interchangeable biological activity.

What the studies found

Randomized study in people · 1994

Who or what was studiedMulticenter randomized evaluator-blinded vehicle-controlled diabetic neuropathic-ulcer study; enrollment denominator not verified from the checked abstract.

Reported finding

The abstract reports greater median area closure of plantar ulcers with GHK-Cu gel (98.5% versus 60.8% with vehicle). The larger-ulcer subgroup also favored gel; these figures describe area reduction, not the proportion of people completely healed.

Median plantar-ulcer area closure: 98.5% with GHK-Cu gelp<0.0560.8% with vehicle
Larger plantar-ulcer subgroup: 89.2% median area closurep<0.01−10.3% with vehicle

All reported results & study design →

Methods, dose & source notes

Study of this preparation · Indexed abstract; full methods not assessed

Disease-specific topical formulation alongside intensive wound care; not evidence for injectable GHK-Cu or healthy-person recovery. Full cohort accounting, subgroup prespecification and complete adverse-event tables require the original paper.

Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper ↗

Randomized study in people · 2006

Who or what was studied13 completers after circumoral CO2 laser resurfacing; randomized treatment and blinded objective evaluation.

Reported finding

Objective redness, wrinkle and skin-quality outcomes did not differ between groups. Patient-reported overall skin quality favored the GHK-Cu regimen (p=0.04).

Objective redness, wrinkles and skin quality: No significant between-group advantage
Patient-reported overall skin quality: Favored GHK-Cu regimen12 weeksp=0.04

All reported results & study design →

Methods, dose & source notes

Study of this preparation · Indexed abstract; full methods not assessed

Very small study and regimen-level comparison; objective and subjective findings differ. Improvement after laser treatment in both groups cannot be attributed to the peptide.

Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin ↗

Animal research · 2026

Who or what was studied200 male Wistar rats; forced-swim behavioral test.

Reported finding

GHK-PGP and GHK-VEP changed behavior at selected exposures. GHK-GP had no effect at any tested exposure; GHK reduced motor activity at one exposure. The authors interpret some findings as antidepressant-like.

GHK-GP forced-swim behavior: No effect at any tested exposure
GHK-PGP / GHK-VEP forced-swim behavior: Selected-exposure changes; authors describe antidepressant-like activityAnimal behavioral proxy; not human depression outcomes

All reported results & study design →

Methods, dose & source notes

Study of this preparation · Indexed abstract; full methods not assessed

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. Forced-swim behavior is not a clinical diagnosis or evidence of antidepressant efficacy in people. A higher activity score can have several explanations; complete locomotor controls and risk of bias require review.

The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗

These highlights cover selected studies. Open a source for its methods, reported doses and full context.

New in this profile

Source-review dates are listed with each publication. Newly added records include earlier publications; each paper’s year is shown. See the research updates.

Animal research · 2021

At day 10, GHK plus Dalargin had a phagocytic index of 71.3±5.1% versus 30.8±3.1% in fracture controls. GHK alone did not significantly improve oxygen-dependent neutrophil reserve. Bone-repair findings were qualitative.

Phagocytic index: GHK plus Dalargin: 71.3 ± 5.1% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controlsDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1 marks *2Uninjured control 70.7 ± 7.0%; n=8/group; M±m as printed
Phagocytosis activation index: GHK plus Dalargin: 2.4 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.03 in fracture controlsDay 10p<0.05 versus fracture control; pairwise superiority to single peptides not established by table symbolsUninjured control 2.7 ± 0.2; GHK alone 1.2 ± 0.1; Dalargin alone 1.3 ± 0.1
Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK alone: No significant increase versus fracture controls; remained below the uninjured referenceDay 10Figure marker indicates p<0.05 versus uninjured animalsFigure 5 group 2 has no fracture-control significance star; no exact bar values digitized

All reported results & study design →

Study notes

Male Wistar rats with experimental femoral fracture; Table 1 lists eight groups, n=8/group; overall cohort flow not separately specified

Small animal groups; randomization, blinded assessment, power calculation and complete participant flow are not described. The numerical endpoints are neutrophil assays, not fracture-union time, mechanical bone strength or clinical infection rates. Table significance symbols compare uninjured or fracture controls; they do not establish equivalence to healthy animals or a formal combination-interaction effect. Local intraosseous administration differs from the systemic 2011 patent experiment. Shared authors and related models do not establish independent replication; cohort overlap is unresolved. The peptide tested was unbound GHK, not GHK-Cu. Pairwise combinations must not be recast as one three-peptide cocktail.

Study details and source ↗

Animal research · 2002

Ten intraperitoneal GHK injections increased hepatocyte mitotic activity and dose-dependently suppressed antibody-producing cells and delayed hypersensitivity. The abstract prints mg/kg, in conflict with the µg/kg used in the later author’s abstract.

Hepatocyte mitotic activity: Increased after ten intraperitoneal GHK injections; exact indices and uncertainty not provided
Humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses: Dose-dependent suppression reported; no numerical antibody-cell counts or hypersensitivity scores in the abstract
Dose units as printed: 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg; ten injectionsThe 2004 text uses µg/kg. The 1,000-fold discrepancy is unresolved; no corrected dose is asserted.

All reported results & study design →

Study notes

Wistar rats and CBA mice indexed for the liver and immune experiments; group sizes absent from the checked abstract

Study details and source ↗

Animal research · 2003

GHK increased hepatocyte mitotic activity. The lower exposure was associated with better liver function and immune responsiveness; the higher exposure produced stronger immunosuppression, worse serum indices and more dystrophic liver changes. Dose text is internally inconsistent.

Hepatocyte mitotic index: Increased; no numerical treatment-versus-control estimate provided
Lower-exposure response: Improved liver functional activity and immune responsiveness describedResult sentence prints 1.5 “mu/kg”; opening dose sentence prints 2.5 “mu/kg”
Higher-exposure response: More potent immunosuppression, worse serum biochemical indices and more dystrophic liver changes150 “mu/kg” as printed; malformed unit retained

All reported results & study design →

Study notes

Experimental tetrachloromethane-induced liver injury; group sizes unavailable in the checked abstract

Study details and source ↗

Animal research · 2004

With 1.5 µg/kg intraperitoneal GHK over 10 days, the transcribed liver mitotic index was 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline. Higher exposures had adverse histological and immune findings; antibody suppression could also occur at 1.5 µg/kg when given before and after immunization.

Liver mitotic index at 1.5 µg/kg: 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with salineTen daily intraperitoneal injections; original scan pendingWistar rats; Table 1, n=8 per condition; mean±SEM; ‰ means per thousand, not percent
Higher-exposure liver findings: 450 µg/kg worsened microstructural organization and produced dystrophic changes; 150 µg/kg worsened morphology and serum indices in toxic liver injuryNarrative findings; no reconstructed injury-score magnitude
Neutrophil reserve: lower versus higher exposure: 1.5 µg/kg: 24.9±2.6%; 450 µg/kg: 5.3±0.6%; saline: 12.0±1.1%Table 3, n=9; mean±SEM; intraperitoneal dosing; selected transcribed cells

All reported results & study design →

Study notes

Program total: 2,505 CBA mice and 2,060 Wistar rats across multiple peptides and experiments. Selected GHK tables report n=8 per condition (liver/antibody assays) or n=9 (neutrophil assays); program totals are not GHK treatment-arm sizes.

Animal endpoints do not establish human efficacy, a safe human dose or long-term safety. These were not GHK-Cu administration experiments. The 2002 paper, 2003 paper, 2004 dissertation and related patent belong to the same research program; independence of their animal cohorts is unresolved. Third-party transcription, not an authenticated original scan or the complete 290-page thesis. OCR errors affect some cells and comparison symbols. Selected tables give M±m (mean±SEM). Exact pairwise significance assignments cannot be reconstructed reliably from damaged superscripts. Randomization, masking, power and full animal flow are unresolved. Five- and ten-injection liver experiments and before/after-immunization immune schedules are distinct. A favorable neutrophil endpoint does not establish overall immune benefit. DSLET is a delta-opioid peptide, not DSIP. Parent ACTH(4–10) is not Semax; their findings are not assigned to those cards.

Study details and source ↗

Animal research · 2019

GHK had a stronger reported hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen but suppressed antibody responses in both injury models. Thymogen normalized the response in the hydrazine model, where baseline immunity was suppressed. No numerical treatment-effect table was reported.

GHK and liver proliferation: Stronger hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen described; numerical effect sizes not supplied
GHK and antibody responses: Suppression in both injury models; no correction of the already-suppressed response in the hydrazine modelBaseline response increased with tetrachloromethane injury but decreased with hydrazine injury
Thymogen and antibody responses: Normalization described in hydrazine injurySeparate Thymogen group, not an effect of adding Thymogen to GHK

All reported results & study design →

Study notes

Wistar rats, 180–220 g; tetrachloromethane and hydrazine liver-injury models. Group sizes not supplied in the three-page report.

Animal comparison, not a human liver-disease trial; GHK and Thymogen were tested separately. The paired dose statement gives Thymogen 1 µg/kg and GHL 1.5 µg without repeating the per-kg denominator for GHL. That abbreviation is retained rather than treated as a fully resolved dose. No group sizes, outcome means, confidence intervals or exact p-values supplied. A stronger proliferation signal does not establish healthier liver tissue.

Study details and source ↗

Compound class: Copper-binding tripeptide and structural analogues
Research collection: Peptide bioregulation · editorial grouping
Research institutions: No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review: Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.

02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research Historical topical ulcer and laser trials plus a small 2026 eyebrow proceedings report; no human efficacy established here for the Russian terminal extensions
Study methods Mixed clinical results, acute animal behavioral tests, wound histology, cell assays, formulation studies and reviews; access limits stated per source
Independent replication Related publications and translations may share cohorts; neither shared authorship nor review inclusion establishes independent replication
Source access Original publisher pages and indexed primary abstracts; full text and formal appraisal remain incomplete for several reports
Safety evidence Topical findings cannot establish injectable or long-term systemic safety. The 2015 analogue study retained adverse anxiety-related signals; absence of serious events in 18 people is limited evidence.

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

GHK FAMILY / RESEARCH UPDATED 8 NOVEMBER 2026

GHK-Cu, the new endings, and related research

15 named molecules and constructs, collected under one searchable card with 31 study, review and registry records, plus 16 patent families. The recent Russian work adds proline-containing endings or D-alanine to GHK. Most of those experiments studied unbound peptides, rather than copper complexes.

Patent review added 6 November: the sources below now have a separate patent section covering GHK-GP, GHK-VEP, GHK-D-Ala, AHK-Cu crystal forms, delivery systems and modified analogues. The US GHK-R4 grant specifically requires Pal-GHK-R4; the newer acetylated, arginine-extended peptide is another distinct molecule.

GHK LIVER AND IMMUNE RESEARCH / REVIEWED 8 NOVEMBER 2026

GHK doses, liver regeneration and immune suppression

The 2002 and 2003 journal reports, Smakhtin’s 2004 dissertation author’s abstract and a related liver-regeneration patent show why liver-cell division, tissue health and immune responses need separate endpoints. These experiments used unbound Gly-His-Lys (GHK/GHL), not an administered GHK-Cu complex.

The recovered 2004 source is a third-party transcription of the author’s abstract ↗. The complete 290-page thesis and an authenticated scan have not been recovered. The source page labels the selected numerical cells as provisional and omits damaged values.

Liver-cell division increased

After ten daily intraperitoneal injections of 1.5 µg/kg GHK, Table 1 gives a mitotic index of 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline (n=8 per condition, mean±SEM). The unit is per thousand, not percent. At 0.5 µg/kg the narrative describes no significant hepatotropic effect.

Higher exposure could worsen tissue condition

The 2004 text describes dystrophic changes and worse liver microstructure at 450 µg/kg. In toxic liver injury, 150 µg/kg worsened morphology and serum indices despite an increased mitotic index. A proliferation signal therefore did not establish healthier tissue.

Neutrophil and antibody endpoints diverged

Neutrophil functional reserve was 24.9±2.6% at 1.5 µg/kg, 5.3±0.6% at 450 µg/kg and 12.0±1.1% with saline (Table 3, n=9). Yet antibody-producing cells fell at 1.5 µg/kg in the before-and-after-immunization schedule: 22.3±3.8 versus 36.1±6.4 ×10³ per spleen (Table 2, n=8).

Reported doses and unresolved units

Experimental source statements; no human dose conversion or safe-dose range established
Source	Reported route and schedule	Dose statement and limitation
2002 journal abstract	Ten intraperitoneal injections; interval unavailable	1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg as printed. The 1,000-fold conflict with the later µg/kg account remains unresolved.
2003 liver-injury abstract	Ten-day intraperitoneal administration	Opening sentence: 2.5 and 150 “mu/kg”; results: 1.5 “mu/kg”. Both the lower dose and the malformed unit require the full paper.
2004 author’s abstract	Intraperitoneal, 24-hour intervals; 5 or 10 liver injections; separate immune timing schedules	0.5, 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg per injection. Does not authenticate a correction to either journal abstract.
RU2214269C1	Five daily intraperitoneal injections; 8–10 rats per group	Description: 0.5, 1.5, 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg. The claim instead prints 1.5 µg/g, another 1,000-fold conflict.
2019 GHK versus Thymogen	Separate groups; ten daily intraperitoneal injections	Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg in the paired statement, without repeating the per-kg denominator.

In the 2019 follow-up, GHK suppressed antibody responses in both toxic-injury models, including the model with an already-suppressed response. Thymogen normalized that response in a separate treatment group. The report provides no numerical effect table or group sizes.

The historical journal reports, dissertation and patent may share experiments; they are not counted as independent replications. The dissertation’s DSLET experiments are not DSIP studies, and its parent ACTH(4–10) experiments are not Semax studies. No human efficacy or safe dosing follows from these animal findings.

2002 · ANIMAL JOURNAL REPORT

Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor ↗

Methods, doses and reported results ↗

2003 · ANIMAL JOURNAL REPORT

Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethane ↗

Methods, doses and reported results ↗

2004 · AUTHOR’S ABSTRACT TRANSCRIPTION

Smakhtin’s 2004 GHK dissertation: animal doses, liver histology and immune results ↗

Methods, doses and reported results ↗

2019 · ANIMAL JOURNAL REPORT

The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen ↗

Methods, doses and reported results ↗

Read the three selected dissertation tables ↗ · Patent experiments and conflicting claim units ↗

HISTORICAL GHK PATENTS / ADDED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Three Russian patent directions beyond wound healing

These 2011–2012 publications concern unbound GHK, GHK plus Dalargin, and GHK plus Thymogen. They are newly added to this collection, with animal results rather than human therapeutic validation. Copper-free GHK is distinct from GHK-Cu.

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2421235C1

2011 · GHK and thermal-pain response ↗

Copper-free GHK increased thermal-pain response latency in male mice compared with saline. This is preclinical patent evidence.

Pain-response latency, lower GHK exposure: 25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineAcute thermal-pain test after pretreatmentp<0.05 versus salineCopper-free GHK 0.5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m
Pain-response latency, higher GHK exposure: 23.6 ± 1.3 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineSame acute comparisonp<0.05 versus salineCopper-free GHK 5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m
Exposure-response interpretation: Both groups differed from saline; no between-dose significance test or persistent analgesic effect was establishedThe numerically lower latency at the higher exposure does not establish a dose-response relationship

All reported results & study design →

Animal behavioral endpoint, not human pain relief. The table supplies M±m without expanding the dispersion notation; no confidence intervals, formal safety assessment or independent replication are established. Copper binding was not part of the tested preparation.

Claim, dates and original patent →

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2429002C1

2011 · GHK plus Dalargin and early bone repair ↗

The authors describe more advanced early bone repair with GHK plus Dalargin than with saline or either peptide alone. The evidence is qualitative radiography and histology.

Combined treatment: radiographic appearance: Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide aloneDay 10Versus saline and single-peptide groups; no numerical radiographic score or uncertainty reported
Combined treatment: histological appearance: New bone formation and remodeling toward compact bone were described as more advanced in the combination groupDay 10Descriptive morphology; no quantitative histomorphometry or factorial interaction test
GHK versus Dalargin alone: No visible morphological difference reported between the two single-peptide groupsDay 10A neutral qualitative comparison, not a demonstration of equivalence

All reported results & study design →

Early rat bone-repair observations do not establish clinical fracture healing or quantitatively validated synergy. The preparation was copper-free GHK plus Dalargin. Related author publications may reuse the research program.

Claim, dates and original patent →

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN A PATENT · RU2452508C2

2012 · GHK plus Thymogen and wound-area healing ↗

In the intradermal rat comparison, GHK plus Thymogen produced a higher wound-healing coefficient than saline or either peptide alone. No quantitative neutrophil endpoint was disclosed.

Relative wound-healing coefficient: combination versus saline: 0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03Day 10p<0.05; Table 1 footnoteIntradermal GHK plus Thymogen versus saline; 8 rats/group; M±m as printed
Single-peptide comparators: GHK 0.44 ± 0.04; Thymogen 0.41 ± 0.03Day 10p<0.05 for the comparisons marked in Table 1Both differed from saline; the combination also differed from each single peptide
What the coefficient measures: Change in wound area relative to initial area; not the percentage of animals completely healedA value of 0.56 corresponds to relative area reduction, not a 56% patient response rate

All reported results & study design →

Animal wound-area results from a combination, not GHK-Cu monotherapy or clinical wound efficacy. Randomization, blinded measurement and a formal synergy interaction test are not described. The preparation called Thymogen is distinct from Thymodepressin.

Claim, dates and original patent →

The bone-repair disclosure describes day-10 morphology; it does not measure how many days sooner fractures unite. The wound table measures relative area healing, while neutrophil function remains a proposed rationale without numerical assay results in the patent examples.

2021 journal study: full neutrophil table and neutral GHK finding → Local delivery and assay endpoints differ from the systemic bone-repair patent; independent replication remains unresolved.

Related work from the same authors may reuse these experiments. The filings are separate claimed uses, not independent human trials.

Which molecule was studied?

Adding an ending can change activity as well as stability. N-terminal additions, C-terminal additions, amino-acid substitutions, copper binding and delivery carriers describe different changes.

Family members and the evidence specific to each
Molecule / construct	What changed	What the research shows
GHK-Cu	Copper(II) complex of Gly–His–Lys	Topical human findings are mixed; the derivatives below were usually tested without copper. Source records (4) 1994 · Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper ↗ 1992 · A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers ↗ 2006 · Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin ↗ 2026 · The efficacy of 2% copper peptide (GHK-Cu) serum for eyebrow hypotrichosis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study ↗
GHK	Gly–His–Lys, unbound / apo peptide	Copper-free parent peptide in cell, wound and behavioral work; historical patents add mouse thermal-pain results and rat combinations with Dalargin or Thymogen. Not synonymous with GHK-Cu. Historical liver work reports proliferation alongside dose- and schedule-dependent immune suppression and adverse histology at higher exposures. Source records (11) 2012 · A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK ↗ 2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗ 2011 · GHK: 2011 thermal-pain response patent — RU2421235C1 ↗ 2011 · GHK plus Dalargin: 2011 bone-repair patent — RU2429002C1 ↗ 2012 · GHK plus Thymogen: 2012 wound-healing patent — RU2452508C2 ↗ 2021 · GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen in experimental bone fracture: 2021 rat study ↗ 2002 · Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor ↗ 2003 · Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethane ↗ 2004 · Smakhtin’s 2004 GHK dissertation: animal doses, liver histology and immune results ↗ 2019 · The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen ↗ 2003 · Unbound GHK for liver regeneration — RU2214269C1 ↗
GHK-PGP	C-terminal Pro–Gly–Pro extension	Behavioral signals vary by test and exposure; no human efficacy shown in the linked research. Source records (3) 2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗ 2025 · Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior ↗ 2026 · The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗
GHK-GP	C-terminal Gly–Pro extension	Maze/conflict signals, but no effect in the 2026 forced-swim study. Source records (3) 2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗ 2025 · Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior ↗ 2026 · The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗
GHK-P	C-terminal Pro extension	Studied in the maze, conflict and swim series; not a copper-peptide trial. Source records (3) 2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗ 2025 · Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior ↗ 2026 · The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗
GHK-VEP	C-terminal Val–Glu–Pro extension	No anxiolytic signal in the maze report; a selected-exposure swim signal is a different endpoint. Source records (2) 2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗ 2026 · The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗
GHK-D-Ala	C-terminal D-alanine extension	Wound-model results favored this analogue; earlier anxiety-related activity was lost. Copper-containing follow-up was proposed, not tested. Source records (3) 2024 · Effects of GHK peptide and its structural analogues on dynamics of healing and bacterial contamination of infected wound ↗ 2022 · Regenerative effects of Gly-His-Lys and Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala peptides in infected skin wounds ↗ 2015 · Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs ↗
D-Ala-GHK	N-terminal D-alanine extension	Different attachment site from GHK-D-Ala; wound and behavioral findings cannot be interchanged. Source records (3) 2024 · Effects of GHK peptide and its structural analogues on dynamics of healing and bacterial contamination of infected wound ↗ 2023 · Effects of GHK peptide and its structure analogues, D-Ala-GHK AND GHK-D-Ala, on innate immunity and lipid peroxidation processes in skin wound ↗ 2015 · Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs ↗
Gly-His-D-Lys	D-lysine substitution within GHK	Weakened the parent behavioral effect in the 2015 animal study. Source records (1) 2015 · Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs ↗
GHK-R4	C-terminal four-arginine extension; GHK-RRRR	Experimental uptake, skin delivery, MMP and collagen measurements; no clinical wrinkle efficacy established here. Source records (1) 2020 · Effect of oligoarginine conjugation on the antiwrinkle activity and transdermal delivery of GHK peptide ↗
GHK-D-Tyr	Terminal D-tyrosine extension	Pigmentation and inflammatory-cell assays; distinct from the D-alanine wound series. Source records (1) 2020 · D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides ↗
F4D-GHK	GHK covalently attached to a self-assembling peptide	Laboratory stability and repair-related assays; a delivery construct rather than ordinary GHK-Cu. Source records (1) 2025 · Nanoengineered Self-Assembling Peptides with Increased Proteolytic Stability Promote Wound Healing ↗
F4D-KHG	Inverted KHG sequence attached to F4D	Sequence orientation differs from F4D-GHK; both belong to the 2025 self-assembly study. Source records (1) 2025 · Nanoengineered Self-Assembling Peptides with Increased Proteolytic Stability Promote Wound Healing ↗
Pal-GHK	N-terminal palmitoylation; palmitoyl tripeptide-1	Cosmetic delivery context; no copper implied and no verified isolated clinical effect size entered here. Source records (2) 2000 · Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product ↗ 2026 · A framework for the safety evaluation of peptides in cosmetics ↗
AHK-Cu	Related copper tripeptide: Ala–His–Lys replaces Gly–His–Lys	Hair-follicle culture evidence belongs to AHK-Cu; it is not a human GHK-Cu scalp-growth trial. Source records (1) 2007 · The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro ↗

The Russian terminal-extension studies

ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2021

GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen in experimental bone fracture: 2021 rat study ↗

Interpretation and access

Original PDF recovered through CyberLeninka and checked against publisher-deposited Crossref metadata and the Russian Central Scientific Medical Library abstract. Selected methods, results, Table 1 and Figure 5 reviewed; no independent experimental audit. Received 25 September and accepted 20 December 2021; exact publication day not established.

ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2025

Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test ↗

GHK-GP produced an anxiolytic-like signal at two tested exposures, while GHK-VEP did not. Adding a proline-containing ending changed the behavioral profile rather than producing a uniform class effect.

Interpretation and access

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. Acute behavioral proxy with multiple peptides and exposures; durability and proteolytic stability were not established by these behavioral results. The PDF gives 10 June 2025; Crossref gives 4 July 2025. These describe one publication, not two studies.

Indexed original Russian PDF abstract and selected result passages checked against the publisher-deposited Crossref abstract; complete statistical appraisal pending.

ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2025 ISSUE / ONLINE 2026

Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior ↗

GHK alone showed no anxiolytic effect in this test. PGP, GHK-PGP, GHK-P and GHK-GP showed exposure-dependent signals, illustrating that a result in one anxiety-related test does not predict all behavioral outcomes.

Interpretation and access

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. English version online 9 January 2026, assigned to the September 2025 issue; it is one translated report. Same research group as the maze and swim papers; independence and animal-cohort overlap require full-text checking.

Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2026

The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗

Interpretation and access

Primary publisher English abstract checked; Russian full text not appraised.

ANIMAL RESEARCH · 2024

Effects of GHK peptide and its structural analogues on dynamics of healing and bacterial contamination of infected wound ↗

GHK-D-Ala produced the strongest wound-area reduction, reported as approximately 93% relative to control at day 10. Its reported 4.7–5.3-fold healing-rate difference concerns the days 7–10 interval, not total healing time in people.

Interpretation and access

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. This is not evidence that GHK-Cu or a GHK-D-Ala copper complex gives the same result. Related reports may share research material; publication counts should not be read as independent replications.

Original English/Russian publisher abstract, indexed PDF and publisher-deposited metadata checked; complete statistical appraisal pending.

A result that matters: the 2015 study found that adding D-alanine at either end removed GHK’s anxiolytic action, with increased anxiety on some measures at the highest exposure. Later wound-model findings do not establish that these analogues improve every GHK effect. 2015 · Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs ↗

These are animal experiments. Proline extensions were motivated by protease susceptibility, but a behavioral signal does not itself establish longer half-life. Related papers and translated versions are not automatically independent replications.

Human topical findings are mixed

HUMAN TOPICAL STUDY · 1992

A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers ↗

86 evaluable patients completed a randomized evaluator-blinded venous-ulcer trial.

Copper-tripeptide cream did not differ from vehicle for ulcer-size reduction. Silver sulfadiazine performed better than both in this study.

Limits of the comparison

Completer count is not necessarily the randomized enrollment denominator. A specific formulation and venous-ulcer setting; neither a universal benefit nor a universal lack of effect follows.

HUMAN TOPICAL STUDY · 1994

Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper ↗

Multicenter randomized evaluator-blinded vehicle-controlled diabetic neuropathic-ulcer study; enrollment denominator not verified from the checked abstract.

Limits of the comparison

HUMAN TOPICAL STUDY · 2006

Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin ↗

13 completers after circumoral CO2 laser resurfacing; randomized treatment and blinded objective evaluation.

Objective redness, wrinkle and skin-quality outcomes did not differ between groups. Patient-reported overall skin quality favored the GHK-Cu regimen (p=0.04).

Limits of the comparison

Very small study and regimen-level comparison; objective and subjective findings differ. Improvement after laser treatment in both groups cannot be attributed to the peptide.

HUMAN TOPICAL STUDY · 2026 · PROCEEDINGS REPORT

The efficacy of 2% copper peptide (GHK-Cu) serum for eyebrow hypotrichosis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study ↗

18 participants aged 18–40; randomized double-blind split-face comparison over 12 weeks.

The proceedings abstract reports better eyebrow hair count, diameter and photographic assessments on the treated side. No serious adverse effects or allergic reactions were reported.

Limits of the comparison

Small proceedings report; numerical between-side effect sizes, uncertainty, registration and complete methods require verification. A nominal serum concentration does not establish the exact copper species or delivered exposure; eyebrow results do not establish scalp regrowth or systemic safety.

CuHeal registry: a proposed trial, without posted results

ClinicalTrials.gov record NCT07437586 lists a phase 2 topical gel study with an estimated 60 adults. At the 3 November 2026 check it still reported recruiting, with no results posted and a last update posted on 27 February 2026. Actual enrollment and study operation have not been independently confirmed. The metadata also labels the design parallel while describing a paired split-wound comparison.

2026 · Topical GHK-Cu gel for acute skin wound healing (CuHeal): registry record ↗

Longevity in worms ↗

The May 2026 paper reports a lifespan signal in C. elegans, alongside mitochondrial and stress-response changes. It provides no human longevity result.

Gene expression and lung fibroblasts ↗

COPD-derived cells responded to unbound GHK in the laboratory. The patients who donated tissue were not treated with GHK.

Hair-follicle evidence belongs to AHK-Cu ↗

This related copper peptide was tested in donated follicles and cells. The measured apoptosis decrease was not statistically significant.

Stability through self-assembly ↗

F4D-GHK and inverted F4D-KHG are distinct constructs. Their experimental proteolysis and repair findings do not establish a longer human half-life.

Delivery systems ↗

Liposomes carry GHK-Cu without creating a new peptide sequence. Formulation performance needs to be separated from clinical efficacy.

The 2026 evidence map ↗

A useful chemistry and formulation review, with an English-language search and no new treatment cohort. Earlier ulcer trials are linked separately above.

The linked sources are a curated research collection, not an exhaustive systematic review. Copper-free derivatives, topical formulations and injectable products require their own evidence. Full-text access and unresolved questions are recorded with each source.

More findings, background and history

EVIDENCE REVIEW / 6 OCTOBER 2026

Outstanding review questions

Authenticate the signed institute original and protocol; reconcile group denominators, background treatment and translation. Independent replication and current-product equivalence remain unverified.

Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Publication records can share participants. Source counts are not trial counts.

Browse original study records ↗

PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Patents and claimed inventions

These 16 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.

2026 · EP4758157A1 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analoguesModified analogue · Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold

Reported findings

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay: Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-foldAs stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary: 41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parentThe text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Modified analogue. The family claims chemically modified peptides, including acetylated parent sequences extended with C-terminal arginine amide; it also has a 2025 WO publication.

Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.

Publication: EP4758157A1 ↗ · 2026-06-17
Earliest priority / filing: 2023-08-13 / 2023-08-13
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 88092996 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

New peptides and use thereof

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4758157A1 · WO2025037992A1

Read source review →

2026 · EP4724027A1 · Pal-GHK: submicron delivery particlesFormulation · Suitable surfactant preparations described as D50 <0.6 µm

Reported findings

Particle-size, loading and storage observations support a delivery-system claim, without a human efficacy experiment.

Particle size: Suitable surfactant preparations described as D50 <0.6 µmA formulation acceptance result, not skin penetration or a clinical endpoint
Pal-GHK co-encapsulation: Pal-GHK and Pal-GQPR mixture reported as stably encapsulated over timeThe individual numerical storage table was not transcribed

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. The 2026 application describes wax-and-oil delivery particles, with palmitoylated GHK among the illustrated peptide ingredients.

Delivery performance is distinct from clinical efficacy of the ingredient or finished cosmetic.

Publication: EP4724027A1 ↗ · 2026-04-15
Earliest priority / filing: 2023-06-09 / 2024-06-03
Original applicant / assignee: Sederma SA
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 87889138 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Submicron particle comprising a peptide active, preparation method and uses thereof, in particular cosmetic uses

Inventors: Alex Saunois; Renata PLATCHECK RAFFIN; Cristieli ROSSINI KOPP.

EP4724027A1 · JP2026523464A · KR20260022945A · CN121240849A · FR3149503A1 · WO2024251638A1

Read source review →

2026 · WO2026046854A1 · Pal-GHK: hydrogel delivery applicationFormulation · 12,114.5 hydrogel versus 1,928.4 reference formulation; reported as greater than sixfold

Reported findings

The hydrogel produced a larger upper-skin mass-spectrometry signal and lower residual peptide in the removed hydrogel.

Upper-skin ion-signal AUC: 12,114.5 hydrogel versus 1,928.4 reference formulation; reported as greater than sixfold2-hour Franz-cell experimentAnalytical imaging signal; not blood exposure or clinical response
Residual hydrogel peptide: Approximately 10% detectable compared with unused hydrogel, across 9 pieces2 hoursThe inventor interprets this as >90% delivery; loss from the hydrogel is not a complete mass-balance proof of skin absorption

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. A 2026 hydrogel-composition application includes Pal-GHK in a dependent claim and delivery examples.

Skin-delivery experiments do not demonstrate human anti-aging benefit; the claimed composition is not a patent on all GHK-Cu products.

Publication: WO2026046854A1 ↗ · 2026-03-05
Earliest priority / filing: 2024-08-30 / 2025-08-22
Original applicant / assignee: Boots Co PLC
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 92633954 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Peptide containing hydrogel compositions

Inventors: Mark Johnson; Samantha Williams; Mark O'MAHONY; Michael Bell.

WO2026046854A1

Read source review →

2025 · CN120965804A · AHK-Cu: acetate crystal-form applicationFormulation · HPLC purity 99.6%; isolated yield 64.4%

Reported findings

The application reports high-purity crystal preparations and lower moisture/stability problems than the amorphous reference.

Selected crystal example: HPLC purity 99.6%; isolated yield 64.4%An analytical manufacturing result, not a biological response
Other crystal preparations: Examples report 99.1% purity with yields of 72.1% and 65.2%; another reports 98.1% purity and 88.2% yieldManufacturing conditions differ; these are not replicate clinical measurements

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. This 2025 Chinese application concerns a particular AHK-Cu acetate crystal form and its preparation.

Solid-form characterization and manufacture do not establish clinical hair-growth efficacy; AHK and GHK are different sequences.

Publication: CN120965804A ↗ · 2025-11-18
Earliest priority / filing: 2024-05-17 / 2024-05-17
Original applicant / assignee: Shenzhen Readline Biotechnology Co ltd
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 97653072 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

A crystalline compound of AHK-Cu acetate and its preparation method

Inventors: 方郑; 戴柱; 张炜; 王斌; 吕梦瑶; 于铁妹; 潘俊锋; 刘建.

CN120965804A

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2024 · US11912787B2 · Pal-GHK-R4: granted US claim is narrower than the abstractModified analogue · GHK-R4 active at about one-tenth, Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth, the stated GHK-acetate concentration

Reported findings

The modified peptides affected MMP activity and collagen at lower tested concentrations than GHK-acetate.

MMP-2 inhibition: GHK-R4 active at about one-tenth, Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth, the stated GHK-acetate concentrationConcentration comparison in a laboratory assay, not a clinical potency ratio
Collagen synthesis: GHK-R4 active at about one-fifth and Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth the GHK-acetate concentrationConcentration-dependent increases after UVB stress; no human wrinkle measurements

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Modified analogue. US claim 1 requires both an N-terminal palmitoyl group and four C-terminal arginines attached to GHK.

The broader family description also discusses GHK-R4. The granted US claim must not be read as a claim to ordinary GHK, GHK-Cu or every unpalmitoylated R4 construct.

Publication: US11912787B2 ↗ · 2024-02-27
Earliest priority / filing: 2019-01-28 / 2020-01-22
Original applicant / assignee: Dermafirm Inc
Indexed status: Active · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 71842232 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Peptide for skin aging prevention and wrinkle reduction, and composition comprising same

Inventors: Hoon Cha; Young Il KWON; Sang Cheol Han; Jin Wook Kim; Mi Young Lee; Ga Hee HUR.

US11912787B2 · KR102203356B1 · CN113271957B · WO2020159143A1

Original patent PDF ↗

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2023 · EP4226918A1 · Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1Formulation · 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators

Reported findings

The disclosure reports higher plasma peptide concentrations for nested-capsule formulations than selected comparators.

GHK-Cu at 60 minutes: 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators60 minutesFormulation examples; not a clinical skin or wound outcome
Epithalon at 60 minutes: 360 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 310 and 50 pg/mL comparators60 minutesIndividual patent pharmacokinetic example

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. Oral peptide-delivery composition, including Epitalon; listed peptide ingredients are not a demonstration of oral clinical efficacy.

A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.

Publication: EP4226918A1 ↗ · 2023-08-16
Earliest priority / filing: 2022-02-15 / 2022-02-15
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 80682691 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4226918A1

Original patent PDF ↗

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2021 · RU2743293C1 · GHK-VEP: learning and memory claimUse · 13.0 (10.1–31.2) s with GHK-VEP versus 39.4 (20.0–69.4) s control

Reported findings

GHK-VEP shortened some response measures, while several later comparisons were neutral.

Training day 1 reaction time: 13.0 (10.1–31.2) s with GHK-VEP versus 39.4 (20.0–69.4) s controlMedian and quartile-style ranges as reported
Training day 2 reaction time: 17.5 (4.6–42.0) s versus 85.8 (13.5–140.2) s controlSame table endpoint

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The claimed peptide is GHK-Val-Glu-Pro, investigated for effects on learning and memory.

This is GHK-VEP, not GHK-GP or GHK-Cu; the patent does not establish clinical cognitive benefit.

Publication: RU2743293C1 ↗ · 2021-02-16
Earliest priority / filing: 2020-07-06 / 2020-07-06
Original applicant / assignee: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Курский государственный медицинский университет" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 74666249 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Use of Gly-His-Lys-Val-Glu-Pro peptide to improve learning abilty and memory.

Inventors: Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Марина Евгеньевна Алферова; Анна Николаевна Тенькова; Андрей Евгеньевич Белых; Антон Олегович Ворвуль; Марина Геннадьевна Анфилова; Людмила Александровна Андреева; Николай Федорович Мясоедов.

RU2743293C1

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2019 · RU2705592C1 · GHK-GP: anxiolytic-use claimUse · Less time in closed arms and more open-arm exploration at selected tested exposures

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

GHK-GP showed test- and exposure-dependent anxiolytic-like behavior.

Elevated-plus-maze behavior: Less time in closed arms and more open-arm exploration at selected tested exposuresReported significant comparisons against saline
Vogel conflict behavior: More punished drinking at the highest tested exposureA different behavioral test and exposure; not a human anxiety endpoint

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The claims identify glycyl-histidyl-lysyl-glycyl-proline, GHK-GP, for an anxiolytic use supported by animal testing.

GHK-GP is a specific extension of GHK; rodent behavioral findings do not establish human anxiety treatment.

Publication: RU2705592C1 ↗ · 2019-11-11
Earliest priority / filing: 2019-02-26 / 2019-02-26
Original applicant / assignee: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Курский государственный медицинский университет" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 68579458 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

USE OF PEPTIDE Gly-His-Lus-Gly-Pro TO ACHIEVE ANXIOLYTIC EFFECT

Inventors: Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Марина Евгеньевна Алферова; Анна Николаевна Тенькова; Андрей Евгеньевич Белых; Антон Олегович Ворвуль; Ирина Артуровна Телегина; Юлия Александровна Музалева; Людмила Александровна Андреева; Николай Федорович Мясоедов.

RU2705592C1

Original patent PDF ↗

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2019 · RU2681310C1 · GHK-D-Ala: wound-repair researchUse · A beneficial healing effect is reported in the experimental conclusion

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The patent reports stimulation of wound healing, with biochemical and wound observations followed to 30 days.

Wound healing: A beneficial healing effect is reported in the experimental conclusionExact closure times, wound-area means and group sizes were not extracted from the image-based results
Follow-up: Observations included days 1, 3, 7, 10, 20 and 30These are measurement times, not numerical healing effects

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The filing identifies C-terminal D-alanine-modified GHK in experimental infected-wound research.

GHK-D-Ala and D-Ala-GHK are different molecules. The reported animal model does not establish human infection treatment.

Publication: RU2681310C1 ↗ · 2019-03-06
Earliest priority / filing: 2018-09-05 / 2018-09-05
Original applicant / assignee: Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Курский государственный медицинский университет" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 65632856 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

SKIN AND SOFT TISSUES INFECTED WOUNDS PRIMARY SURGICAL TREATMENT METHOD USING THE Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala PEPTIDE

Inventors: Камила Камильджановна Рахметова; Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Александр Иванович Бежин; Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин; Екатерина Сергеевна Мишина; Максим Юрьевич Хорьяков.

RU2681310C1

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2017 · US9585930B2 · GHK: COPD and emphysema use claimsUse · GHK-induced changes were anti-correlated with regional emphysema severity

Reported findings

GHK reversed aspects of emphysema-associated expression patterns in laboratory analyses and increased selected repair-associated signals.

Expression signature: GHK-induced changes were anti-correlated with regional emphysema severityComputational signature matching
Lung-fibroblast confirmation: GHK-responsive gene sets were reproduced in fibroblast culturesA cell experiment, not an improvement in patient lung function

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The claims concern GHK-related treatment of obstructive pulmonary disease; a dependent claim explicitly specifies GHK without copper.

The free peptide and its copper complex are not automatically interchangeable, and a grant does not establish clinical pulmonary benefit.

Publication: US9585930B2 ↗ · 2017-03-07
Earliest priority / filing: 2011-03-20 / 2012-03-20
Original applicant / assignee: University of British Columbia; Boston University
Indexed status: Active · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 45922835 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Therapeutic agent for emphysema and COPD

Inventors: Avrum Spira; Marc Lenburg; Joshua Campbell; Dimitri Petchkovski; Darryl Andrew Knight; James Cameron Hogg; Julie Erin Zeskind Gil.

US9585930B2 · US10233498B2 · CA2830069C · WO2012129237A2

Original patent PDF ↗

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2012 · WO2012164488A2 · GHK and GQPR: combination compositionsFormulation · Placebo-adjusted changes: depth −11%, density approximately +15%

Reported findings

The mixture cream improved selected ultrasound and confocal imaging measures of superficial dermal structure.

Inner-forearm SLEB depth and density: Placebo-adjusted changes: depth −11%, density approximately +15%2 monthsA thinner low-echogenic band and greater imaging density, not a clinical age reversal
Outer-forearm imaging: Depth/thickness −14.4%; density +15.1%2 monthsChanges reported for the light-exposed site

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. This family describes peptide combinations involving GHK and GQPR, including lipid-modified variants.

A combination disclosure cannot identify the independent effect of GHK or be transferred to plain GHK-Cu.

Publication: WO2012164488A2 ↗ · 2012-12-06
Earliest priority / filing: 2011-06-01 / 2012-05-29
Original applicant / assignee: Sederma SA
Indexed status: Ceased · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 46246124 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

New cosmetic or dermopharmaceutical topical use of a mixture of a ghk tripeptide and gqpr tetrapeptide

Inventors: Arnaud Fournial; Philippe Mondon.

WO2012164488A2 · EP2714001A2 · FR2975904B1

Original patent PDF ↗

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1988 · US4760051A · GHK-Cu: historical wound-healing patentUse · Reported 64.9% ±22.1 reduction versus contralateral controls in 14 wounds on 8 pigs

Reported findings

The patent reports smaller remaining wound size after copper-peptide treatment.

Remaining wound size: Reported 64.9% ±22.1 reduction versus contralateral controls in 14 wounds on 8 pigsDay 21This is remaining-area reduction, not the proportion of wounds completely healed
Across animals: Faster healing described in all 10 pigs studiedThe day-21 subset was smaller; wounds within an animal are not independent observations

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The granted disclosure concerns copper peptide complexes, including GHK-Cu, for wound-healing applications.

Historical patent examples are not an independent modern clinical trial; an expired index label is not a freedom-to-operate opinion.

Publication: US4760051A ↗ · 1988-07-26
Earliest priority / filing: 1985-01-24 / 1985-01-24
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Expired - Lifetime · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 24788792 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Use of GHL-Cu as a wound-healing and anti-inflammatory agent

Inventors: Loren R. Pickart.

US4760051A · EP0189182B1 · JPH0674208B2 · ATE107310T1 · CA1286988C · DE3689909T2

Original patent PDF ↗

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2011 · RU2421235C1 · GHK: 2011 thermal-pain response patentUse · 25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with saline

Reported findings

Copper-free GHK increased thermal-pain response latency in male mice compared with saline. This is preclinical patent evidence.

Pain-response latency, lower GHK exposure: 25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineAcute thermal-pain test after pretreatmentCopper-free GHK 0.5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m
Pain-response latency, higher GHK exposure: 23.6 ± 1.3 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with salineSame acute comparisonCopper-free GHK 5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The single claim concerns copper-free Gly-His-Lys for thermal-pain analgesia, supported by a mouse comparison.

Unbound GHK is not GHK-Cu. A mouse pain-response result does not establish human analgesia or a new clinical indication.

Publication: RU2421235C1 ↗ · 2011-06-20
Earliest priority / filing: 2010-04-12 / 2010-04-12
Original applicant / assignee: Kursk State Medical University
Indexed status: IP Right Cessation — indexed historical event; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-07
Patent family: 44737905 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

APPLICATION OF PEPTIDE Gly-His-Lys FOR ANALGESIC EFFECT IN PAIN CAUSED BY THERMAL IRRITATION

Inventors: Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев; Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин; Алексей Анатольевич Крюков; Ольга Игоревна Иванова; Андрей Евгеньевич Белых.

RU2421235C1 · RU2662993C1

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2011 · RU2429002C1 · GHK plus Dalargin: 2011 bone-repair patentUse · Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide alone

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The authors describe more advanced early bone repair with GHK plus Dalargin than with saline or either peptide alone. The evidence is qualitative radiography and histology.

Combined treatment: radiographic appearance: Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide aloneDay 10Versus saline and single-peptide groups; no numerical radiographic score or uncertainty reported
Combined treatment: histological appearance: New bone formation and remodeling toward compact bone were described as more advanced in the combination groupDay 10Descriptive morphology; no quantitative histomorphometry or factorial interaction test

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Related 2021 journal paper: neutrophil results → — a local-delivery rat study; its numerical results are not measurements from this patent.

Use. The claim combines unbound Gly-His-Lys with Dalargin for reparative osteogenesis; rat radiographs and histology support the disclosed rationale.

Combination findings must not be assigned to GHK-Cu, Dalargin alone or human fracture healing. No measured shortening of healing time or biomechanical strength was reported.

Publication: RU2429002C1 ↗ · 2011-09-20
Earliest priority / filing: 2010-09-13 / 2010-09-13
Original applicant / assignee: Kursk State Medical University
Indexed status: IP Right Cessation — indexed historical event; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-07
Patent family: 44758621 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Method of stimulating reparative osteogenesis

Inventors: Виктор Юрьевич Чердаков; Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин; Григорий Михайлович Дубровин; Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Виктор Тарасович Дудка; Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев; Алексей Анатольевич Крюков; Вадим Теймуразович Корошвили; Ирина Михайловна Соболева; Евгений Николаевич Кононец; Андрей Евгеньевич Белых; Ольга Игоревна Иванова.

RU2429002C1 · RU2589264C2 · RU2589265C2 · RU2593817C2 · RU2676659C1 · WO2021211006A1 · US5367053A · RU2193868C2 · RU2195311C2 · WO2004106491A2 · RU2295969C1

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2012 · RU2452508C2 · GHK plus Thymogen: 2012 wound-healing patentUse · 0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03

Reported findings

In the intradermal rat comparison, GHK plus Thymogen produced a higher wound-healing coefficient than saline or either peptide alone. No quantitative neutrophil endpoint was disclosed.

Relative wound-healing coefficient: combination versus saline: 0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03Day 10Intradermal GHK plus Thymogen versus saline; 8 rats/group; M±m as printed
Single-peptide comparators: GHK 0.44 ± 0.04; Thymogen 0.41 ± 0.03Day 10Both differed from saline; the combination also differed from each single peptide

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. The claim combines unbound Gly-His-Lys with Thymogen for skin-wound repair and neutrophil function. The grant publication is C2, not C1.

The numerical table concerns rat wound-area healing after intradermal treatment. It does not establish a measured neutrophil benefit, human wound efficacy or activity of GHK-Cu.

Publication: RU2452508C2 ↗ · 2012-06-10
Earliest priority / filing: 2010-09-13 / 2010-09-13
Original applicant / assignee: Kursk State Medical University
Indexed status: IP Right Cessation — indexed historical event; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-07
Patent family: 46029806 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Method for stimulating wound healing and functional activity of neutrophils

Inventors: Виктор Юрьевич Чердаков; Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин; Григорий Михайлович Дубровин; Игорь Иванович Бобынцев; Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев; Алексей Анатольевич Крюков; Евгений Николаевич Кононец; Ирина Михайловна Соболева; Яна Вячеславовна Кремзукова; Андрей Евгеньевич Белых; Ольга Игоревна Иванова.

RU2452508C2 · RU2010137992A

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2003 · RU2214269C1 · Unbound GHK for liver regenerationUse · Five daily intraperitoneal injections: 0.5 µg/kg had no substantial activity; 1.5 µg/kg increased mitotic index; 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg did not further increase it

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Mitotic activity increased from 1.5 µg/kg without further increases at higher doses. Higher doses produced more dystrophic changes. Patent claim and description disagree on dose units.

GHK dose series and mitotic activity: Five daily intraperitoneal injections: 0.5 µg/kg had no substantial activity; 1.5 µg/kg increased mitotic index; 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg did not further increase itHistology the day after the fifth injectionHealthy Wistar rats, 8–10 per group; numerical figure values and uncertainty not extracted
Higher-dose tissue changes: Dystrophic changes described at 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg, especially at 450 µg/kgNo dystrophic changes described at 1.5 µg/kg in the healthy-animal example; not proof of long-term safety

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. Experimental use of unbound Gly-His-Lys to stimulate physiological and reparative hepatocyte proliferation. Description: five daily intraperitoneal injections in rats.

Animal patent disclosure, not a human trial or GHK-Cu administration study. Description uses µg/kg while the claim prints µg/g; this 1,000-fold discrepancy is unresolved. Related journal and thesis reports may share experiments.

Publication: RU2214269C1 ↗ · 2003-10-20
Earliest priority / filing: 2002-03-07 / 2002-03-07
Original applicant / assignee: Kursk State Medical University
Indexed status: Index reports lapse for nonpayment; official status not independently verified · checked 2026-11-08
Patent family: 31988876 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Способ стимуляции физиологической и репаративной регенерации печени

Inventors: M. Yu. Smakhtin; I. A. Shveinov; A. A. Konoplya; L. A. Sever’yanova; I. I. Bobyntsev.

RU2214269C1 · RU2002106179A

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →

03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2026 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analogues — EP4758157A1GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay: Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold

2026Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analogues — EP4758157A1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Filip Majewski · EP4758157A1 · patent family 88092996

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.

Reported findings and study figures · Experimental Examples 2.2–2.6 and Example 3; cell, telomerase and stability narratives.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay	Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold	As stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary	41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parent	The text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints
Cortagen-related Ki-67	Approximately threefold expression-area increase for modified peptide versus more than twofold for parent at different stated concentrations	Different tested exposures prevent a simple potency ratio
Storage and chemical stability	Modified compounds described as more stable in comparison assays	Individual stability-table values not transcribed; no human half-life established

In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.
In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Pal-GHK: submicron delivery particles — EP4724027A1Particle size: Suitable surfactant preparations described as D50 <0.6 µm

2026Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Pal-GHK: submicron delivery particles — EP4724027A1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Alex Saunois, Renata PLATCHECK RAFFIN, Cristieli ROSSINI KOPP · EP4724027A1 · patent family 87889138

Particle-size, loading and storage observations support a delivery-system claim, without a human efficacy experiment.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

Particle-size, loading and storage observations support a delivery-system claim, without a human efficacy experiment.

Formulation experiments with lipid/wax particles carrying palmitoylated cosmetic peptides, including Pal-GHK.

Reported findings and study figures · Formulation results, Tables 19–24 and co-encapsulation Table 30; peptide identities separated.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Particle size	Suitable surfactant preparations described as D50 <0.6 µm	A formulation acceptance result, not skin penetration or a clinical endpoint
Pal-GHK co-encapsulation	Pal-GHK and Pal-GQPR mixture reported as stably encapsulated over time	The individual numerical storage table was not transcribed
Different-peptide experiment	Approximately 82% adsorption reported for Pal-KTFK	This is not a Pal-GHK result and is not transferred to GHK

Several experiments use other peptides. Particle properties and stability do not demonstrate human anti-aging benefit or GHK-Cu efficacy.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Formulation experiments with lipid/wax particles carrying palmitoylated cosmetic peptides, including Pal-GHK.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Delivery performance is distinct from clinical efficacy of the ingredient or finished cosmetic.
Several experiments use other peptides. Particle properties and stability do not demonstrate human anti-aging benefit or GHK-Cu efficacy.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Pal-GHK: hydrogel delivery application — WO2026046854A1Upper-skin ion-signal AUC: 12,114.5 hydrogel versus 1,928.4 reference formulation; reported as greater than sixfold

2026Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Pal-GHK: hydrogel delivery application — WO2026046854A1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Mark Johnson, Samantha Williams, Mark O'MAHONY, Michael Bell · WO2026046854A1 · patent family 92633954

The hydrogel produced a larger upper-skin mass-spectrometry signal and lower residual peptide in the removed hydrogel.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The hydrogel produced a larger upper-skin mass-spectrometry signal and lower residual peptide in the removed hydrogel.

Ex-vivo porcine-skin delivery study comparing Pal-GHK hydrogel and a reference formulation; analytical imaging, not a clinical skin trial.

Reported findings and study figures · Results section, Figures 4A–5 and nine-piece hydrogel analysis.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Upper-skin ion-signal AUC	12,114.5 hydrogel versus 1,928.4 reference formulation; reported as greater than sixfold	Analytical imaging signal; not blood exposure or clinical response · 2-hour Franz-cell experiment
Residual hydrogel peptide	Approximately 10% detectable compared with unused hydrogel, across 9 pieces	The inventor interprets this as >90% delivery; loss from the hydrogel is not a complete mass-balance proof of skin absorption · 2 hours

Porcine skin, analytical ion intensity and residual-product measurements do not establish human bioavailability, wrinkle reduction or systemic delivery.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Ex-vivo porcine-skin delivery study comparing Pal-GHK hydrogel and a reference formulation; analytical imaging, not a clinical skin trial.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Skin-delivery experiments do not demonstrate human anti-aging benefit; the claimed composition is not a patent on all GHK-Cu products.
Porcine skin, analytical ion intensity and residual-product measurements do not establish human bioavailability, wrinkle reduction or systemic delivery.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2025 · AHK-Cu: acetate crystal-form application — CN120965804ASelected crystal example: HPLC purity 99.6%; isolated yield 64.4%

2025Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

AHK-Cu: acetate crystal-form application — CN120965804A

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

方郑, 戴柱, 张炜, 王斌, 吕梦瑶, 于铁妹, 潘俊锋, 刘建 · CN120965804A · patent family 97653072

The application reports high-purity crystal preparations and lower moisture/stability problems than the amorphous reference.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The application reports high-purity crystal preparations and lower moisture/stability problems than the amorphous reference.

Analytical/crystallization experiments on AHK-Cu acetate; HPLC purity, yield, hygroscopicity and storage are assessed.

Reported findings and study figures · Crystallization examples and comparative hygroscopicity/stability descriptions, Tables 2–3.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Selected crystal example	HPLC purity 99.6%; isolated yield 64.4%	An analytical manufacturing result, not a biological response
Other crystal preparations	Examples report 99.1% purity with yields of 72.1% and 65.2%; another reports 98.1% purity and 88.2% yield	Manufacturing conditions differ; these are not replicate clinical measurements
Moisture and stability comparisons	Comparative tests described, including a seven-day hygroscopicity observation	Image-only table values were not transcribed; no invented long-term shelf-life percentage

These results concern solid-form quality. No human hair-growth or skin-treatment result is established by the patent.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Analytical/crystallization experiments on AHK-Cu acetate; HPLC purity, yield, hygroscopicity and storage are assessed.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Solid-form characterization and manufacture do not establish clinical hair-growth efficacy; AHK and GHK are different sequences.
These results concern solid-form quality. No human hair-growth or skin-treatment result is established by the patent.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2024 · Pal-GHK-R4: granted US claim is narrower than the abstract — US11912787B2MMP-2 inhibition: GHK-R4 active at about one-tenth, Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth, the stated GHK-acetate concentration

2024Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Pal-GHK-R4: granted US claim is narrower than the abstract — US11912787B2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Hoon Cha, Young Il KWON, Sang Cheol Han, Jin Wook Kim, Mi Young Lee, Ga Hee HUR · US11912787B2 · patent family 71842232

The modified peptides affected MMP activity and collagen at lower tested concentrations than GHK-acetate.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The modified peptides affected MMP activity and collagen at lower tested concentrations than GHK-acetate.

UVB-stressed Hs68 fibroblast experiments comparing GHK-acetate, GHK-R4 and Pal-GHK-R4.

Reported findings and study figures · Experimental sections and Figures 3–5: MMP-2, collagen synthesis and MMP-9.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
MMP-2 inhibition	GHK-R4 active at about one-tenth, Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth, the stated GHK-acetate concentration	Concentration comparison in a laboratory assay, not a clinical potency ratio
Collagen synthesis	GHK-R4 active at about one-fifth and Pal-GHK-R4 at about one-hundredth the GHK-acetate concentration	Concentration-dependent increases after UVB stress; no human wrinkle measurements
MMP-9 expression	Reduced with the peptides, with modified analogues active at lower concentrations	Directional laboratory outcome; no numerical between-group estimate supplied

Assay concentration ratios do not demonstrate equivalent clinical effects or a hundredfold human benefit. The granted US claim specifically requires Pal-GHK-R4.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: UVB-stressed Hs68 fibroblast experiments comparing GHK-acetate, GHK-R4 and Pal-GHK-R4.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

The broader family description also discusses GHK-R4. The granted US claim must not be read as a claim to ordinary GHK, GHK-Cu or every unpalmitoylated R4 construct.
Assay concentration ratios do not demonstrate equivalent clinical effects or a hundredfold human benefit. The granted US claim specifically requires Pal-GHK-R4.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2021 · GHK-VEP: learning and memory claim — RU2743293C1Training day 1 reaction time: 13.0 (10.1–31.2) s with GHK-VEP versus 39.4 (20.0–69.4) s control

2021Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK-VEP: learning and memory claim — RU2743293C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Марина Евгеньевна Алферова, Анна Николаевна Тенькова, Андрей Евгеньевич Белых, Антон Олегович Ворвуль, Марина Геннадьевна Анфилова, Людмила Александровна Андреева, Николай Федорович Мясоедов · RU2743293C1 · patent family 74666249

GHK-VEP shortened some response measures, while several later comparisons were neutral.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

GHK-VEP shortened some response measures, while several later comparisons were neutral.

Rat T-maze training over four days, with later recall testing without further peptide administration.

Reported findings and study figures · Description and Table 1: training reaction time and narrative recall comparisons.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Training day 1 reaction time	13.0 (10.1–31.2) s with GHK-VEP versus 39.4 (20.0–69.4) s control	Median and quartile-style ranges as reported · p<0.05
Training day 2 reaction time	17.5 (4.6–42.0) s versus 85.8 (13.5–140.2) s control	Same table endpoint · p<0.05
Neutral comparisons	No significant difference on training day 3 or recall days 3–4	Retained from the narrative rather than treating all learning measures as improved

Small preclinical task-specific findings do not establish human memory benefit. The HTML table has misaligned cells in places; only clearly attributable reaction-time values are entered.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Rat T-maze training over four days, with later recall testing without further peptide administration.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

This is GHK-VEP, not GHK-GP or GHK-Cu; the patent does not establish clinical cognitive benefit.
Small preclinical task-specific findings do not establish human memory benefit. The HTML table has misaligned cells in places; only clearly attributable reaction-time values are entered.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2019 · GHK-GP: anxiolytic-use claim — RU2705592C1Elevated-plus-maze behavior: Less time in closed arms and more open-arm exploration at selected tested exposures

2019Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK-GP: anxiolytic-use claim — RU2705592C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Марина Евгеньевна Алферова, Анна Николаевна Тенькова, Андрей Евгеньевич Белых, Антон Олегович Ворвуль, Ирина Артуровна Телегина, Юлия Александровна Музалева, Людмила Александровна Андреева, Николай Федорович Мясоедов · RU2705592C1 · patent family 68579458

GHK-GP showed test- and exposure-dependent anxiolytic-like behavior.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

GHK-GP showed test- and exposure-dependent anxiolytic-like behavior.

Rat elevated-plus-maze and Vogel conflict tests of GHK-GP versus saline; numerical group-size and table values are not transcribed.

Reported findings and study figures · Experimental narrative and conclusions accompanying Tables 1–2.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Elevated-plus-maze behavior	Less time in closed arms and more open-arm exploration at selected tested exposures	Reported significant comparisons against saline · p<0.05
Vogel conflict behavior	More punished drinking at the highest tested exposure	A different behavioral test and exposure; not a human anxiety endpoint

The source narrative identifies significant directions, but exact table means and group sizes were not extracted. Animal proxies do not establish human anxiolytic efficacy.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Rat elevated-plus-maze and Vogel conflict tests of GHK-GP versus saline; numerical group-size and table values are not transcribed.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

GHK-GP is a specific extension of GHK; rodent behavioral findings do not establish human anxiety treatment.
The source narrative identifies significant directions, but exact table means and group sizes were not extracted. Animal proxies do not establish human anxiolytic efficacy.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2019 · GHK-D-Ala: wound-repair research — RU2681310C1Wound healing: A beneficial healing effect is reported in the experimental conclusion

2019Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK-D-Ala: wound-repair research — RU2681310C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Камила Камильджановна Рахметова, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Александр Иванович Бежин, Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин, Екатерина Сергеевна Мишина, Максим Юрьевич Хорьяков · RU2681310C1 · patent family 65632856

The patent reports stimulation of wound healing, with biochemical and wound observations followed to 30 days.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The patent reports stimulation of wound healing, with biochemical and wound observations followed to 30 days.

Male Wistar rat wound-healing experiment: GHK-D-Ala plus surgical care versus analogous care with saline.

Reported findings and study figures · Experimental case and conclusion; image-based numeric results not transcribed.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Wound healing	A beneficial healing effect is reported in the experimental conclusion	Exact closure times, wound-area means and group sizes were not extracted from the image-based results
Follow-up	Observations included days 1, 3, 7, 10, 20 and 30	These are measurement times, not numerical healing effects

The available narrative does not supply an independently transcribed treatment-effect size. This animal result is specific to C-terminal GHK-D-Ala and cannot be assigned to D-Ala-GHK or human infection treatment.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Male Wistar rat wound-healing experiment: GHK-D-Ala plus surgical care versus analogous care with saline.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

GHK-D-Ala and D-Ala-GHK are different molecules. The reported animal model does not establish human infection treatment.
The available narrative does not supply an independently transcribed treatment-effect size. This animal result is specific to C-terminal GHK-D-Ala and cannot be assigned to D-Ala-GHK or human infection treatment.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2017 · GHK: COPD and emphysema use claims — US9585930B2Expression signature: GHK-induced changes were anti-correlated with regional emphysema severity

2017Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK: COPD and emphysema use claims — US9585930B2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Avrum Spira, Marc Lenburg, Joshua Campbell, Dimitri Petchkovski, Darryl Andrew Knight, James Cameron Hogg, Julie Erin Zeskind Gil · US9585930B2 · patent family 45922835

GHK reversed aspects of emphysema-associated expression patterns in laboratory analyses and increased selected repair-associated signals.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

GHK reversed aspects of emphysema-associated expression patterns in laboratory analyses and increased selected repair-associated signals.

Human lung-tissue gene-expression discovery followed by GHK experiments in lung fibroblasts; tissue donors were not treated with GHK.

Reported findings and study figures · Experimental discussion of CMap signatures, fibroblast validation and β1-integrin findings.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Expression signature	GHK-induced changes were anti-correlated with regional emphysema severity	Computational signature matching · p=0.006
Lung-fibroblast confirmation	GHK-responsive gene sets were reproduced in fibroblast cultures	A cell experiment, not an improvement in patient lung function
β1-integrin combination assay	GHK plus TGF-β1 produced more β1-integrin than TGF-β1 alone	Cellular endpoint; no clinical COPD treatment was tested · p<0.01

Gene-expression reversal and cell responses do not demonstrate treatment of COPD, improved spirometry or human benefit from GHK-Cu. Related journal and patent descriptions are not independent trials.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Human lung-tissue gene-expression discovery followed by GHK experiments in lung fibroblasts; tissue donors were not treated with GHK.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

The free peptide and its copper complex are not automatically interchangeable, and a grant does not establish clinical pulmonary benefit.
Gene-expression reversal and cell responses do not demonstrate treatment of COPD, improved spirometry or human benefit from GHK-Cu. Related journal and patent descriptions are not independent trials.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2012 · GHK and GQPR: combination compositions — WO2012164488A2Inner-forearm SLEB depth and density: Placebo-adjusted changes: depth −11%, density approximately +15%

2012Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK and GQPR: combination compositions — WO2012164488A2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Arnaud Fournial, Philippe Mondon · WO2012164488A2 · patent family 46246124

The mixture cream improved selected ultrasound and confocal imaging measures of superficial dermal structure.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The mixture cream improved selected ultrasound and confocal imaging measures of superficial dermal structure.

Reported blinded randomized split-side cosmetic study in 28 women aged 51–72; peptide-mixture cream versus contralateral placebo for two months.

Reported findings and study figures · In-vivo study design, SLEB results Tables 1–2 and confocal fibre analysis.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Inner-forearm SLEB depth and density	Placebo-adjusted changes: depth −11%, density approximately +15%	A thinner low-echogenic band and greater imaging density, not a clinical age reversal · 2 months · p<0.01
Outer-forearm imaging	Depth/thickness −14.4%; density +15.1%	Changes reported for the light-exposed site · 2 months · p<0.01
Papillary fibre-cluster circumference	+11.1% at one month and +13.9% at two months; placebo little or no change	Confocal surrogate endpoint · 1 and 2 months

This is a branded peptide combination and cosmetic surrogate study. Results do not identify isolated GHK-Cu benefit, prove younger biological age or establish long-term clinical outcomes.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Reported blinded randomized split-side cosmetic study in 28 women aged 51–72; peptide-mixture cream versus contralateral placebo for two months.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

A combination disclosure cannot identify the independent effect of GHK or be transferred to plain GHK-Cu.
This is a branded peptide combination and cosmetic surrogate study. Results do not identify isolated GHK-Cu benefit, prove younger biological age or establish long-term clinical outcomes.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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1988 · GHK-Cu: historical wound-healing patent — US4760051ARemaining wound size: Reported 64.9% ±22.1 reduction versus contralateral controls in 14 wounds on 8 pigs

1988Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK-Cu: historical wound-healing patent — US4760051A

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Loren R. Pickart · US4760051A · patent family 24788792

The patent reports smaller remaining wound size after copper-peptide treatment.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The patent reports smaller remaining wound size after copper-peptide treatment.

Historical GHK-Cu/GHL-Cu pig-wound experiments using contralateral controls; multiple wounds per animal.

Reported findings and study figures · Pig-wound results, day-21 pooled comparison and coverage-specific narrative.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Remaining wound size	Reported 64.9% ±22.1 reduction versus contralateral controls in 14 wounds on 8 pigs	This is remaining-area reduction, not the proportion of wounds completely healed · Day 21 · p=0.0023, pooled wounds
Across animals	Faster healing described in all 10 pigs studied	The day-21 subset was smaller; wounds within an animal are not independent observations

Small animal experiments, varied wound coverings and pooled wounds limit precision. This is not evidence of a 64.9% human healing rate or a new clinical trial.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Historical GHK-Cu/GHL-Cu pig-wound experiments using contralateral controls; multiple wounds per animal.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Historical patent examples are not an independent modern clinical trial; an expired index label is not a freedom-to-operate opinion.
Small animal experiments, varied wound coverings and pooled wounds limit precision. This is not evidence of a 64.9% human healing rate or a new clinical trial.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2011 · GHK: 2011 thermal-pain response patent — RU2421235C1Pain-response latency, lower GHK exposure: 25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with saline

2011Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK: 2011 thermal-pain response patent — RU2421235C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин, Алексей Анатольевич Крюков, Ольга Игоревна Иванова, Андрей Евгеньевич Белых · RU2421235C1 · patent family 44737905

Copper-free GHK increased thermal-pain response latency in male mice compared with saline. This is preclinical patent evidence.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

Copper-free GHK increased thermal-pain response latency in male mice compared with saline. This is preclinical patent evidence.

Male BALB/c mice; 10 per group; saline control and two GHK exposure groups. Randomization and blinding are not described.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent description and single numerical table; Russian text and indexed English translation checked.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Pain-response latency, lower GHK exposure	25.6 ± 1.9 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with saline	Copper-free GHK 0.5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m · Acute thermal-pain test after pretreatment · p<0.05 versus saline
Pain-response latency, higher GHK exposure	23.6 ± 1.3 seconds versus 18.0 ± 2.4 seconds with saline	Copper-free GHK 5 µg/kg; 10 mice/group; table reports M±m · Same acute comparison · p<0.05 versus saline
Exposure-response interpretation	Both groups differed from saline; no between-dose significance test or persistent analgesic effect was established	The numerically lower latency at the higher exposure does not establish a dose-response relationship
Treatment-to-test interval	12 minutes in the described experiment

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-07

Population / setting: Male BALB/c mice; 10 per group; saline control and two GHK exposure groups. Randomization and blinding are not described.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Unbound GHK is not GHK-Cu. A mouse pain-response result does not establish human analgesia or a new clinical indication.
Animal behavioral endpoint, not human pain relief. The table supplies M±m without expanding the dispersion notation; no confidence intervals, formal safety assessment or independent replication are established. Copper binding was not part of the tested preparation.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-07. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2011 · GHK plus Dalargin: 2011 bone-repair patent — RU2429002C1Combined treatment: radiographic appearance: Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide alone

2011Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK plus Dalargin: 2011 bone-repair patent — RU2429002C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Виктор Юрьевич Чердаков, Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин, Григорий Михайлович Дубровин, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Виктор Тарасович Дудка, Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев, Алексей Анатольевич Крюков, Вадим Теймуразович Корошвили, Ирина Михайловна Соболева, Евгений Николаевич Кононец, Андрей Евгеньевич Белых, Ольга Игоревна Иванова · RU2429002C1 · patent family 44758621

The authors describe more advanced early bone repair with GHK plus Dalargin than with saline or either peptide alone. The evidence is qualitative radiography and histology.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The authors describe more advanced early bone repair with GHK plus Dalargin than with saline or either peptide alone. The evidence is qualitative radiography and histology.

Wistar rat fracture model; groups of 8–10 animals; saline, copper-free GHK, Dalargin and combined treatment; assessment at day 10.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent description, figure captions and experimental example; images not independently scored.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Combined treatment: radiographic appearance	Fracture line described as barely visible with the combination; still visible but less pronounced with either peptide alone	Versus saline and single-peptide groups; no numerical radiographic score or uncertainty reported · Day 10
Combined treatment: histological appearance	New bone formation and remodeling toward compact bone were described as more advanced in the combination group	Descriptive morphology; no quantitative histomorphometry or factorial interaction test · Day 10
GHK versus Dalargin alone	No visible morphological difference reported between the two single-peptide groups	A neutral qualitative comparison, not a demonstration of equivalence · Day 10
Healing time, strength and safety	No measured union-time advantage, biomechanical strength estimate or formal adverse-event series reported	A day-10 observation does not mean fractures healed ten days faster
Reported group sizes	8–10 rats per group; exact group denominators not assigned
Reported experimental course	Daily GHK plus Dalargin for ten days; other groups received single peptides or saline

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-07

Population / setting: Wistar rat fracture model; groups of 8–10 animals; saline, copper-free GHK, Dalargin and combined treatment; assessment at day 10.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Combination findings must not be assigned to GHK-Cu, Dalargin alone or human fracture healing. No measured shortening of healing time or biomechanical strength was reported.
Early rat bone-repair observations do not establish clinical fracture healing or quantitatively validated synergy. The preparation was copper-free GHK plus Dalargin. Related author publications may reuse the research program.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-07. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2012 · GHK plus Thymogen: 2012 wound-healing patent — RU2452508C2Relative wound-healing coefficient: combination versus saline: 0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03

2012Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

GHK plus Thymogen: 2012 wound-healing patent — RU2452508C2

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Виктор Юрьевич Чердаков, Михаил Юрьевич Смахтин, Григорий Михайлович Дубровин, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Максим Евгеньевич Долгинцев, Алексей Анатольевич Крюков, Евгений Николаевич Кононец, Ирина Михайловна Соболева, Яна Вячеславовна Кремзукова, Андрей Евгеньевич Белых, Ольга Игоревна Иванова · RU2452508C2 · patent family 46029806

In the intradermal rat comparison, GHK plus Thymogen produced a higher wound-healing coefficient than saline or either peptide alone. No quantitative neutrophil endpoint was disclosed.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

In the intradermal rat comparison, GHK plus Thymogen produced a higher wound-healing coefficient than saline or either peptide alone. No quantitative neutrophil endpoint was disclosed.

Wistar rats with experimental skin wounds; Table 1 has 8 animals/group: saline, copper-free GHK, Thymogen and their combination. Day-10 wound-area assessment.

Reported findings and study figures · Original C2 grant description, Table 1 and Examples 1–2; separate intradermal numerical and intraperitoneal narrative findings.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Relative wound-healing coefficient: combination versus saline	0.56 ± 0.04 versus 0.29 ± 0.03	Intradermal GHK plus Thymogen versus saline; 8 rats/group; M±m as printed · Day 10 · p<0.05; Table 1 footnote
Single-peptide comparators	GHK 0.44 ± 0.04; Thymogen 0.41 ± 0.03	Both differed from saline; the combination also differed from each single peptide · Day 10 · p<0.05 for the comparisons marked in Table 1
What the coefficient measures	Change in wound area relative to initial area; not the percentage of animals completely healed	A value of 0.56 corresponds to relative area reduction, not a 56% patient response rate
Separate intraperitoneal example	Greater healing with the combination described qualitatively; no separate numerical table supplied	Do not transfer the intradermal effect estimate to another route · Day 10
Neutrophil function and safety	No numerical neutrophil assay or systematic adverse-event results in the disclosed examples	Neutrophil rationale and earlier GHK dose-related immune effects are background discussion, not new measured endpoints

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-07

Population / setting: Wistar rats with experimental skin wounds; Table 1 has 8 animals/group: saline, copper-free GHK, Thymogen and their combination. Day-10 wound-area assessment.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

The numerical table concerns rat wound-area healing after intradermal treatment. It does not establish a measured neutrophil benefit, human wound efficacy or activity of GHK-Cu.
Animal wound-area results from a combination, not GHK-Cu monotherapy or clinical wound efficacy. Randomization, blinded measurement and a formal synergy interaction test are not described. The preparation called Thymogen is distinct from Thymodepressin.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-07. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2003 · Unbound GHK for liver regeneration — RU2214269C1GHK dose series and mitotic activity: Five daily intraperitoneal injections: 0.5 µg/kg had no substantial activity; 1.5 µg/kg increased mitotic index; 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg did not further increase it

2003Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Unbound GHK for liver regeneration — RU2214269C1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

M. Yu. Smakhtin, I. A. Shveinov, A. A. Konoplya, L. A. Sever’yanova, I. I. Bobyntsev · RU2214269C1 · patent family 31988876

Mitotic activity increased from 1.5 µg/kg without further increases at higher doses. Higher doses produced more dystrophic changes. Patent claim and description disagree on dose units.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Mitotic activity increased from 1.5 µg/kg without further increases at higher doses. Higher doses produced more dystrophic changes. Patent claim and description disagree on dose units.

Wistar rats, 8–10 per group; saline controls and toxic-liver-injury comparison. Five daily intraperitoneal GHK injections; histology assessed the day after the last injection.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent description and claims via Google Patents; full PDF and figure measurements not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK dose series and mitotic activity	Five daily intraperitoneal injections: 0.5 µg/kg had no substantial activity; 1.5 µg/kg increased mitotic index; 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg did not further increase it	Healthy Wistar rats, 8–10 per group; numerical figure values and uncertainty not extracted · Histology the day after the fifth injection
Higher-dose tissue changes	Dystrophic changes described at 50, 150 and 450 µg/kg, especially at 450 µg/kg	No dystrophic changes described at 1.5 µg/kg in the healthy-animal example; not proof of long-term safety
Toxic-liver-injury example	Both 1.5 and 150 µg/kg increased mitotic index; dystrophic changes were greater with 150 µg/kg	8–10 rats per group; GHK concurrent with toxic injury. Patent used intramuscular tetrachloromethane exposure; do not merge with the thesis acute intragastric model.
Claim versus description dose units	Description: 1.5 µg/kg; claim: 1.5 µg/g	1,000-fold discrepancy retained; no corrected legal claim or safe human dose asserted
Numerical extraction and clinical gap	No numerical mitotic-index graph values extracted; no human clinical outcomes	Patent text checked; linked PDF not retrieved. Proposed clinical use is not a measured result

The measured endpoint was animal hepatocyte proliferation, alongside adverse histology at higher exposures. Copper binding was not part of the tested preparation. The patent and 2002–2004 journal/thesis reports are potentially overlapping disclosures, not independent efficacy replications. Dose units conflict between claim and description.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Wistar rats, 8–10 per group; saline controls and toxic-liver-injury comparison. Five daily intraperitoneal GHK injections; histology assessed the day after the last injection.
What was checked: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Limitations & review scope

Animal patent disclosure, not a human trial or GHK-Cu administration study. Description uses µg/kg while the claim prints µg/g; this 1,000-fold discrepancy is unresolved. Related journal and thesis reports may share experiments.
The measured endpoint was animal hepatocyte proliferation, alongside adverse histology at higher exposures. Copper binding was not part of the tested preparation. The patent and 2002–2004 journal/thesis reports are potentially overlapping disclosures, not independent efficacy replications. Dose units conflict between claim and description.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2025 · Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test

2025Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Anxiolytic Effects of GHK-GP Peptide and its Structural Analogues in Elevated Plus Maze Test

Unbound GHK, PGP, GHK-PGP, GHK-GP, GHK-P and GHK-VEP; no copper complex specified.

M. E. Alferova, I. I. Bobyntsev, A. O. Vorvul, A. N. Tenkova, L. A. Andreeva, N. F. Myasoedov · Journal Biomed 2025 21 49-57

Population / setting: 200 male Wistar rats; elevated plus maze.
What was checked: Indexed original Russian PDF abstract and selected result passages checked against the publisher-deposited Crossref abstract; complete statistical appraisal pending.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Acute behavioral proxy with multiple peptides and exposures; durability and proteolytic stability were not established by these behavioral results.
The PDF gives 10 June 2025; Crossref gives 4 July 2025. These describe one publication, not two studies.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2025 · Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior

2025Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Anxiolytic Effect of GHK-PGP Peptide and Its Structural Analogues in a Test with Punished Behavior

Unbound GHK, PGP, GHK-PGP, GHK-GP and GHK-P; no copper complex specified.

M. E. Alferova, I. I. Bobyntsev, A. O. Vorvul, A. N. Tenkova · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2025 179 575-578

Population / setting: Male Wistar rats; Vogel conflict test.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
English version online 9 January 2026, assigned to the September 2025 issue; it is one translated report.
Same research group as the maze and swim papers; independence and animal-cohort overlap require full-text checking.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming testGHK-GP forced-swim behavior: No effect at any tested exposure

2026Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test

Unbound GHK, PGP, GHK-PGP, GHK-GP, GHK-P and GHK-VEP; not GHK-Cu.

M. E. Alferova, I. I. Bobyntsev, A. O. Vorvul, A. N. Tenkova, L. A. Andreeva, N. F. Myasoedov · Molecular Medicine. 2026;24(4):32–35.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

200 male Wistar rats; forced-swim behavioral test.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary publisher English abstract checked; Russian full text not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-GP forced-swim behavior	No effect at any tested exposure
GHK-PGP / GHK-VEP forced-swim behavior	Selected-exposure changes; authors describe antidepressant-like activity	Animal behavioral proxy; not human depression outcomes

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: 200 male Wistar rats; forced-swim behavioral test.
What was checked: Primary publisher English abstract checked; Russian full text not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Forced-swim behavior is not a clinical diagnosis or evidence of antidepressant efficacy in people.
A higher activity score can have several explanations; complete locomotor controls and risk of bias require review.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2015 · Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs

2015Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Anxiolytic Effects of Gly-His-Lys Peptide and Its Analogs

GHK, Gly-His-D-Lys, D-Ala-GHK and GHK-D-Ala; unbound peptide analogues.

I. I. Bobyntsev, O. I. Chernysheva, M. E. Dolgintsev, M. Yu. Smakhtin, A. E. Belykh · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2015 158 726-728

Replacing L-lysine with D-lysine weakened the GHK behavioral signal. Adding D-alanine at either end removed the anxiolytic action; some measures indicated increased anxiety at the highest tested exposure.

Population / setting: Male rats; elevated plus maze.
What was checked: Indexed primary abstract and publisher citation checked; full text not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Improved wound-related findings for a D-alanine analogue cannot be generalized to improved neurobehavioral activity.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2022 · Regenerative effects of Gly-His-Lys and Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala peptides in infected skin wounds

2022Animal / experimentalFull text available

Regenerative effects of Gly-His-Lys and Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala peptides in infected skin wounds

GHK and C-terminally extended GHK-D-Ala; no copper complex specified.

KK Rakhmetova, ES Mishina, AO Vorvul, II Bobyntsev, ME Dolgintsev, AI Bezhin · Bulletin of RSMU. 2022;(2):58–64 (English version).

GHK-D-Ala shifted wound-cell composition toward repair and away from inflammation. The lower tested exposure showed the strongest histological signal; increasing exposure did not improve the effect.

Population / setting: 150 male rats; wound histomorphometry at days 3, 7 and 10.
What was checked: Original publisher English text, abstract and histological conclusions checked; formal risk-of-bias assessment pending.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Histological markers are distinct from complete clinical healing; the same group’s related publications are not independent replication.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2021 · Effect of GHK-D-Ala peptide on innate immunity mechanisms and lipid peroxidation processes in infected wounds

2021Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Effect of GHK-D-Ala peptide on innate immunity mechanisms and lipid peroxidation processes in infected wounds

GHK-D-Ala; unbound C-terminal D-alanine extension.

Kamila K. Rakhmetova, Maksim E. Dolgintsev, Igor’ I. Bobyntsev, Alexandr I. Bezhin, Anton O. Vorvul’, Andrey E. Belykh · Человек и его здоровье 2021 24 54-61

The report describes time-dependent changes in neutrophil activity and lower lipid-peroxidation markers. These are physiological measurements rather than demonstrated patient benefit.

Population / setting: 80 male Wistar rats; wound model with immune and oxidative-stress measurements.
What was checked: Publisher-deposited Crossref abstract and citation checked; publisher website timed out and full text was not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Biomarker changes do not establish broad immune enhancement or infection treatment.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2023 · Effects of GHK peptide and its structure analogues, D-Ala-GHK AND GHK-D-Ala, on innate immunity and lipid peroxidation processes in skin wound

2023Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Effects of GHK peptide and its structure analogues, D-Ala-GHK AND GHK-D-Ala, on innate immunity and lipid peroxidation processes in skin wound

GHK, N-terminal D-Ala-GHK and C-terminal GHK-D-Ala; not copper complexes.

Kamila K. Rakhmetova, Igor’ I. Bobyntsev, Alexandr I. Bezhin, Maksim E. Dolgintsev, Anton O. Vorvul · Человек и его здоровье 2023 26 33-44

Effects varied with healing stage and peptide structure. GHK-D-Ala produced the most consistent changes in the reported immune and oxidative-stress measures; the pattern was not uniformly positive across every marker.

Population / setting: 70 male Wistar rats; wound-related innate-immunity and lipid-peroxidation measures.
What was checked: Publisher-deposited Crossref abstract and citation checked; publisher website timed out and full text was not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Same laboratory and related wound program; cohort independence from other papers has not been established.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2024 · Effects of GHK peptide and its structural analogues on dynamics of healing and bacterial contamination of infected woundGHK-D-Ala wound area: Approximately 93% lower than control

2024Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Effects of GHK peptide and its structural analogues on dynamics of healing and bacterial contamination of infected wound

GHK, D-Ala-GHK and GHK-D-Ala; the authors propose copper-containing follow-up, rather than testing it here.

Kamila K. Rakhmetova, Igor' I. Bobyntsev, Lyudmila V. Zhilyayeva, Aleksandr I. Bezhin, Anton O. Vorvul' · I.P. Pavlov Russian Medical Biological Herald 2024 32 539-548

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

150 male Wistar rats; wound-area and healing assessments.

Reported findings and study figures · Original English/Russian publisher abstract, indexed PDF and publisher-deposited metadata checked; complete statistical appraisal pending.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-D-Ala wound area	Approximately 93% lower than control	Day 10 · Reported p<0.001
Interval-specific healing rate	4.7–5.3-fold higher with GHK-D-Ala	Relative to control; not total healing duration · Days 7–10

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: 150 male Wistar rats; wound-area and healing assessments.
What was checked: Original English/Russian publisher abstract, indexed PDF and publisher-deposited metadata checked; complete statistical appraisal pending.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
This is not evidence that GHK-Cu or a GHK-D-Ala copper complex gives the same result.
Related reports may share research material; publication counts should not be read as independent replications.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2024 · Effects of Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala Peptide on Skin Wound Regeneration Processes

2024Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Effects of Gly-His-Lys-D-Ala Peptide on Skin Wound Regeneration Processes

GHK-D-Ala; no copper complex specified.

K. K. Rakhmetova, E. S. Mishina, I. I. Bobyntsev, A. I. Bezhin, A. O. Vorvul · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 2024 176 411-416

The abstract reports more fibroblastic cells and macrophages, fewer granulocytes, and active wound contraction at day 30. This adds tissue-level context to the D-alanine series.

Population / setting: 80 male Wistar rats; histology and morphometry through day 30.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
English translation of a September 2023 Russian report; the two versions are not separate experiments.
Complete methods and possible overlap with the group’s earlier cohorts remain unresolved.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2020 · Effect of oligoarginine conjugation on the antiwrinkle activity and transdermal delivery of GHK peptide

2020In vitroEnglish abstract

Effect of oligoarginine conjugation on the antiwrinkle activity and transdermal delivery of GHK peptide

GHK-R4 (Gly-His-Lys-Arg-Arg-Arg-Arg); copper binding is not implied.

G.-H. Hur, S.-C. Han, A.-R. Ryu, Y. Eom, J.-W. Kim, M.-Y. Lee · Journal of Peptide Science. 2020;26:e3234. Online 1 December 2019.

Adding four C-terminal arginines increased uptake and experimental delivery, with greater collagen-related activity and MMP inhibition than unmodified GHK in the tested systems.

Population / setting: Cell assays and experimental skin-delivery comparisons; not a controlled human wrinkle trial.
What was checked: Original publisher abstract checked; full methods and delivery model details require review.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Enhanced delivery and cellular collagen measurements do not establish a clinical antiwrinkle effect.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2020 · D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides

2020In vitroEnglish abstract

D-tyrosine adds an anti-melanogenic effect to cosmetic peptides

GHK with a terminal D-tyrosine; comparisons also include other cosmetic peptides.

Jisu Park, Hyejung Jung, Bohee Jang, Hyun-Kuk Song, Inn-Oc Han, Eok-Soo Oh · Scientific Reports 2020 10

Terminal D-tyrosine added a melanin-reducing signal to GHK while retaining measured anti-inflammatory activity. Findings for the paper’s pentapeptide-18 skin model cannot all be assigned to GHK-D-Tyr.

Population / setting: Human pigment-cell models and murine inflammatory-cell assays; distinct experiments on other peptides in the same paper.
What was checked: Original publisher PDF abstract and GHK-specific indexed result passage checked; complete experimental appraisal pending.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Laboratory pigmentation findings do not establish clinical skin-lightening benefit or safety.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2025 · Nanoengineered Self-Assembling Peptides with Increased Proteolytic Stability Promote Wound Healing

2025In vitroFull text available

Nanoengineered Self-Assembling Peptides with Increased Proteolytic Stability Promote Wound Healing

F4D coassembled with GHK, covalent F4D-GHK, and inverted-sequence F4D-KHG; formulation/sequence constructs.

V. I. B. Castro, A. R. Araújo, R. L. Reis, I. Pashkuleva, R. A. Pires · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2025;17(8):11624–11633.

Covalently linked constructs formed more proteolytically stable assemblies than the coassembled system. The experimental structures improved healing-related activity compared with GHK alone.

Population / setting: Self-assembly, proteolysis and laboratory wound-healing assays.
What was checked: Original open-access article, abstract, construct identities and main conclusions checked; formal bias assessment pending.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Stability and cell-assay findings do not demonstrate a longer human half-life or improved clinical wound healing.
F4D-KHG uses an inverted sequence; these constructs are not ordinary GHK-Cu.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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1992 · A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcersUlcer-size reduction: No difference between copper-tripeptide cream and vehicle

1992Randomized trialEnglish abstract

A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcers

Topical biologically active copper-tripeptide cream versus vehicle and silver sulfadiazine.

J. B. Bishop, L. G. Phillips, T. A. Mustoe, A. J. VanderZee, L. Wiersema, D. E. Roach, J. P. Heggers, D. P. Hill Jr, E. L. Taylor, M. C. Robson · Journal of Vascular Surgery 1992 16 0251-0257

Copper-tripeptide cream did not differ from vehicle for ulcer-size reduction. Silver sulfadiazine performed better than both in this study.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

86 evaluable patients completed a randomized evaluator-blinded venous-ulcer trial.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Ulcer-size reduction	No difference between copper-tripeptide cream and vehicle	Silver sulfadiazine reduced ulcer size more than either

Completer count is not necessarily the randomized enrollment denominator. A specific formulation and venous-ulcer setting; neither a universal benefit nor a universal lack of effect follows.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: 86 evaluable patients completed a randomized evaluator-blinded venous-ulcer trial.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Completer count is not necessarily the randomized enrollment denominator.
A specific formulation and venous-ulcer setting; neither a universal benefit nor a universal lack of effect follows.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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1994 · Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copperMedian plantar-ulcer area closure: 98.5% with GHK-Cu gel

1994Randomized trialEnglish abstract

Enhanced healing of ulcers in patients with diabetes by topical treatment with glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper

Topical GHK-Cu (Iamin gel) added to standardized wound care.

G. D. Mulder, L. M. Patt, L. Sanders, J. Rosenstock, M. I. Altman, M. E. Hanley, G. W. Duncan · Wound Repair and Regeneration. 1994;2(4):259–269.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Multicenter randomized evaluator-blinded vehicle-controlled diabetic neuropathic-ulcer study; enrollment denominator not verified from the checked abstract.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Median plantar-ulcer area closure	98.5% with GHK-Cu gel	60.8% with vehicle · p<0.05
Larger plantar-ulcer subgroup	89.2% median area closure	−10.3% with vehicle · p<0.01

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: Multicenter randomized evaluator-blinded vehicle-controlled diabetic neuropathic-ulcer study; enrollment denominator not verified from the checked abstract.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Disease-specific topical formulation alongside intensive wound care; not evidence for injectable GHK-Cu or healthy-person recovery.
Full cohort accounting, subgroup prespecification and complete adverse-event tables require the original paper.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2006 · Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skinObjective redness, wrinkles and skin quality: No significant between-group advantage

2006Randomized trialEnglish abstract

Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin

Post-laser skin-care regimen with GHK-Cu versus a regimen without it.

Timothy R. Miller, Jon D. Wagner, Bret R. Baack, Karl J. Eisbach · Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 2006 8 252-259

Objective redness, wrinkle and skin-quality outcomes did not differ between groups. Patient-reported overall skin quality favored the GHK-Cu regimen (p=0.04).

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

13 completers after circumoral CO2 laser resurfacing; randomized treatment and blinded objective evaluation.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Objective redness, wrinkles and skin quality	No significant between-group advantage
Patient-reported overall skin quality	Favored GHK-Cu regimen	12 weeks · p=0.04

Very small study and regimen-level comparison; objective and subjective findings differ. Improvement after laser treatment in both groups cannot be attributed to the peptide.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: 13 completers after circumoral CO2 laser resurfacing; randomized treatment and blinded objective evaluation.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Very small study and regimen-level comparison; objective and subjective findings differ.
Improvement after laser treatment in both groups cannot be attributed to the peptide.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · The efficacy of 2% copper peptide (GHK-Cu) serum for eyebrow hypotrichosis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study

2026Randomized trialEnglish abstract

The efficacy of 2% copper peptide (GHK-Cu) serum for eyebrow hypotrichosis: a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study

Topical nominal 2% GHK-Cu serum versus vehicle on the opposite eyebrow. · Conference proceedings report; original abstract checked

S. L. Bo, T. Nararatwanchai, N. Supornpun, K. Poomarapan, S. Thaploka · Procedia of Multidisciplinary Research. 2026;4(5), article 16.

The proceedings abstract reports better eyebrow hair count, diameter and photographic assessments on the treated side. No serious adverse effects or allergic reactions were reported.

Population / setting: 18 participants aged 18–40; randomized double-blind split-face comparison over 12 weeks.
What was checked: Original publisher proceedings abstract and publication date checked; full report and poster not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Small proceedings report; numerical between-side effect sizes, uncertainty, registration and complete methods require verification.
A nominal serum concentration does not establish the exact copper species or delivered exposure; eyebrow results do not establish scalp regrowth or systemic safety.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · Topical GHK-Cu gel for acute skin wound healing (CuHeal): registry record

2026Trial protocol / registrationFull text available

Topical GHK-Cu gel for acute skin wound healing (CuHeal): registry record

Topical GHK-Cu gel versus vehicle; proposed paired split-wound comparison. · Sponsor-submitted trial registry; conduct unverified

Hudson Biotech (registry sponsor) · ClinicalTrials.gov NCT07437586. First posted 27 February 2026.

The registry lists recruiting and no posted results. It proposes testing time to re-epithelialization; estimated primary completion is February 2027. The record is a research lead, not evidence of benefit or independently confirmed enrollment.

Population / setting: Registry estimates 60 healthy adults; phase 2 record NCT07437586, sponsor Hudson Biotech.
What was checked: Live ClinicalTrials.gov API record checked 3 November 2026: sponsor, status, design, estimated enrollment, dates and absence of results. Study operation not independently verified.

Limitations & review scope

Sponsor-submitted registry information does not independently verify study operation, recruitment or completion.
Last registry update posted 27 February 2026; no results posted at the 3 November 2026 check.
Design metadata says parallel while describing paired split-wound treatment; this inconsistency needs clarification.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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1988 · Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+

1988In vitroEnglish abstract

Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+

GHK copper(II) complex.

F. X. Maquart, L. Pickart, M. Laurent, P. Gillery, J. C. Monboisse, J. P. Borel · FEBS Letters. 1988;238(2):343–346.

The foundational paper reports increased collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures after GHK-Cu exposure.

Population / setting: Cultured fibroblasts; collagen synthesis measurements.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

A cellular collagen signal is not a human cosmetic, wound-healing or longevity outcome.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2012 · A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK

2012In vitroEnglish abstract

A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK

Unbound GHK in computational signature matching and human-derived fibroblasts.

J. D. Campbell, J. E. McDonough, J. E. Zeskind, T. L. Hackett, D. V. Pechkovsky, and colleagues · Genome Medicine. 2012;4:67.

GHK reversed parts of an emphysema-associated expression signature and restored collagen contraction/remodeling in cultured COPD-derived fibroblasts.

Population / setting: 64 lung-tissue samples from 8 COPD lungs for discovery, followed by cell-culture experiments; patients were not treated with GHK.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Human-derived tissue is not a human treatment trial.
Gene-expression changes do not establish reversal of emphysema, clinical rejuvenation or increased human lifespan.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2023 · Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application

2023In vitroFull text available

Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application

GHK-Cu in lipid vesicles; carrier formulation, not a new peptide sequence.

M. Dymek, K. Olechowska, K. Hąc-Wydro, E. Sikora · Pharmaceutics. 2023;15:2485.

The study characterizes GHK-Cu-loaded liposomes and examines enzyme-related activity. It adds delivery and stability context rather than clinical evidence for a cosmetic or injectable product.

Population / setting: Laboratory formulation characterization and enzyme-inhibition assays.
What was checked: Original open-access article abstract and formulation scope checked; complete analytical validation not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Carrier characteristics and enzyme inhibition do not prove improved human skin outcomes.
The active effect must be separated from the liposome and free-copper contributions.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · The GHK-Cu delays aging in Caenorhabditis elegans via coordinated regulation of mitochondrial function and activation of DAF-16/SKN-1 pathways

2026Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

The GHK-Cu delays aging in Caenorhabditis elegans via coordinated regulation of mitochondrial function and activation of DAF-16/SKN-1 pathways

GHK-Cu in a nematode model.

H. Wen, K. Zhao, X. Luo, J. Pu, Y. Li, Y. Dou, J. He, X. Nie, Y. Ke, W. Zhou · Biogerontology. 2026;27:100.

The paper reports longer worm lifespan and changes in mitochondrial function, DAF-16 and SKN-1 signaling. It is a new animal longevity result, without a human longevity endpoint.

Population / setting: Caenorhabditis elegans; lifespan, stress resistance and mitochondrial/pathway measurements.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Complete effect sizes, controls and mechanistic specificity require full-text review.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2007 · The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitroFollicle elongation and cell proliferation: Increased in ex vivo / in vitro models

2007In vitroEnglish abstract

The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro

AHK-Cu: alanine replaces the first glycine of GHK-Cu.

H. K. Pyo, and colleagues · Archives of Pharmacal Research. 2007;30(7):834–839.

AHK-Cu stimulated follicle elongation and cell proliferation in laboratory models. The measured decrease in apoptotic cells was not statistically significant.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Donated human hair follicles ex vivo and cultured dermal papilla cells; not volunteers receiving treatment.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Follicle elongation and cell proliferation	Increased in ex vivo / in vitro models
Apoptotic dermal papilla cells	Decrease was not statistically significant

This study tested AHK-Cu, not GHK-Cu. Human follicle culture does not establish scalp hair regrowth in people.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: Donated human hair follicles ex vivo and cultured dermal papilla cells; not volunteers receiving treatment.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

This study tested AHK-Cu, not GHK-Cu.
Human follicle culture does not establish scalp hair regrowth in people.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2013 · Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat modelFlap ischemia, vascular and VEGF outcomes: No significant advantage at the study’s adjusted threshold

2013Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on wound healing in an irradiated rat model

Topical GHK-Cu gel versus aquaphilic ointment.

N. P. Parker, F. Ardeshirpour, S. C. Schmechel, A. A. D. Lassig · Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 2013;149(3):384–389.

The authors found no significant benefit for flap ischemia, blood-vessel number or area, or VEGF expression under the study’s multiplicity-adjusted significance threshold.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

13 treated and 10 control rats analyzed in an irradiated skin-flap model.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Flap ischemia, vascular and VEGF outcomes	No significant advantage at the study’s adjusted threshold

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. Negative findings in a specific radiation-injury model qualify broad wound-repair claims; they do not settle every formulation or indication.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Population / setting: 13 treated and 10 control rats analyzed in an irradiated skin-flap model.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.
Negative findings in a specific radiation-injury model qualify broad wound-repair claims; they do not settle every formulation or indication.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2000 · Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product

2000ReviewEnglish abstract

Biologically active peptides: from a laboratory bench curiosity to a functional skin care product

Chemically modified cosmetic peptides, including fatty-acid conjugation; specific Pal-GHK results require full text.

K. Lintner, O. Peschard · International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 2000;22(3):207–218.

The primary abstract describes long-chain fatty-acid conjugation as a strategy for delivery and cosmetic activity. It does not provide a verifiable Pal-GHK-specific clinical effect size.

Population / setting: Bench-to-product discussion; not a new GHK-Cu clinical cohort.
What was checked: Primary indexed or publisher abstract and citation checked; complete methods, tables and risk of bias not appraised.

Limitations & review scope

Manufacturer-affiliated paper; the retrieved abstract cannot resolve each peptide’s formulation and trial methods.
Pal-GHK is N-terminally lipidated GHK and does not imply copper complexation.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · A framework for the safety evaluation of peptides in cosmetics

2026ReviewFull text available

A framework for the safety evaluation of peptides in cosmetics

Cosmetic peptides including Pal-GHK; topical exposure considered separately from other routes.

D. L. Bjerke, J. Li, Y. Gao, P. Hu, K. Lintner, T. Hakozaki · Current Research in Toxicology. 2026;10:100291.

The framework discusses modified peptide delivery and summarizes earlier Pal-GHK work. Cosmetic exposure, formulation and industry context matter when interpreting these reports.

Population / setting: Safety-evaluation framework and earlier cosmetic studies; no newly recruited GHK cohort.
What was checked: Original open-access framework, Pal-GHK discussion and author affiliations checked; underlying historic product studies not reappraised.

Limitations & review scope

Several authors have cosmetic-industry affiliations.
A topical cosmetic safety framework cannot establish injectable safety or the safety of newly extended GHK peptides.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2026 · GHK-Cu as a Bioactive Metallopeptide and Drug-Delivery Cargo: Coordination Chemistry, Formulation Science, Therapeutic Evidence, and a Translational Roadmap

2026ReviewFull text available

GHK-Cu as a Bioactive Metallopeptide and Drug-Delivery Cargo: Coordination Chemistry, Formulation Science, Therapeutic Evidence, and a Translational Roadmap

Distinguishes apo-GHK, canonical GHK-Cu, derived copper peptides and delivery systems.

D.-M. Mateescu, D.-M. Gavrilescu, and colleagues · Pharmaceutics. 2026;18(9):1077.

The review organizes chemistry, delivery and biological findings, stressing that peptide identity, copper speciation and carrier effects must be separated. Its search was limited to English-language sources.

Population / setting: Structured evidence map; no new human treatment cohort.
What was checked: Original open-access review, human-evidence table, references, methods and limitations checked; underlying studies retain their own access labels.

Limitations & review scope

Not prospectively registered and not a meta-analysis; its author-defined appraisal framework is not a validated consensus standard.
Its August search cutoff precedes this site review, and historical human ulcer studies are linked separately here.
The trial registry discussed by the review has no posted results; registry status does not independently establish study operation.

Source checked 2026-11-03. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

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2021 · GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen in experimental bone fracture: 2021 rat studyPhagocytic index: GHK plus Dalargin: 71.3 ± 5.1% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controls

2021Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen in experimental bone fracture: 2021 rat study

Copper-free GHK, Dalargin and Thymogen, singly and in pairs; local intraosseous administration · Original preclinical journal study; not a literature review

Format: Repository copy of the original nine-page journal article · Reviewed: Methods and results text checked; Table 1 (p.64) and Figure 5 (p.65) visually verified against rendered PDF pages

M. Yu. Smakhtin, I. I. Bobyntsev, V. T. Dudka, V. Yu. Cherdakov, A. O. Vorvul, A. A. Chulanova, A. M. Smakhtina · Humans and their Health / Chelovek i ego zdorovye. 2021;24(4):59–67

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Pairwise GHK combinations improved phagocytosis measures in fractured rats. GHK plus Dalargin also showed the strongest oxygen-dependent reserve pattern; GHK alone had a neutral reserve result. Bone repair was assessed descriptively.

Male Wistar rats with experimental femoral fracture; Table 1 lists eight groups, n=8/group; overall cohort flow not separately specified. Eight displayed groups: uninjured saline, fractured saline, three single peptides and three pairwise combinations. Assessments at day 10; local intraosseous exposure.

Dose, route and schedule

Ten-day local intraosseous exposure in the rat study: GHK and Thymogen 0.5 µg/kg, Dalargin 1.2 µg/kg, singly or in pairs. Experimental methods, not a human regimen.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal PDF, p.60

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal PDF pp.60–65; Table 1 and Figure 5 visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Phagocytic index: GHK plus Dalargin	71.3 ± 5.1% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controls	Uninjured control 70.7 ± 7.0%; n=8/group; M±m as printed · Day 10 · p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1 marks *2
Phagocytosis activation index: GHK plus Dalargin	2.4 ± 0.3 versus 0.4 ± 0.03 in fracture controls	Uninjured control 2.7 ± 0.2; GHK alone 1.2 ± 0.1; Dalargin alone 1.3 ± 0.1 · Day 10 · p<0.05 versus fracture control; pairwise superiority to single peptides not established by table symbols
Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK alone	No significant increase versus fracture controls; remained below the uninjured reference	Figure 5 group 2 has no fracture-control significance star; no exact bar values digitized · Day 10 · Figure marker indicates p<0.05 versus uninjured animals
Oxygen-dependent reserve: GHK plus Dalargin	Increased versus fracture controls; not marked different from the uninjured reference	Figure 5 group 5; this does not establish equivalence to healthy animals · Day 10 · p<0.05 versus fracture control; exact plotted values not extracted
GHK plus Thymogen: phagocytic index	75.3 ± 5.9% versus 30.8 ± 3.1% in fracture controls	This combination also improved uptake; its oxygen-dependent reserve did not show the same restoration pattern as GHK plus Dalargin · Day 10 · p<0.05 versus fracture control; Table 1
Bone repair	More advanced callus remodeling described with GHK combinations; fracture line described as barely visible	Qualitative histology/radiography, not a quantified union-time or strength endpoint · Day 10
Safety and clinical outcomes	No formal adverse-event series, infection-rate reduction or human treatment outcome reported
Assay group sizes	Table 1 and Figure 5 report n=8/group; histology sample flow not separately established

Table 1: all reported neutrophil phagocytosis results

Table 1: all reported neutrophil phagocytosis results
Group	Phagocytic index (%)	Phagocytic number	Phagocytosis activation index
Uninjured saline control	70.7 ± 7.0	4.0 ± 0.3	2.7 ± 0.2
Fracture + saline	30.8 ± 3.1 *1	1.3 ± 0.1 *1	0.4 ± 0.03 *1
Fracture + GHK	40.7 ± 3.2 *1,2	2.7 ± 0.2 *1,2	1.2 ± 0.1 *1,2
Fracture + Dalargin	40.5 ± 3.0 *1,2	2.7 ± 0.2 *1,2	1.3 ± 0.1 *1,2
Fracture + Thymogen	53.2 ± 4.1 *1,2	2.8 ± 0.2 *1,2	1.7 ± 0.1 *1,2
Fracture + GHK/Dalargin	71.3 ± 5.1 *2	3.9 ± 0.3 *2	2.4 ± 0.3 *2
Fracture + GHK/Thymogen	75.3 ± 5.9 *2	4.0 ± 0.3 *2	2.6 ± 0.2 *2
Fracture + Thymogen/Dalargin	54.6 ± 5.1 *1,2	2.8 ± 0.2 *1,2	1.8 ± 0.1 *1,2

Original M±m notation; n=8/group, day 10. *1: p<0.05 versus uninjured animals; *2: p<0.05 versus fracture/saline control. Marks retain the original comparison groups. Missing *1 is not proof of equivalence, and these are not monotherapy-versus-combination tests.

This is an original animal study, not a clinical review. Neutrophil uptake and oxygen-dependent reserve are surrogate assays; bone outcomes are descriptive. The claimed synergy lacks a formal interaction test. The 2021 local-delivery study and the 2011 systemic patent belong to a related research program; independent replication or shared animals cannot be established from the available reports.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-07

Population / setting: Male Wistar rats with experimental femoral fracture; Table 1 lists eight groups, n=8/group; overall cohort flow not separately specified
What was checked: Original PDF recovered through CyberLeninka and checked against publisher-deposited Crossref metadata and the Russian Central Scientific Medical Library abstract. Selected methods, results, Table 1 and Figure 5 reviewed; no independent experimental audit. Received 25 September and accepted 20 December 2021; exact publication day not established.

Limitations & review scope

Small animal groups; randomization, blinded assessment, power calculation and complete participant flow are not described.
The numerical endpoints are neutrophil assays, not fracture-union time, mechanical bone strength or clinical infection rates.
Table significance symbols compare uninjured or fracture controls; they do not establish equivalence to healthy animals or a formal combination-interaction effect.
Local intraosseous administration differs from the systemic 2011 patent experiment. Shared authors and related models do not establish independent replication; cohort overlap is unresolved.
The peptide tested was unbound GHK, not GHK-Cu. Pairwise combinations must not be recast as one three-peptide cocktail.

Source checked 2026-11-07. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2002 · Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic ImmunosuppressorHepatocyte mitotic activity: Increased after ten intraperitoneal GHK injections; exact indices and uncertainty not provided

2002Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor

Unbound Gly-His-Lys (GHK, also called GHL); no administered copper complex specified · Original experimental journal publication

Format: Original indexed and publisher abstracts · Reviewed: Abstracts checked; complete article and numerical tables unavailable

M. Yu. Smakhtin, L. A. Sever’yanova, A. I. Konoplya, I. A. Shveinov · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002;133(6):586–587. PMID 12447473

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Liver-cell division increased while antibody-producing cells and delayed hypersensitivity were suppressed. Numerical effect sizes are unavailable.

Animal liver-proliferation and immune-response experiments; group sizes and injection intervals unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Ten intraperitoneal injections; abstract prints 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg. Units retained exactly as published; they must not be silently replaced by µg/kg.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed and publisher abstracts; dose units unresolved

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed and publisher abstracts; full article unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Hepatocyte mitotic activity	Increased after ten intraperitoneal GHK injections; exact indices and uncertainty not provided
Humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses	Dose-dependent suppression reported; no numerical antibody-cell counts or hypersensitivity scores in the abstract
Dose units as printed	1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg; ten injections	The 2004 text uses µg/kg. The 1,000-fold discrepancy is unresolved; no corrected dose is asserted.
Tissue injury and tolerability	Not quantified in this abstract; adverse histology is described in the separately linked 2003 and 2004 sources

Mitotic activity is a surrogate endpoint, not evidence of clinical liver repair. The dose units require the full original paper or an authenticated correction.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Wistar rats and CBA mice indexed for the liver and immune experiments; group sizes absent from the checked abstract
What was checked: PubMed and publisher abstracts checked. Full original article not recovered; the 2004 histology findings are reviewed separately, not attributed to this abstract.

Limitations & review scope

Animal endpoints do not establish human efficacy, a safe human dose or long-term safety. These were not GHK-Cu administration experiments.
The 2002 paper, 2003 paper, 2004 dissertation and related patent belong to the same research program; independence of their animal cohorts is unresolved.
The 1,000-fold dose-unit discrepancy is unresolved. Exact mitotic indices, immune-response magnitudes, group sizes and injection intervals are unavailable in this abstract.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2003 · Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethaneHepatocyte mitotic index: Increased; no numerical treatment-versus-control estimate provided

2003Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Pharmacological correction of immuno-metabolic disorders with the peptide Gly-His-Lys in hepatic damage induced by tetrachloromethane

Unbound Gly-His-Lys (GHK, also called GHL); no administered copper complex specified · Original experimental journal publication

Format: Original indexed abstract · Reviewed: Abstract checked; complete article and outcome tables unavailable

M. Yu. Smakhtin, A. I. Konoplya, L. A. Sever’yanova, I. A. Shveinov · Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia i Eksperimentalnaia Terapiia. 2003;(2):19–21. PMID 12838768

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

A proliferation signal coexisted with adverse findings at the higher exposure.

Ten-day intraperitoneal GHK administration in experimental toxic liver injury; group sizes unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Ten-day intraperitoneal administration. Abstract prints 2.5/150 “mu/kg” in its dose statement and 1.5 “mu/kg” in its results; exact lower dose and unit require the original paper.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract with internally conflicting dose text

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract with internally inconsistent dose statement
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Hepatocyte mitotic index	Increased; no numerical treatment-versus-control estimate provided
Lower-exposure response	Improved liver functional activity and immune responsiveness described	Result sentence prints 1.5 “mu/kg”; opening dose sentence prints 2.5 “mu/kg”
Higher-exposure response	More potent immunosuppression, worse serum biochemical indices and more dystrophic liver changes	150 “mu/kg” as printed; malformed unit retained
Dose and access limitation	Lower-dose conflict and malformed “mu/kg” remain unresolved; original full paper needed

Increased cell division did not ensure improved liver condition. Do not silently substitute the dissertation’s µg/kg doses for the conflicting article abstract.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Experimental tetrachloromethane-induced liver injury; group sizes unavailable in the checked abstract
What was checked: Original PubMed abstract checked. It prints 2.5 and 150 “mu/kg” initially but 1.5 “mu/kg” in the result sentence. The malformed unit and lower-dose conflict remain unresolved.

Limitations & review scope

Animal endpoints do not establish human efficacy, a safe human dose or long-term safety. These were not GHK-Cu administration experiments.
The 2002 paper, 2003 paper, 2004 dissertation and related patent belong to the same research program; independence of their animal cohorts is unresolved.
The lower dose is printed as both 2.5 and 1.5, with the malformed unit “mu/kg”. The dissertation provides a separate µg/kg account, not a correction authenticated for this article.
No numerical enzyme changes, histology scores, group denominators or effect uncertainty supplied by the checked abstract.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2004 · Smakhtin’s 2004 GHK dissertation: animal doses, liver histology and immune resultsLiver mitotic index at 1.5 µg/kg: 12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline

2004Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Smakhtin’s 2004 GHK dissertation: animal doses, liver histology and immune results

Unbound Gly-His-Lys (GHK, also called GHL); no administered copper complex specified · Dissertation author’s abstract

Format: Third-party HTML transcription of the Russian author’s abstract; original scan not recovered · Reviewed: Methods, narrative results and selected legible table cells extracted from transcription; original tables not visually verified

M. Yu. Smakhtin · Влияние регуляторных пептидов на гепатоцеллюлярные и иммунную функции организма. Doctor of Biological Sciences author’s abstract, Moscow, 2004; work conducted at Kursk State Medical University.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

GHK showed endpoint- and schedule-dependent effects. Selected numbers below are provisional transcriptions, with adverse findings retained beside the proliferation results.

CBA mice and Wistar rats; saline-controlled GHK dose series, liver histology and antigen-response assays. Table 1 n=8 per condition, Table 2 n=8, Table 3 n=9; program-wide totals are not assay group sizes.

Dose, route and schedule

GHK 0.5, 1.5, 5, 50, 150 or 450 µg/kg per intraperitoneal injection, 24 hours apart. Liver experiments used 5 or 10 injections. Immune work used a 10-day course and separate four-day before- or after-immunization schedules; Table 2 also has a combined before-and-after column. Saline controls.

Protocol source ↗ · Methods in the transcribed 2004 author’s abstract; original scan pending

Reported findings and study figures · 2004 author’s-abstract HTML transcription, methods and selected Tables 1–3; original scan pending
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Liver mitotic index at 1.5 µg/kg	12.7±2.5‰ versus 3.8±0.8‰ with saline	Wistar rats; Table 1, n=8 per condition; mean±SEM; ‰ means per thousand, not percent · Ten daily intraperitoneal injections; original scan pending
Higher-exposure liver findings	450 µg/kg worsened microstructural organization and produced dystrophic changes; 150 µg/kg worsened morphology and serum indices in toxic liver injury	Narrative findings; no reconstructed injury-score magnitude
Neutrophil reserve: lower versus higher exposure	1.5 µg/kg: 24.9±2.6%; 450 µg/kg: 5.3±0.6%; saline: 12.0±1.1%	Table 3, n=9; mean±SEM; intraperitoneal dosing; selected transcribed cells
Dose with no significant activity described	0.5 µg/kg: no significant hepatotropic or immunotropic activity in the narrative	Absence of a detected effect is not a human safety threshold
Mitotic index at 50 and 150 µg/kg	13.7±2.8‰ and 12.6±2.5‰, respectively; saline 3.8±0.8‰	Cell division remained elevated; this does not rule out tissue injury · Ten-day course; Table 1, n=8; mean±SEM
Antibody-producing cells at 1.5 µg/kg	22.3±3.8 versus 36.1±6.4 ×10³ cells per spleen with saline	Table 2, n=8; mean±SEM; before-and-after-immunization column, not a neutrophil assay · Antibody assessment on day 5 after immunization; schedule differs from before-only and after-only columns
Antibody-producing cells at 150 and 450 µg/kg	10.2±1.7 and 9.3±1.5 ×10³ cells per spleen; saline 36.1±6.4 ×10³	Table 2 combined before-and-after schedule, n=8; mean±SEM
Timing of antibody suppression	Narrative onset at 1.5 µg/kg before and after immunization, 5 µg/kg before only, and 50 µg/kg after only	The same nominal dose can affect endpoints differently depending on timing
Neutrophil phagocytic index	1.5 µg/kg: 37.8±3.5%; 450 µg/kg: 22.4±2.7%; saline: 41.4±3.9%	Table 3, n=9; mean±SEM. Narrative describes no significant phagocytosis change at 1.5/5 µg/kg and suppression at 150/450 µg/kg
Toxic liver injury at 1.5 µg/kg	Weak hepatoprotection, improved morphology and selected serum markers described	Acute/chronic toxic injury models; no numerical serum estimate reconstructed here
Toxic liver injury at 150 µg/kg	Stronger immunosuppression and worse liver injury despite increased mitotic activity	Narrative morphology and serum findings; greater proliferation is not equivalent to recovery
Dose, route and schedule	GHK 0.5, 1.5, 5, 50, 150 or 450 µg/kg intraperitoneally at 24-hour intervals	Liver: 5 or 10 injections; immune work: ten-day and separate antigen-timing schedules
Combination experiments	GHK plus DSLET sometimes enhanced repair-related responses; parent ACTH(4–10) could attenuate GHK effects	Context-dependent qualitative findings; no formal synergy, human benefit, DSIP or Semax effect established
Program totals versus assay groups	2,505 mice and 2,060 rats across the entire multi-peptide program; selected GHK tables n=8 or n=9	Do not present the total as thousands of animals treated with GHK
Extraction gaps and uncertainty	Some cells and significance marks are damaged; selected legible cells only	Original 290-page thesis and authenticated author’s-abstract scan not recovered; exact pairwise p-values not reconstructed

Selected Table 1 cells: ten-day liver mitotic index

Selected Table 1 cells: ten-day liver mitotic index
GHK per injection	Mitotic index (‰), mean±SEM	Source context
Saline	3.8±0.8	n=8 per condition
0.5 µg/kg	5.8±1.3	Ten daily intraperitoneal injections
1.5 µg/kg	12.7±2.5	Ten daily intraperitoneal injections
50 µg/kg	13.7±2.8	Ten daily intraperitoneal injections
150 µg/kg	12.6±2.5	Ten daily intraperitoneal injections

Selected legible cells from the author’s-abstract transcription, not visually verified against an original scan. Mean±SEM; damaged significance superscripts are not reconstructed. Omitted or unreadable cells are not zero. The 5 µg/kg uncertainty is damaged and the 450 µg/kg ten-day mitotic-index cell is absent. ‰ is per thousand.

Selected Table 2 cells: antibody-producing cells, before-and-after schedule

Selected Table 2 cells: antibody-producing cells, before-and-after schedule
GHK per injection	Cells per spleen (×10³), mean±SEM
Saline	36.1±6.4
0.5 µg/kg	34.4±5.1
1.5 µg/kg	22.3±3.8
5 µg/kg	21.1±3.2
150 µg/kg	10.2±1.7
450 µg/kg	9.3±1.5

Selected legible cells from the author’s-abstract transcription, not visually verified against an original scan. Mean±SEM; damaged significance superscripts are not reconstructed. Omitted or unreadable cells are not zero. n=8. Selected combined-timing column only; the 50 µg/kg cell is OCR-corrupted. The before-only and after-only schedules are different comparisons.

Selected Table 3 cells: neutrophil function

Selected Table 3 cells: neutrophil function
GHK per injection	Phagocytic index (%), mean±SEM	Functional reserve (%), mean±SEM
Saline	41.4±3.9	12.0±1.1
1.5 µg/kg	37.8±3.5	24.9±2.6
450 µg/kg	22.4±2.7	5.3±0.6

Selected legible cells from the author’s-abstract transcription, not visually verified against an original scan. Mean±SEM; damaged significance superscripts are not reconstructed. Omitted or unreadable cells are not zero. n=9. Selected conditions only; improved functional reserve does not exclude antibody suppression in another assay.

These findings separate liver-cell proliferation, tissue integrity, neutrophil function and antibody responses. Lower exposure was not uniformly immune-stimulating, and higher proliferation did not imply healthier tissue. No human regimen or safe-dose range can be inferred. GHK is distinct from GHK-Cu; DSLET is not DSIP and ACTH(4–10) is not Semax.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Program total: 2,505 CBA mice and 2,060 Wistar rats across multiple peptides and experiments. Selected GHK tables report n=8 per condition (liver/antibody assays) or n=9 (neutrophil assays); program totals are not GHK treatment-arm sizes.
What was checked: Recovered author’s-abstract transcription, including methods and Tables 1–3. The described 290-page full thesis has not been recovered. Selected numerical cells are provisional until the original scan can be checked; unreadable cells and damaged significance superscripts are not reconstructed.

Limitations & review scope

Animal endpoints do not establish human efficacy, a safe human dose or long-term safety. These were not GHK-Cu administration experiments.
The 2002 paper, 2003 paper, 2004 dissertation and related patent belong to the same research program; independence of their animal cohorts is unresolved.
Third-party transcription, not an authenticated original scan or the complete 290-page thesis. OCR errors affect some cells and comparison symbols.
Selected tables give M±m (mean±SEM). Exact pairwise significance assignments cannot be reconstructed reliably from damaged superscripts. Randomization, masking, power and full animal flow are unresolved.
Five- and ten-injection liver experiments and before/after-immunization immune schedules are distinct. A favorable neutrophil endpoint does not establish overall immune benefit.
DSLET is a delta-opioid peptide, not DSIP. Parent ACTH(4–10) is not Semax; their findings are not assigned to those cards.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2019 · The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and TimogenGHK and liver proliferation: Stronger hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen described; numerical effect sizes not supplied

2019Animal / experimentalFull text available

The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen

Unbound GHK and Thymogen in separate treatment groups; not a GHK–Thymogen combination or GHK-Cu · Original experimental journal publication

Format: Original publisher PDF, indexed text · Reviewed: Publisher PDF indexed text checked; PDF page images not visually verified

A. A. Chulanova, M. Yu. Smakhtin, K. I. Sunaykin, A. M. Smakhtina · Russian Journal of Immunology. 2019:644–646. Publisher record: 22(2-1); PDF header: 13(22), №2.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Liver proliferation and immune responses differed between peptides and injury models; these were separate treatments, not combination therapy.

Separate GHK, Thymogen and saline groups in two rat toxic-liver-injury models; ten daily intraperitoneal injections. Group sizes unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Ten daily intraperitoneal injections with saline controls. Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg in the paired dose statement, with the per-kg denominator not repeated. Spleen antibody-producing cells assessed on day 5 after immunization.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher PDF indexed text; abbreviated GHL dose denominator

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher PDF indexed text, pp.644–646; no numerical outcome table
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK and liver proliferation	Stronger hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen described; numerical effect sizes not supplied
GHK and antibody responses	Suppression in both injury models; no correction of the already-suppressed response in the hydrazine model	Baseline response increased with tetrachloromethane injury but decreased with hydrazine injury
Thymogen and antibody responses	Normalization described in hydrazine injury	Separate Thymogen group, not an effect of adding Thymogen to GHK
Dose statement	Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg, with the per-kg denominator not repeated for GHL	Ten daily intraperitoneal injections; antibody-producing cells measured day 5 after immunization
Numerical outcomes and safety	No group sizes, outcome means, exact p-values, confidence intervals or adverse-event counts supplied

Qualitative preclinical evidence only. GHK did not consistently normalize immune responses; the apparent proliferation advantage cannot be equated with clinical liver recovery. The abbreviated GHL denominator remains an extraction limitation.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Wistar rats, 180–220 g; tetrachloromethane and hydrazine liver-injury models. Group sizes not supplied in the three-page report.
What was checked: Original three-page publisher PDF indexed text checked for methods, outcomes and references. Qualitative comparisons retained; denominators and effect sizes not supplied. Same author network as the historical program; independence unresolved.

Limitations & review scope

Animal comparison, not a human liver-disease trial; GHK and Thymogen were tested separately.
The paired dose statement gives Thymogen 1 µg/kg and GHL 1.5 µg without repeating the per-kg denominator for GHL. That abbreviation is retained rather than treated as a fully resolved dose.
No group sizes, outcome means, confidence intervals or exact p-values supplied. A stronger proliferation signal does not establish healthier liver tissue.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

2023 · Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1GHK-Cu at 60 minutes: 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators

2023Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1

· Patent report

Filip Majewski · European patent application EP4226918A1

A capsule-in-capsule Epitalon formulation produced higher reported plasma concentrations than two comparison capsules. At 120 minutes, Table 4 reports 18,600 pg/mL versus 3,000 and 1,000 pg/mL.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The disclosure reports higher plasma peptide concentrations for nested-capsule formulations than selected comparators.

Oral peptide-delivery patent examples described as administration to a patient; sample size, repeatability and assay validation are not established.

Dose, route and schedule

Example 2 used 2 mg Epitalon with lauroyl L-carnitine and citric acid in nested enteric capsules; blood sampling extended to 360 minutes.

Protocol source ↗ · Patent Example 2

Reported findings and study figures · Examples 1–2, plasma-concentration narratives and corresponding tables.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-Cu at 60 minutes	350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators	Formulation examples; not a clinical skin or wound outcome · 60 minutes
Epithalon at 60 minutes	360 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 310 and 50 pg/mL comparators	Individual patent pharmacokinetic example · 60 minutes

Plasma measurements alone do not establish absolute bioavailability, clinical benefit or oral equivalence. Assay specificity, replication and patient characteristics are incompletely reported.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Oral peptide-delivery patent examples described as administration to a patient; sample size, repeatability and assay validation are not established.
What was checked: Example 2, analytical methods and Tables 3–4 checked. No assessment of patent validity or regulatory approval.

Limitations & review scope

Patent-reported measurements, not a peer-reviewed clinical trial or an absolute bioavailability estimate.
Results concern a specific formulation; they cannot be transferred to ordinary capsules. Table 3 and Table 4 differ for the second comparator.

Source checked 2026-11-06. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.

Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗

GHK-Cu & GHK familyGHK и структурные аналоги

About GHK-Cu & GHK family

What the studies found

Reported finding

Reported finding

Reported finding

New in this profile

Understanding the evidence

GHK-Cu, the new endings, and related research

GHK doses, liver regeneration and immune suppression

Liver-cell division increased

Higher exposure could worsen tissue condition

Neutrophil and antibody endpoints diverged

Reported doses and unresolved units

Three Russian patent directions beyond wound healing

Which molecule was studied?

The Russian terminal-extension studies

Human topical findings are mixed

Additional research and useful distinctions

Outstanding review questions

Patents and claimed inventions

Linked sources

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported patent results

Dose, route and schedule

Related compound research

Thymogen research ↗

Dalargin research ↗

Epitalon research ↗

Cortagen research ↗