← Research topicsMOLEKUL EVIDENCE MAP / REVIEWED 9 NOVEMBER 2026

Sports performance and peptide research

Athlete cycling and swimming data, nutrition studies, animal endurance and muscle recovery. Compare what was measured, the preparation and dose, and what the study can establish.

Historical cohort counts ↗ · Military program archive ↗ · Original papers and cohort audit ↗

Sports and exercise cohorts

510 participant records

The study table shows the sample sizes, possible overlaps and reports held out of the subtotal.

See the count ↓

Cycling and swimming · patent disclosure

48 athletes

Six per arm in each sport. The companion patent repeats much of the Fraction B and saline data.

Findings and methods ↓

Rowing · one research program

120 rowers

The best reported ergometer arm rose 3.94% with Ecdysten plus Hepatamin. The journal and dissertation share a research program.

Findings and methods ↓

Compare the endpoint first: cycling duration, swim time, physiology and recovery are different measurements. Reported doses describe source methods.

Results at a glance

The athlete studies measure different things: race-like tasks, ergometer output, reaction time, and recovery. Read each result with its cohort and comparator. Related reports can reuse participants.

Selected results and the context needed to interpret them
Study	Study population	Reported result and context
Cortexin during a 10 km biathlon	20 athletes, ten per arm	26% fewer misses · integrated score +5.5% vs +2.9%The 2014 paper cites the related patent. Possible overlap with earlier biathlon reports keeps the 20 out of the cohort subtotal.
Pinealon in artistic gymnasts	16 gymnasts and 20 student controls	55% of test time in the center of the targetA post-treatment balance measure. Student scores and a matched placebo comparison were unavailable.
Paired brain fractions in cycling and swimming	48 athletes, six per arm in each sport	8.4 vs 4.6 min cycling · 38 vs 23 min swimmingDay 21 versus saline in a patent disclosure. The companion filing substantially repeats the Fraction B and control results.
Cytamins in competitive rowers	120 rowers across the research program	+3.94% in the best reported ergometer armEcdysten plus Hepatamin over three weeks. The journal article and dissertation cover the same program.
Semax and simulated hypoxia in athletes	45 athletes, three arms	0.25 s Semax · 0.24 s hypoxia · 0.32 s salinePost-test visual reaction times. Baselines differed, and overlap with the related 45-athlete report remains unresolved.
Pinealon and Crystagen in rhythmic gymnastics	20 gymnasts, 12 combination and eight comparison	83.8 → 74.2 beats/min in morning recoveryCombination arm. The usual-training group went from 86.6 to 88.4. Heart rate during routines showed no clear change.
Cortexin during a swim training camp	14 swimmers, seven per arm	Blood urea fell 42% with Cortexin and 50% with salineTraining blood chemistry. The study did not report race times.
Semax in women’s basketball	28 in methods, 40 in table headings	Free throws p=0.37 · three-point shots p=0.44Neither reported comparison reached statistical significance. Conflicting table labels limit interpretation.
Soy peptide hydrolysate and loaded swimming	Rat experiment, eight soy-group rats in the final plot	91 → 404 s in the soy groupGroup means over repeated testing. Four animals were lost across all arms.

Sports and exercise cohorts by study

510 reported participant records across 13 counted cohorts. This subtotal covers selected athlete interventions, patent examples and exercise-physiology comparisons. It includes comparison participants and untreated volunteers.

Each study family contributes one count. Reports with possible overlap or an unresolved sample size add zero. The sources do not identify participants across independent programs, so these figures count records and may include some of the same people.

Reported sample sizes and their contribution to the archive tally
Study or report	Reported and counted	Counting decision
Emirova, 2004 · cytamins in rowers	120120 added	Use the dissertation program total once. The same-author journal paper reports the same three-week program and ergometer comparison. Nominal arm counts are reported differently.
Khavinson et al., 2018 · rowers	28 (14 + 14)28 added	The Lesgaft rowing-base study used Pinealon and Crystagen. Emirova’s earlier rowing program used different preparations and a different protocol.
Khavinson, Viner et al., 2012 · rhythmic gymnasts	20 (12 + 8)20 added	Use the methodological report’s two arms once. Related publications from the same research group add no separate count.
Lysenko et al., 2012 · female judo athletes	18; blood subset 1018 added	Before-and-after tests used the same cohort. The blood subset adds no participants.
Bolshova, 2021 · elite swimmers	14 (7 + 7)14 added	One training-camp comparison. Baseline and post-course blood tests are repeat measurements.
Tambovtseva and Sechin, 2019 · Semax and hypoxia	45 (14 + 17 + 14)45 added	Use the journal denominator as the reference count for this related group of athlete reports.
Sechin et al., 2018 · shooters and martial artists	45 (14 + 17 + 14)0 added	Held for possible overlap. The author network and all three arm sizes match the 2019 report. The third arm is described differently, so identity remains unresolved.
Tambovtseva and Sechin, 2017 · archers	200 added	Held for possible overlap. Same investigators, shooting sports and acute Semax test. Recruitment records are unavailable.
Khadartsev et al., 2021 · Semax in biathletes	66 (47 + 19 in abstract and tables)66 added	Use the stated total, which agrees with the table groups. One methods sentence gives 21 for the comparator. Both arms received Semax.
Ganapolsky et al., 2011–2012 · Cortexin in biathletes	14 in related reporting0 added	Held pending the original participant table. The journal, conference reports and RU2469730C2 share investigators or outcomes.
RU2469730C2 · Cortexin biathlon example	Arm sizes unresolved0 added	No separate count. The reported reduction in misses matches a result in the older Cortexin biathlon trail.
Orlova et al., 2025 · women’s basketball	28 in methods; 40 in table0 added	Held because the source gives incompatible arm sizes. The reported shooting comparisons were nonsignificant.
SPORT 5 Plus, 2011 · veteran athletes	39 (22 + 17)39 added	Count the two study arms once. The report’s outcome table covers a subset.
Solovyov, 2011 · exercise physiology	36 (18 athletes + 18 comparison participants)36 added	Human physiology comparison without drug treatment. The Semax and Selank interventions in the dissertation used rats and add no human participants.
Shustov et al., 2014 · exercise hypoxia	10 track-and-field athletes10 added	Count the human treadmill pilot once. The separate animal series adds no human participants.
RU2503459C2 · paired brain fractions	48 (24 cyclists + 24 swimmers)48 added	Applicant-reported human groups. Repeated tests within each sport do not add participants.
RU2496504C1 · midbrain fraction	Overlapping athlete groups0 added	No separate count. Fraction B and saline results substantially match the paired-fraction disclosure, with a small day-27 discrepancy.
RU2521324C1 · nutritional cryopowders in rowers	30 (15 + 15)30 added	Applicant-reported adolescent rowing comparison. Its age profile and nutritional intervention distinguish it from the other two rowing programs.
Morgul et al., 2013 · artistic gymnasts and students	36 (16 gymnasts + 20 students)36 added	Original abstract, printed p. 362. The artistic-gymnast and student groups differ from the female rhythmic-gymnast study. Count this comparison once.
Lysenko et al., 2013 · precompetition gymnast monitoring	No separate denominator0 added	Held for possible overlap with the other 2013 balance abstract. The tripeptide is unnamed in this report.
Tsvetkov et al., 2014 · Cortexin in biathletes	20 (10 + 10)0 added	Held for possible overlap. The paper cites RU2469730C2 and reports the same 26% reduction in misses. The 2011 and 2012 cohorts remain unresolved.
Lysenko et al., 2015 · Pinealon and Vesugen in athletes	No confirmed denominator0 added	Citation confirmed. Hold pending original methods and participant matching with related athlete studies.
Potupchik et al., 2017 · topical products after exercise and injury	Groups of 10, 10 and 30 added	Outside this subtotal. The study measured local skin outcomes after exercise or minor injury. Distinct participant counts across the described groups are unverified.
Grishin, 2004 · football players	Cohort denominator unavailable0 added	The catalogue and conclusions do not establish how many players took part.
Levin et al., 1991 · Thymogen in young athletes	Cohort denominator unavailable0 added	The citation is confirmed in the author bibliography. The original methods are needed for a count.
Subtotal	510 records	13 counted cohorts.

What the sports research measured

The human records include cycling, swimming, taekwondo and mountaineering. The animal studies separate loaded endurance, recovery and preservation of muscle during disuse. Those endpoints answer different questions and use different preparations.

The cycling tables go beyond sprint time

In the paired-fraction patent, submaximal cycling distance rose from 8.5 to 15.5 km by day 21, versus 6.3 to 7.1 km with saline. Each arm had six cyclists. Allocation and masking are unclear, and the companion patent repeats much of the comparator data.

Cycling and swimming tables ↗

Swimming duration and speed moved together

The same patent reports 38 vs 23 min for endurance and 7.6 vs 5.0 km/h in the five-minute speed test at day 21. These are two outcomes from the same disclosed swimmer groups, with six per arm.

Read the athlete methods ↗

Running time and blood measures diverged

The 2015 Pinealon experiment reports 18 more minutes of rat treadmill time by day 10 versus its own baseline. Hemoglobin fell from 158.2 to 128.6 g/L in that group. The trained controls also improved their running time.

Treadmill and blood results ↗

HISTORY AND RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY

Why sports became a testing ground

Training and competition gave Soviet and Russian researchers repeatable ways to examine fatigue. Cycling distance, swim time and treadmill work could be measured alongside lactate, blood counts or recovery. A training control mattered because repeated practice could improve the same endpoint the researchers hoped to change with a preparation.

Researchers asked how to maintain output under load and what that output cost the body. Adaptation research examined how repeated stress changed tolerance. Actoprotector research focused on work capacity and fatigue, often with energy metabolism in view. Later studies of tissue extracts and peptide fractions asked whether the composition of a preparation changed particular responses.

The sources span several approaches. The 2015 treadmill paper compared a synthetic peptide with Metaprot during training. The 2017 taekwondo report evaluated a multi-part nutrition program. The 2026 soy study compared a food hydrolysate with whey protein and free amino acids. Together they trace how the endurance question persisted while the preparations and controls changed.

The athlete patent and Pinealon treadmill paper illustrate the distinction. One tracked speed and duration in small human groups. The other followed endurance and blood measures through rat training. Both help explain why researchers tracked several endpoints instead of relying on a single performance score.

Athlete patent tables ↗ · Training and blood measurements ↗ · Molekul’s historical synthesis ↗

Which preparation was actually tested?

Identity and limits at a glance
Preparation	What it is	Where the evidence belongs
PPK-V (ППК «В»)	Calf cerebral cortex hydrolysate; PPK-B (ППК «Б») is brainstem-derived.	Rat hypoxia and loaded swim. No human PPK-V test in the paired-fraction patents.
Brain fractions A and B	2–5 kDa limbic/associated regions and 0.5–0.9 kDa midbrain; different from PPK-A/B/V.	Applicant-reported cycling and swimming data with substantial overlap between filings.
VIR-8	Named polypeptide complex; sequences and size profile unresolved.	Mouse cold finding alongside a neutral heat result. Identity with PPK-V unverified.
Soy hydrolysate	Food-derived peptide mixture, ~6 kDa average.	Rat nutrition experiment. Similar molecular mass does not establish common sequences.
Oleyl-Cortagen	Lipid-modified tetrapeptide; distinct from Cortagen and Cortexin.	Behavior and self-stimulation, with different central and systemic exposures.
Pineamin	Pineal polypeptide mixture; distinct from Pinealon, Epitalon and Epithalamin.	Animal stress-comparison tables missing. Human semen outcomes are separate.

Athlete studies and human exercise

Start with direct measurements in athletes. Designs include applicant disclosures, small comparisons and nutrition interventions; methods and effects are not interchangeable.

2014 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

RU2503459C2: paired brain peptide fractions in cycling and swimming — RU2503459C2 ↗

4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.

Population / model: Example 5 describes 24 cyclists aged 20–22 and 24 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had four groups of six: combined fractions, either fraction alone, or saline.

Cyclists · maximal-speed duration: 4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 minDays 1 to 21; n=6 per arm. Day 21 A-only and B-only: 6.8±0.2 and 6.7±0.1 min.
Cyclists · submaximal distance: 8500±150 to 15500±120 m with A + B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 mDays 1 to 21; approximately 60% of maximal speed.

Interpretation: Different preparation from cortex-derived PPK-V. Athlete observations are applicant-reported and overlap the companion filing; the claimed synergy is unconfirmed.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported patent results

Reported findings

4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.

Example 5 describes 24 cyclists aged 20–22 and 24 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had four groups of six: combined fractions, either fraction alone, or saline.

Reported findings and study figures · Original Russian patent description and tables in indexed full text; PDF scan could not be retrieved
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration	4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min	Days 1 to 21; n=6 per arm. Day 21 A-only and B-only: 6.8±0.2 and 6.7±0.1 min.
Cyclists · submaximal distance	8500±150 to 15500±120 m with A + B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 m	Days 1 to 21; approximately 60% of maximal speed.
Swimmers · endurance	25.0±3 to 38.0±4 min with A + B; saline 24.0±2 to 23.0±5 min	Days 1 to 21; front crawl at 60–62% of competition speed.
Swimmers · speed	5.0±0.1 to 7.6±0.1 km/h with A + B; saline 4.9±0.1 to 5.0±0.1 km/h	Days 1 to 21; five-minute test at intended ~95% load.
Reported athlete doses	Rectal: A 20 mg; B 10 mg; A + B 10 + 5 mg; saline control	Example 5. Full dose frequency and compliance not established from the athlete example.
Other experiments	Rat treadmill and swim assays; mini-pig treadmill time 26.1±1.2 to 37.9±1.1 min with A + B	Table 7, days 1–21; six mini-pigs per group. Same B/control series appear in the related filing.
Overlap check	The Fraction B and saline athlete tables largely repeat the earlier filing, with a discrepancy in the final cycling sprint value. Participant identifiers are unavailable; treat these as overlapping disclosures, not independent trials.	Cycle sprint day 27, Fraction B: 6.6±0.2 min in RU2496504C1; 6.5±0.2 min in RU2503459C2.
Safety and synergy	No formal synergy test or systematic human adverse-event table identified	Unclear allocation and masking; unequal component and total doses.

Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)

Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fractions A + B	4.5±0.2	7.1±0.5	7.8±0.3	8.4±0.2	8.2±0.5
Fraction A	4.6±0.3	5.7±0.2	6.2±0.1	6.8±0.2	6.6±0.3
Fraction B	4.2±0.1	5.6±0.2	6.1±0.3	6.7±0.1	6.5±0.2
Saline	4.3±0.3	4.5±0.1	4.6±0.2	4.6±0.5	4.5±0.1

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 9 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)

Table 9 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fractions A + B	8500±150	11000±100	13000±100	15500±120	14200±100
Fraction A	7600±100	9800±150	11000±100	12800±150	12300±120
Fraction B	7200±130	8900±120	10400±120	11600±100	10900±100
Saline	6300±120	6500±150	6900±100	7100±100	6900±150

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 10 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)

Table 10 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fractions A + B	25.0±3	30.0±2	34.0±3	38.0±4	37.0±3
Fraction A	24.0±2	27.0±3	31.0±3	34.0±2	33.0±2
Fraction B	25.0±1	27.0±3	31.0±2	35.0±3	34.0±3
Saline	24.0±2	25.0±3	24.0±2	23.0±5	22.0±4

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 11 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)

Table 11 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fractions A + B	5.0±0.1	6.2±0.15	6.9±0.1	7.6±0.1	7.5±0.1
Fraction A	4.9±0.1	5.7±0.1	6.3±0.1	6.9±0.1	6.8±0.1
Fraction B	4.85±0.1	5.8±0.1	6.2±0.1	6.7±0.1	6.5±0.1
Saline	4.9±0.1	5.0±0.1	5.1±0.1	5.0±0.1	4.7±0.1

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Cross-patent comparison · differing athlete cells

Cross-patent comparison · differing athlete cells
Later table	Group	Day	RU2496504C1	RU2503459C2
Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)	Fraction B	Day 27	6.6±0.2	6.5±0.2

The other Fraction B and saline cells match exactly after normalizing decimal commas. The near-identical time series strongly suggest reuse of data; participant overlap was not independently documented.

The patent reports longer cycling and swimming in the combination arm. It does not establish a reproducible treatment effect or interaction. Athlete results cannot be attributed to PPK-V, VIR-8 or Cortexin.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

The patent reports longer cycling and swimming in the combination arm. It does not establish a reproducible treatment effect or interaction. Athlete results cannot be attributed to PPK-V, VIR-8 or Cortexin.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Full source record ↗

Brain peptide fractions A and B

2013 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

RU2496504C1: midbrain peptide fraction in cycling and swimming — RU2496504C1 ↗

4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.

Population / model: Example 5 describes 12 cyclists aged 20–22 and 12 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had six in the fraction arm and six in the saline arm.

Cyclists · maximal-speed duration: 4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 minDays 1 to 21; n=6 per arm.
Cyclists · submaximal distance: 7200±130 to 11600±100 m with B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 mDays 1 to 21.

Interpretation: Corresponds to the Fraction B preparation in the companion filing; overlapping data are not independent confirmation.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported patent results

Reported findings

4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.

Example 5 describes 12 cyclists aged 20–22 and 12 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had six in the fraction arm and six in the saline arm.

Reported findings and study figures · Original Russian patent description and tables in indexed full text; PDF scan could not be retrieved
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration	4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min	Days 1 to 21; n=6 per arm.
Cyclists · submaximal distance	7200±130 to 11600±100 m with B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 m	Days 1 to 21.
Swimmers · endurance	25.0±1 to 35.0±3 min with B; saline 24.0±2 to 23.0±5 min	Days 1 to 21.
Swimmers · speed	4.85±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 km/h with B; saline 4.9±0.1 to 5.0±0.1 km/h	Days 1 to 21.
Reported athlete dose	10 mg rectally versus saline	Example 5; full dosing frequency and adherence not established.
Overlap check	The Fraction B and saline athlete tables largely repeat the earlier filing, with a discrepancy in the final cycling sprint value. Participant identifiers are unavailable; treat these as overlapping disclosures, not independent trials.	Compare the later patent Tables 8–11 with earlier Tables 7–10.

Table 7 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)

Table 7 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fraction B	4.2±0.1	5.6±0.2	6.1±0.3	6.7±0.1	6.6±0.2
Saline	4.3±0.3	4.5±0.1	4.6±0.2	4.6±0.5	4.5±0.1

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 8 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)

Table 8 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fraction B	7200±130	8900±120	10400±120	11600±100	10900±100
Saline	6300±120	6500±150	6900±100	7100±100	6900±150

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 9 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)

Table 9 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fraction B	25.0±1	27.0±3	31.0±2	35.0±3	34.0±3
Saline	24.0±2	25.0±3	24.0±2	23.0±5	22.0±4

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Table 10 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)

Table 10 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Group	Day 1	Day 8	Day 15	Day 21	Day 27
Fraction B	4.85±0.1	5.8±0.1	6.2±0.1	6.7±0.1	6.5±0.1
Saline	4.9±0.1	5.0±0.1	5.1±0.1	5.0±0.1	4.7±0.1

Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.

Applicant-reported comparisons, with unclear randomization, masking, systematic safety reporting and uncertainty definition. This is a distinct tissue fraction; the patent provides no peptide-sequence match to PPK-V.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Applicant-reported comparisons, with unclear randomization, masking, systematic safety reporting and uncertainty definition. This is a distinct tissue fraction; the patent provides no peptide-sequence match to PPK-V.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Full source record ↗

Brain peptide fractions A and B

2017 · Randomized study in people · Original human comparison with accompanying preclinical and product-development work

Ataka nutrition program in 30 taekwondo athletes — original comparative tables ↗

The authors report random allocation and improvements during 28 days of training. The principal marked differences are from baseline; a treatment-versus-control significance test is not supplied for the extracted endpoints.

Population / model: 30 taekwondo athletes aged 17–26 at the Kometa club in St. Petersburg: active group 20 (13 men, seven women); control ten (five men, five women)

Reported allocation: 20 active participants; ten controls; 30 athletes total.
Statistical contrast: Table 2: * p<0.05 and ** p<0.01 versus baseline. Table 4: * p<0.05 versus baseline.These symbols do not identify a treatment-versus-control test.

Interpretation: Random-sequence generation, concealment and blinding are not described. Active and control groups have different sex distributions, and training schedules varied.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

A 28-day nutrition-plus-training comparison with reported random assignment; statistical markings refer to the baseline column.

Reported findings and study figures · Original PDF human methods p.13; Tables 2–4 pp.17–18, visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported allocation	20 active participants; ten controls; 30 athletes total.
Statistical contrast	Table 2: * p<0.05 and ** p<0.01 versus baseline. Table 4: * p<0.05 versus baseline.	These symbols do not identify a treatment-versus-control test.
Simple visual-motor response latency, Table 3	Baseline 197 ± 4 ms; control 196 ± 5 ms; active 192 ± 4 ms at day 28, without significance markings.

Selected human endpoints, original Tables 2 and 4

Selected human endpoints, original Tables 2 and 4
Outcome	Reported baseline	Control, day 28	Active, day 14	Active, day 28
General physical endurance, points	112.5 ± 2.8	114.3 ± 2.6	116.7 ± 2.7	122.5 ± 2.5**
Respiratory load index, relative units	42.3 ± 3.9	44.5 ± 3.7	47.1 ± 3.1	52.6 ± 3.2*
Competition-readiness self-rating, points	8.1 ± 0.3	8.3 ± 0.3	8.4 ± 0.4	8.8 ± 0.3*

The source supplies a single baseline column, not separate baselines for each arm. * and ** compare with baseline at p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively. Preserve the reported ± values without assuming an uncertainty type.

Improvement during training and numerical group differences do not, by themselves, establish superiority over control. The three-module preparation does not isolate a single ingredient or Pre-Fuse effect.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Original human methods on printed p.13 and Tables 2–4 on pp.17–18. This is a multi-module program, not Pre-Fuse alone.

The tables give one baseline column rather than separate arm-specific baselines. Asterisks denote comparisons with baseline, not with control.
The account does not provide endpoint-specific between-arm effect estimates or confidence intervals for the extracted results.
One author is affiliated with VKB-Sport, where the paper describes formulation development. Historical affiliations do not establish current employment.
Participant overlap with other nutrition reports is unresolved. No effect of an individual ingredient, human disease treatment or combination synergy follows from this program.

Full source record ↗

2011 · Comparison in people · Research publication

Picamilon and cerebral blood flow in maladapted swimmers with different systemic hemodynamic types ↗

The eukinetic subgroup showed different vascular measurements with Picamilon and placebo. These were physiological findings in children, not an adult cognition trial.

Population / model: 48 male swimmers aged 10–12 reported overall; subgroup denominator reconciliation remains open

Cerebral venous-outflow measure: 26.2 ± 1.1% versus 37.5 ± 1.7%p<0.001 as placed in the source tablePicamilon versus placebo; eukinetic subgroup
Dicrotic index: 77.7 ± 6.4% versus 53.3 ± 1.1%p<0.01Picamilon versus placebo; physiological index

Interpretation: The allocation passage lists groups of six while the overall sample is 48; do not infer a simple 16/16/16 split.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

The eukinetic subgroup showed different vascular measurements with Picamilon and placebo. These were physiological findings in children, not an adult cognition trial.

48 male swimmers aged 10–12 overall; the published eukinetic table labels baseline n=13, placebo n=6 and Picamilon n=6. These do not establish a simple whole-program group split.

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal-page PDF reproduction, printed page 151: selected table rows and neighboring results checked; full allocation reconciliation remains open
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cerebral venous-outflow measure	26.2 ± 1.1% versus 37.5 ± 1.7%	Picamilon versus placebo; eukinetic subgroup · Second training stage · p<0.001 as placed in the source table
Dicrotic index	77.7 ± 6.4% versus 53.3 ± 1.1%	Picamilon versus placebo; physiological index · Second stage · p<0.01
Venoarterial ratio	78.6 ± 6.9% versus 51.7 ± 1.4%	Picamilon versus placebo · Second stage · p<0.01
Diastolic rheographic index	80.9 ± 7.8% versus 56.7 ± 1.2%	Picamilon versus placebo · Second stage · p<0.05

Selected eukinetic subgroup measurements

Selected eukinetic subgroup measurements
Measure	Baseline n=13	Placebo n=6	Picamilon n=6
Systolic pressure, mmHg	118.8 ± 3.05	102.0 ± 1.0	111.7 ± 4.4
Pulse pressure, mmHg	57.9 ± 2.63	38.3 ± 1.0	49.3 ± 2.96
Heart rate, beats/min	80.71 ± 3.24	73.4 ± 0.4	76.7 ± 1.0
Dicrotic index, %	52.21 ± 7.8	53.3 ± 1.1	77.7 ± 6.4
Rheographic diastolic index, %	63.20 ± 7.80	56.7 ± 1.2	80.9 ± 7.8
Venoarterial ratio, %	54.2 ± 8.2	51.7 ± 1.4	78.6 ± 6.9
Venous outflow, %	35.9 ± 4.4	37.5 ± 1.7	26.2 ± 1.1

Source labels values M±m; baseline and second-stage columns are preserved separately. The relationship between the 13 baseline observations, six-person groups and overall 48 participants remains unresolved.

These measurements concern cerebral hemodynamics, not demonstrated memory gains or fewer accidents. The baseline and later subgroups have different denominators; do not present them as a clean randomized whole-cohort comparison.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-01

Original journal-page PDF reproduction, printed page 151: selected table rows and neighboring results checked; full allocation reconciliation remains open

Blinding, outcome multiplicity and overlap with other swimmer reports remain unresolved.
Pediatric hemodynamic outcomes do not establish adult cognitive or occupational benefit.

Full source record ↗

Picamilon

2004 · Study involving people · Research publication

Changes in bioenergetic functions and performance capacity of athletes after administration of polyphenolic antihypoxic agents ↗

An indexed clinical-trial record connects the polyphenolic antihypoxant research to athlete bioenergetics. PubMed has no abstract; numerical performance claims are withheld pending original-text review.

Population / model: Athletes; sample and allocation not recovered

Result availability: Numerical results not recoveredOriginal paper needed to verify the preparation, protocol, sample and effect size.

Interpretation: Clinical Trial indexing does not establish randomization or methodological quality.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Historical athlete bioenergetics publication.

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed bibliographic record, no abstract
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Result availability	Numerical results not recovered	Original paper needed to verify the preparation, protocol, sample and effect size.

A relevant acquisition target. No measured effect is claimed from the title.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

PubMed citation checked; full text and results not reviewed. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.

Russian and English versions are one publication, not two studies.

Full source record ↗

Hypoxen / Olifen

2023 · Comparison in people · Original conference abstract

Cytoflavin–Trekrezan plus training: a 15-mountaineer placebo comparison ↗

Both groups improved oxygen consumption with training; there was no significant between-group difference. The drug group had a reported attention improvement with an incompletely specified contrast.

Population / model: 15 male mountaineers aged 23–30: seven placebo and eight pharmacological-correction participants

Group sizes: Seven placebo; eight preparation-sequence participants; fifteen total.
Peak oxygen consumption per body mass: Placebo +5% (p=0.026); preparation sequence +7% (p=0.011).Changes within each group; no statistically significant between-group difference reported.

Interpretation: Randomization, allocation concealment and blinding procedures are not described.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Training-associated improvements did not establish an oxygen-consumption benefit from adding the preparation sequence.

Reported findings and study figures · Complete original publisher conference abstract, p.37; visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Group sizes	Seven placebo; eight preparation-sequence participants; fifteen total.
Peak oxygen consumption per body mass	Placebo +5% (p=0.026); preparation sequence +7% (p=0.011).	Changes within each group; no statistically significant between-group difference reported.
Attention-task productivity	Improvement reported in the preparation group, p=0.028.	Exact contrast, raw scores and effect size not clearly supplied.

The authors identify training as the main factor in physical-endurance improvement. A treatment-specific attention benefit and synergy require stronger comparisons.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Complete publisher abstract, p.37. Related coauthor paper; Shustov is not an author.

No component-only arms; the preparation sequence does not establish Trekrezan efficacy alone or combination synergy.
No numerical oxygen-consumption advantage over placebo was established. The attention p-value does not clearly identify its statistical contrast.
Small conference report; full protocol, adverse events and later replication remain unresolved.

Full source record ↗

Trekrezan

Animal endurance and peptide mixtures

Loaded swim, treadmill and temperature experiments model different stresses. A longer swim in one model is not proof of athletic improvement.

2026 · Animal research · Original journal article

Soy peptide hydrolysate and loaded swimming in rats ↗

Soy hydrolysate group mean swimming time rose from 91 to 404 seconds. The reported +511% averages individual percentage changes; the change calculated from the two group means is about +344%.

Population / model: 30 outbred male Wistar rats initially randomized, 10 per group; hydrolyzed soy, whey protein or amino-acid mixture

Soy hydrolysate · absolute swim time: 91 → 404 s (+313 s)Baseline to session 11; group means. Approximate group-mean change: +344%.
Soy hydrolysate · individual relative change: +511% mean individual changeEach animal’s result was divided by its own baseline before averaging. Low baselines can inflate relative changes.

Interpretation: Four of 30 animals died or were euthanized during the study. The paper reports an esophageal feeding injury, a stroke during swimming and two unexplained deaths; do not attribute causation to soy.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Soy hydrolysate group mean swimming time rose from 91 to 404 seconds. The reported +511% averages individual percentage changes; the change calculated from the two group means is about +344%.

30 outbred male Wistar rats initially randomized, 10 per group; hydrolyzed soy, whey protein or amino-acid mixture

Dose, route and schedule

10 g/kg of the protein–carbohydrate mixture (10 mL/kg enteral) 30 minutes before each test. Swim load 5% of body mass, water 25±1°C, three times weekly for four weeks. D0 was before feeding; day labels refer to swim-test sessions.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher full PDF (16 pages), methods, Fig. 1, results and analysis limits

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher full PDF (16 pages), methods, Fig. 1, results and analysis limits; supplementary PDF Table 5 checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Soy hydrolysate · absolute swim time	91 → 404 s (+313 s)	Baseline to session 11; group means. Approximate group-mean change: +344%.
Soy hydrolysate · individual relative change	+511% mean individual change	Each animal’s result was divided by its own baseline before averaging. Low baselines can inflate relative changes.
Whey and amino-acid comparators	Whey and soy reached within-group significance at session 7; amino acids at session 11	Paired Wilcoxon comparisons with each group’s own baseline; not evidence that the groups differed at those times. · p<0.05 in marked paired comparisons
Metabolomics	More than 50 serum metabolites quantified; 19 proteinogenic amino acids	The endurance response did not track higher circulating proteinogenic amino acids. NMR sampling was after the swim series, with no simultaneous physical load.
Attrition and safety	4 of 30 animals died or were euthanized; daily analysis n varied	One esophageal injury during administration, one stroke during swimming, two unexplained deaths. Individual time points could also be excluded for refusing to swim or vest loss.
Final plotted sample	Whey n=9; soy hydrolysate n=8; amino acids n=8	Supplement Table 5, session 11; counts differ from initial randomization.

Supplement Table 5 · counts for the plotted swimming tests

Supplement Table 5 · counts for the plotted swimming tests
Session	Whey	Soy hydrolysate	Amino-acid mixture
1	9	8	9
2	9	8	8
3	9	8	9
4	9	8	8
5	8	8	7
6	8	8	9
7	9	8	9
8	9	8	9
9	9	8	9
10	9	8	8
11	9	8	8

Sample sizes for the supplementary relative swim-time plots. Initial allocation was 10 per group; analysis counts vary with losses and exclusions.

The result supports testing what food-derived hydrolysates do in this model. The molecular-mass resemblance to PPK-V is a comparison of size only, not evidence of shared molecules, signaling, or human endurance benefit.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher full PDF (16 pages), methods, Fig. 1, results and analysis limits

Repeated exercise and changing sample counts complicate comparisons. Significant within-arm tests are not between-arm superiority tests.
Whey was used because intact soy could not be delivered in the same mixture; this is not a hydrolyzed-versus-intact-soy comparison.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Soy peptide hydrolysate

2020 · Animal research · Original animal and analytical journal research

PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile study ↗

Table 2 reports PPK-V hypoxia time 552±44 s and swimming time 289±66 s; Cortexin 201±11 s and 172±44 s; displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s. Unequal doses and pooled experiments prevent a reliable potency or superiority claim.

Population / model: Outbred rats; ten per treatment group and separate control groups for each endpoint. Hypoxia: three-month-old males, 250±20 g. Loaded swimming: pretrained females, 200±20 g. A pooled analysis of separate experiments, not a verified single contemporaneous head-to-head cohort.

PPK-V: hypoxia time: 552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 sTable 2, M±m; separate experiments and unequal doses; no verified pairwise PPK-V-versus-Cortexin p-value
PPK-V: loaded-swimming time: 289±66 s; Cortexin 172±44 s; displayed control 135±6 sTable 2, M±m; 10% body-weight load; female cohort differs from the male hypoxia cohort

Interpretation: Different-sex cohorts and separate experiments contributed to the two endpoints; randomization is stated, but masking, allocation concealment and complete animal flow are not established.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Raw times and standardized T-scores are shown separately below. Larger reported values are not a dose-matched estimate of superiority.

Ten rats per group; males for chamber hypoxia (time to agonal signs) and females for loaded swimming (time to exhaustion). Single rectal exposure one hour before testing; saline vehicle controls. Separately performed experiments were standardized and pooled.

Dose, route and schedule

Single rectal administration one hour before testing. Methods list Dalargin 0.56 mg/kg, Semax 0.22 mg/kg, Cortexin 1 mg/kg and experimental peptide preparations 2.5 mg/kg. Combination components were not dose-reduced. The discussion instead gives an overall range up to 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; this discrepancy is unresolved.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods and dose-analysis discussion; animal protocol, not human dosing

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher indexed text, methods and selected Tables 1, 2, 5 and 6; matching monograph Tables 109–110 visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
PPK-V: hypoxia time	552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 s	Table 2, M±m; separate experiments and unequal doses; no verified pairwise PPK-V-versus-Cortexin p-value
PPK-V: loaded-swimming time	289±66 s; Cortexin 172±44 s; displayed control 135±6 s	Table 2, M±m; 10% body-weight load; female cohort differs from the male hypoxia cohort
Route, timing and nominal PPK dose	Rectal, once, one hour before testing; experimental preparations 2.5 mg/kg in methods	Discussion maximum: 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; individual complex exposures not fully reconciled
Cortexin alone	Hypoxia 201±11 s; loaded swimming 172±44 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 1 mg/kg rectally
Semax alone	Hypoxia 218±23 s; loaded swimming 221±60 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.22 mg/kg rectally
Dalargin alone	Hypoxia 170±8 s; loaded swimming 201±12 s	Displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.56 mg/kg rectally
Combination comparisons	Cortexin + Dalargin: 250±15 s / 275±62 s; Semax + Dalargin: 293±25 s / 198±10 s	Hypoxia / swimming; M±m. Components were not dose-reduced. The combined Semax/Dalargin swimming mean was below Semax alone (221±60 s); no formal synergy demonstrated.
5–10 kDa fraction and hypoxia	D=0.44; p=10⁻²⁰	Table 5 pooled factor analysis; association does not identify the active molecule or establish causation
5–10 kDa fraction and swimming	D=0.01; p=0.97	Table 6: no association detected in this analysis; the hypoxia finding is not a general performance result
Dose as a confounding factor	Reported dose-factor D=0.31 for hypoxia and D=0.40 for swimming	Table 4; composition and exposure varied together. The authors grouped doses across different preparations.
Mass-profile reporting gap	PPK-V fractions total 95.33%; Cortexin fractions total 98.37%	Calculated sums of Table 1 entries, not new laboratory results. Final bin heading >1 kDa conflicts with the narrative <1 kDa; no renormalization.
Safety and duration	No dedicated adverse-event counts, long-term follow-up or human PPK-V outcome supplied	An acute functional assay cannot establish a safe human regimen

Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate

Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate
Preparation	Hypoxia time (s), M±m	Hypoxia T-score, M±m	Swimming time (s), M±m	Swimming T-score, M±m
Saline control	95±3	50±1	135±6	50±2
Dalargin	170±8	79±3	201±12	331±38
Semax	218±23	97±9	221±60	397±198
Cortexin	201±11	91±4	172±44	235±143
Cortexin + Dalargin	250±15	110±5	275±62	576±202
Semax + Dalargin	293±25	126±10	198±10	319±33
PPK-A · hippocampus	532±47	418±128	309±71	684±233
PPK-B · brainstem	538±23	418±73	186±27	280±90
PPK-V · cortex	552±44	460±130	289±66	621±215
PPK-G · combined regions	551±46	456±135	373±95	896±311
PPK-D · combined regions	498±30	298±87	369±92	886±300
PPK-E · combined regions	487±22	267±67	344±61	800±200

Original Table 2, p.76; matching 2019 monograph Table 110, p.296, visually inspected. n=10 per experimental group; separate sex-specific endpoint cohorts. Hypoxia time ends at agonal signs, not long-term survival; swimming time ends at exhaustion. Source M±m notation retained. Experiment-specific control normalization means T-score percentages are not raw-time improvements. No pairwise superiority p-values supplied here.

Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions

Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions
Preparation	10–30 kDa (%)	5–10 kDa (%)	1–5 kDa (%)	Final bin (%)
Dalargin	—	—	—	98
Semax	—	—	—	100
Cortexin	—	33.37	62	3
Cortexin + Dalargin	—	5	18	77
Semax + Dalargin	—	—	75.55	24
PPK-A	14.88	38.73	39.11	4.77
PPK-B	2.54	43.5	49.04	4.92
PPK-V	11.39	35.39	43.15	5.4
PPK-G	30	36.27	25.51	5.58
PPK-D	13.83	25.63	23.54	35.48
PPK-E	12.7	20.23	48.87	18.2

Original Table 1, p.76; matching monograph Table 109, p.295, visually inspected. Final heading is printed >1 kDa, although the narrative describes <1 kDa; unresolved source inconsistency. — means a blank source cell, not verified zero. Fractions are not forced to total 100%. Molecular-mass bins do not identify peptide sequences or brain uptake.

This is a composition–activity hypothesis from pooled animal experiments. PPK-V is a distinct experimental cortex hydrolysate, not Cortexin or the brainstem PPK-B. Unequal exposures, source inconsistencies and matching earlier tables limit comparisons. No clinical superiority, formal combination synergy or intranasal PPK-V delivery has been established.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Expanded from a qualitative listing using original publisher indexed full text. Table 2 outcome values and Table 1 profiles match the recovered 2019 book, Tables 110 and 109, pp.295–296. The book is retained privately; it is not a separate replication. Original journal page images could not be retrieved.

Doses were unequal, and the nominal experimental-preparation dose in methods conflicts with the discussion maximum. Table 2 does not resolve each complex’s actual exposure.
Table 2 reports M±m; its uncertainty notation is retained without relabeling it as a verified SD. No preparation-specific pairwise p-values or confidence intervals establish PPK-V superiority over Cortexin.
T-scores standardize results against experiment-specific controls. Their percentages and ratios cannot be interpreted as proportional increases in raw swim time or clinical performance.
Table 1’s final bin is printed >1 kDa, while the narrative describes <1 kDa. Some fractions do not sum to 100%; blank cells are not assumed zero and values are not renormalized.
The 5–10 kDa association is observational within the pooled analysis, not isolation of an active sequence or proof of brain penetration. Rectal results do not establish intranasal delivery.
Matching 2019 and 2020 numerical tables are treated as one research program. No human PPK-V efficacy or long-term safety follows from these results.

Full source record ↗

PPK-V & brain peptide complexes Cortexin Semax Dalargin

2021 · Animal research · Original journal article

VIR-8, Hypoxen and comparators under hypoxia with heat or cold ↗

VIR-8 extended swimming under hypoxia plus cold (12.5±1.3 vs 4.5±0.4 seconds) but did not improve swimming under hypoxia plus heat (16.8±1.5 vs 16.9±2.3 seconds).

Population / model: Male outbred mice, 18–21 g; 10 randomized per group; loaded swim at 5% body mass after sodium nitrite-induced hemic hypoxia

VIR-8 · hypoxia plus cold: 12.5±1.3 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +178%p=0.0002Table 3; compared with stressed control, n=10 per group
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus heat: 16.8±1.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; 0% reportedp=0.99Table 1; compared with stressed control

Interpretation: Each comparator used its own formulation, dose and schedule.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

VIR-8 extended swimming under hypoxia plus cold (12.5±1.3 vs 4.5±0.4 seconds) but did not improve swimming under hypoxia plus heat (16.8±1.5 vs 16.9±2.3 seconds).

Male outbred mice, 18–21 g; 10 randomized per group; loaded swim at 5% body mass after sodium nitrite-induced hemic hypoxia

Dose, route and schedule

VIR-8: 5 mg/kg rectally in 0.5 mL starch vehicle daily for 5 days. Hypoxen: 50 mg/kg orally by gavage once, 1 hour before testing. Sodium nitrite: 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally for hemic hypoxia. Main swim load: 5% body mass.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus cold	12.5±1.3 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +178%	Table 3; compared with stressed control, n=10 per group · p=0.0002
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus heat	16.8±1.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; 0% reported	Table 1; compared with stressed control · p=0.99
VIR-8 · hypoxia at normal temperature	29.8±4.2 versus 24.4±2.7 s	Same thermoneutral series is displayed in Tables 1 and 3. Do not count it twice.
Hypoxen · hypoxia plus cold	10.0±0.9 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +120%	Table 3; compared with stressed control · p=3×10⁻⁵
Hypoxen · hypoxia plus heat	22.7±3.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; +34%	Table 1; nonsignificant versus stressed control · p=0.18
Other arms · directional reversal	Flamenco 50 mg/kg: −37% in heat, +111% in cold	Different comparator preparation; not a VIR-8 result. Low-dose heat comparison p=0.02; cold p=2×10⁻¹² as printed.
Safety and sequence	No human safety study or sequence-level characterization reported	The designation VIR-8 is insufficient to infer constituent peptides.

Tables 1 and 3 · forced swimming across stress conditions

Tables 1 and 3 · forced swimming across stress conditions
Group	Hypoxia, normal temperature (s)	Hypoxia + heat (s)	Heat effect vs control	Hypoxia + cold (s)	Cold effect vs control
Intact comparator	72.6±7.0	63.5±7.9	—	5.6±0.7	—
Stressed control	24.4±2.7	16.9±2.3	Reference	4.5±0.4	Reference
MioActive Sport	24.8±2.7	16.9±1.3	+2%; p=0.99	18.4±1.5	+308%; p=2×10⁻¹¹
VIR-8	29.8±4.2	16.8±1.5	0%; p=0.99	12.5±1.3	+178%; p=0.0002
Flamenco 50 mg/kg	19.3±1.5	10.6±0.9	−37%; p=0.02	9.5±1.1	+111%; p=2×10⁻¹²
Flamenco 75 mg/kg	21.5±5.0	14.6±1.8	−14%; p=0.43	12.9±0.8	+187%; p=2×10⁻¹⁰
Flamenco 250 mg/kg	20.7±2.8	34.4±4.7	+104%; p=0.003	6.9±1.0	+53%; p=2×10⁻¹²
Trimetazidine	22.7±11.1	87.3±18.2	+418%; p=0.01	6.7±0.3	+49%; p=2×10⁻¹⁷
Hypoxen	30.1±4.3	22.7±3.5	+34%; p=0.18	10.0±0.9	+120%; p=3×10⁻⁵

M±m and reported p-values transcribed from the article. Percentages are the authors’ reported changes relative to stressed controls, not comparisons between active arms. The intact groups do not receive hemic hypoxia; the displayed first column represents the relevant normothermic baseline.

Retain the neutral heat result alongside the positive cold result. The model examines hemic hypoxia during temperature stress, not altitude acclimatization or actual outdoor work. The distinct products cannot be ranked as equivalent-dose interventions.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked

The short mouse swim endpoint cannot establish human cold tolerance, prevention of heat injury or improved sports performance.
The paper does not identify VIR-8 sequences or establish an identity match with PPK-V.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

VIR-8 Hypoxen / Olifen

2015 · Animal research · Research publication

Investigation of the actoprotective properties of the tripeptide Pinealon ↗

Treadmill time improved in all training arms. The authors report day-10 increases of 18 minutes with Pinealon and 13.8 minutes with Metaprot relative to their own baselines.

Population / model: 24 five-month-old male outbred rats (250–300 g), four groups; three treadmill groups and one vivarium control

Pinealon · treadmill time: Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 minReported as 175%, 214% and 254% of its baseline, respectively. The paper reports persistence for three days after stopping.
Metaprot · treadmill time: Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 minWithin-arm baseline comparisons. The authors report a decline to about 10 min on day 11 after cessation.

Interpretation: Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

24 male rats; vivarium control, trained control, Metaprot and Pinealon. Daily treadmill to exhaustion.

Dose, route and schedule

Pinealon T-33 75 µg/kg or Metaprot 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 10 treatment days with a 2-day interval after day 5. Daily treadmill testing at 35 m/min; trained control received no drug.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher PDF methods

Reported findings and study figures · Full original PDF, treadmill results narrative and Table 1
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Pinealon · treadmill time	Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 min	Reported as 175%, 214% and 254% of its baseline, respectively. The paper reports persistence for three days after stopping.
Metaprot · treadmill time	Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 min	Within-arm baseline comparisons. The authors report a decline to about 10 min on day 11 after cessation.
Training effect	All three treadmill groups improved during training	The paper attributes some early improvement to training. Baseline-relative changes do not establish a between-drug effect.
Pinealon · hemoglobin	158.2±8.8 → 128.6±4.3 g/L	Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.01 versus own baseline. Trained control: 137.0±3.8 → 158.0±8.2 g/L.
Pinealon · erythrocytes	8.8±0.6 → 7.0±0.5 million/µL	Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.05 versus own baseline. The decrease is a separate finding, not established as beneficial.

Table 1 · selected hematology values (M±m)

Table 1 · selected hematology values (M±m)
Group, measure	Baseline	Day 5	Day 10
Pinealon · leukocytes (thousands/µL)	14.6±1.2	8.4±1.2**	10.2±1.3*
Pinealon · erythrocytes (millions/µL)	8.8±0.6	8.4±0.3	7.0±0.5*
Pinealon · hemoglobin (g/L)	158.2±8.8	144.7±7.0	128.6±4.3**
Pinealon · platelets (thousands/µL)	847±103	789±111	575±120
Trained control · hemoglobin (g/L)	137.0±3.8	142.0±8.5	158.0±8.2**
Metaprot · hemoglobin (g/L)	166.8±11.7	139.2±12.6	150.8±8.4

* p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01 relative to each group’s own baseline. No between-arm statistical test inferred.

The treadmill study documents an animal training experiment. Different starting values, small groups and mixed hematology limit any comparative performance claim.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original 7-page PDF, methods, treadmill narrative and selected hematology values checked.

No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review.
The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers.

Full source record ↗

Pinealon Bemitil

2026 · Animal research · Research publication

The effect of GHK-PGP peptide and its analogues on the rat’s behavior in the forced swimming test ↗

GHK-PGP and GHK-VEP changed behavior at selected exposures. GHK-GP had no effect at any tested exposure; GHK reduced motor activity at one exposure. The authors interpret some findings as antidepressant-like.

Population / model: 200 male Wistar rats; forced-swim behavioral test.

GHK-GP forced-swim behavior: No effect at any tested exposure
GHK-PGP / GHK-VEP forced-swim behavior: Selected-exposure changes; authors describe antidepressant-like activityAnimal behavioral proxy; not human depression outcomes

Interpretation: Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

200 male Wistar rats; forced-swim behavioral test.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary publisher English abstract checked; Russian full text not appraised.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-GP forced-swim behavior	No effect at any tested exposure
GHK-PGP / GHK-VEP forced-swim behavior	Selected-exposure changes; authors describe antidepressant-like activity	Animal behavioral proxy; not human depression outcomes

Animal findings do not establish human efficacy, a human dose, or long-term safety. Forced-swim behavior is not a clinical diagnosis or evidence of antidepressant efficacy in people. A higher activity score can have several explanations; complete locomotor controls and risk of bias require review.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-03

Primary publisher English abstract checked; Russian full text not appraised.

Forced-swim behavior is not a clinical diagnosis or evidence of antidepressant efficacy in people.
A higher activity score can have several explanations; complete locomotor controls and risk of bias require review.

Full source record ↗

GHK-Cu & GHK family

Recovery, disuse and stress response

Keep muscle preservation, behavior and recovery endpoints separate from acute performance. Only some studies measure exercise time directly.

2025 · Animal research · Original journal article

MOTS-c during seven days of rat hindlimb unloading ↗

MOTS-c preserved isolated soleus fatigue resistance and mitigated slow-fiber atrophy. Fast-fiber atrophy was not mitigated.

Population / model: Male Wistar rats undergoing seven days of hindlimb suspension; final fatigue test in excised soleus muscle

Ex vivo soleus fatigue: Increase in fatigue with unloading was prevented in the treated groupAfter 7 days; numerical effect size unavailable in the abstract.
Fiber-type changes: Attenuated slow-fiber atrophy and slow-to-fast shift; fast-fiber atrophy not preventedHistology; absolute cross-sectional areas not verified.

Interpretation: Original numerical fatigue effect and group sizes require full text.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

MOTS-c preserved isolated soleus fatigue resistance and mitigated slow-fiber atrophy. Fast-fiber atrophy was not mitigated.

Male Wistar rats undergoing seven days of hindlimb suspension; final fatigue test in excised soleus muscle

Protocol information

Daily intraperitoneal injections during seven days of unloading. Dose and group-level denominators are not given in the verified abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Ex vivo soleus fatigue	Increase in fatigue with unloading was prevented in the treated group	After 7 days; numerical effect size unavailable in the abstract.
Fiber-type changes	Attenuated slow-fiber atrophy and slow-to-fast shift; fast-fiber atrophy not prevented	Histology; absolute cross-sectional areas not verified.
Signaling and ribosomal RNA	Preserved Akt/GSK3β phosphorylation and 18S/28S rRNA near control levels	Biochemical measures in rat soleus.
Atrophy and mitochondrial markers	Lower MuRF and Atrogin-1 mRNA; preservation of selected biogenesis markers and ACC phosphorylation	Compared with unloaded placebo animals; no causal mediation established.

A muscle-disuse preservation experiment, relevant to space medicine and immobilization. The abstract does not establish human protection or an ergogenic effect.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered

Ex vivo muscle function after disuse differs from athletic endurance in an exercising person.
Several molecular readouts do not establish one causal pathway.

Full source record ↗

MOTS-c

2019 · Comparison in people · Research publication

Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2 ↗

The book describes a double-blind comparison including placebo, Bemitil, and Pirabel, with performance and recovery measures. It reports endpoint-specific differences, not universal improvement.

Population / model: 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25, divided into eight groups; six-hour physical-load model

Pirabel per administration: Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g
Timing: Immediately before loading and four hours after it began

Interpretation: Group allocation is described as equivalent groups; randomization has not been established.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Recovered monograph section 6.2: 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25 in eight baseline-matched groups; double-blind description; six-hour cyclic physical workload.

Dose, route and schedule

Pirabel contained piracetam 0.6 g plus Bemitil 0.25 g per administration, immediately before the six-hour physical load and again four hours after its start. Route is not explicitly established in the inspected passage. The 78 volunteers were divided among eight groups; they were not all given Pirabel.

Protocol source ↗ · Original monograph, printed page 184; visually checked

Reported findings and study figures · Previously reviewed monograph section 6.2, printed pages 184–189; methods and regimen notes
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Pirabel per administration	Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g
Timing	Immediately before loading and four hours after it began
Workload duration	Six hours
Trial grouping	Eight groups	78 is the entire program, not the Pirabel-only arm
Performance and recovery	Endpoint-dependent differences reported	No piracetam-only arm; exact numerical result tables deferred

Existing visually checked monograph methods used. Randomization is unconfirmed; combination versus placebo does not establish synergy.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-10-29

Recovered 330-page monograph: section 6.2, printed pages 184–189, text checked; page 184 visually verified for groups, doses, timing and double-blind description. Original cited experiments still require retrieval.

No piracetam-only group appears in the listed comparison, so this cannot establish pharmacological synergy.
A monograph report is not independent replication; original cited reports require retrieval.
Young volunteers performing controlled physical work do not establish effects on sleep, watchkeeping, or toxic-exposure safety.

Full source record ↗

Pirabel Piracetam Bemitil

1999 · Animal research · Dissertation

DSIP across hypoxia, swimming, immobilization and audiogenic stress ↗

The author describes brain monoamine changes observed up to five days after a DSIP injection and delayed fatigue in forced swimming.

Population / model: Animal experiments in multiple stress models; group counts not verified in accessible text

Monoamine time course: Selected changes observed for up to 5 days after an injectionMeasurements of brain neurochemistry; not drug exposure or human duration of action.
Forced swimming: Longer time before fatigue describedNo verified numerical swim-time contrast in accessible conclusions.

Interpretation: Five days refers to observation of selected biochemical changes, not measured half-life or five days of benefit.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The author describes brain monoamine changes observed up to five days after a DSIP injection and delayed fatigue in forced swimming.

Animal experiments in multiple stress models; group counts not verified in accessible text

Protocol information

The dissertation excerpt describes a single pretreatment injection in selected series. Exact dose, route and timing by series were not recovered.

Protocol source ↗ · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Reported findings and study figures · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Monoamine time course	Selected changes observed for up to 5 days after an injection	Measurements of brain neurochemistry; not drug exposure or human duration of action.
Forced swimming	Longer time before fatigue described	No verified numerical swim-time contrast in accessible conclusions.
Other stress models	Changes in leukocyte pattern, lipid peroxidation and membrane measures	Hypoxia, restricted movement and audiogenic stress; distinct experiments.

An archival stress-response hypothesis. Exact effects and dose schedules remain unresolved.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Swimming time and survival magnitudes and adverse effects require full results tables.

Full source record ↗

DSIP

2004 · Animal research · Dissertation

DSIP analogues ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 in age-stratified rat stress models ↗

The dissertation describes analogue- and age-dependent changes in leukocytes, oxidative markers and chromosome damage. ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in older rats.

Population / model: Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators

Analogue identities: ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 tested separately from parent DSIP and piracetamAnalogue codes are reported; sequence-level identity was not independently resolved.
Age and oxidative response: ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in old rats, including slower MDA formationQualitative conclusions only; no verified magnitude.

Interpretation: Sequence identities, exact comparative estimates and doses need original table recovery.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The dissertation describes analogue- and age-dependent changes in leukocytes, oxidative markers and chromosome damage. ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in older rats.

Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators

Reported findings and study figures · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Analogue identities	ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 tested separately from parent DSIP and piracetam	Analogue codes are reported; sequence-level identity was not independently resolved.
Age and oxidative response	ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in old rats, including slower MDA formation	Qualitative conclusions only; no verified magnitude.
Other endpoints	Leukocyte profile and chromosomal-aberration outcomes varied by analogue and age	Restricted-movement model; biochemical and cytogenetic effects rather than sport performance.

The primary value is a lead for analogue-specific research; the parent peptide and analogues remain distinct.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Do not pool analogue activity into a DSIP effect or infer human efficacy.

Full source record ↗

DSIP Piracetam

2006 · Animal research · Dissertation

Noopept and age-dependent responses to exercise stress in rats ↗

The author reports reduced anxiety-like behavior and a higher ratio of purposeful to nonpurposeful behavior in both age groups. Several physiological responses were age dependent.

Population / model: Three-month and 18-month rats, studied at baseline and under stressful physical loading

Behavior in both age groups: Lower anxiety-like behavior and higher purposeful/nonpurposeful activity ratioAuthor conclusions for 3-month and 18-month rats; numerical table unavailable.
Biochemical response: Age-dependent monoamine, leukocyte and oxidative responses describedNot direct exercise capacity, with exact effects unavailable.

Interpretation: Doses, full group sizes and direct performance outcomes could not be verified from the excerpt.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The author reports reduced anxiety-like behavior and a higher ratio of purposeful to nonpurposeful behavior in both age groups. Several physiological responses were age dependent.

Three-month and 18-month rats, studied at baseline and under stressful physical loading

Reported findings and study figures · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Behavior in both age groups	Lower anxiety-like behavior and higher purposeful/nonpurposeful activity ratio	Author conclusions for 3-month and 18-month rats; numerical table unavailable.
Biochemical response	Age-dependent monoamine, leukocyte and oxidative responses described	Not direct exercise capacity, with exact effects unavailable.

A Noopept stress-response study in animals. It does not extend the climate-chamber findings to athletic use.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Behavior and monoamine markers do not establish an increase in human exercise capacity.

Full source record ↗

Noopept

2004 · Animal research · Dissertation

Epithalamin under exercise and restricted movement in younger and older rats ↗

The author reports stronger Epithalamin-associated stress-marker responses during exhaustive exercise in younger animals, and during restricted movement in older animals.

Population / model: Younger and older rats; baseline, exhaustive physical loading and restricted-movement series

Age × stressor pattern: Stronger reported responses in young rats during exhaustive loading; in old rats during restricted movementQualitative comparison in dissertation conclusions.
Baseline behavior: Lower locomotor activity and food intake described after EpithalaminReported in unstressed animals; a different endpoint from stress adaptation.

Interpretation: Exact dose and effect estimates require full methods and original outcome tables.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The author reports stronger Epithalamin-associated stress-marker responses during exhaustive exercise in younger animals, and during restricted movement in older animals.

Younger and older rats; baseline, exhaustive physical loading and restricted-movement series

Reported findings and study figures · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Age × stressor pattern	Stronger reported responses in young rats during exhaustive loading; in old rats during restricted movement	Qualitative comparison in dissertation conclusions.
Baseline behavior	Lower locomotor activity and food intake described after Epithalamin	Reported in unstressed animals; a different endpoint from stress adaptation.
Biological measures	Leukocyte, lipid-peroxidation and blood-cell membrane changes reported	Different markers and conditions; no numerical treatment effect extracted.

The age and stressor matter. These results apply to the studied extract, with no demonstrated benefit in athletes.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Changes in behavior, lipid peroxidation and leukocyte profiles are not proof of increased athletic endurance.

Full source record ↗

Epithalamin

2022 · Observational study · Original human observational physiology

Physical activity and immune measures in 77 young men ↗

Activity groups differed in selected immune measures, while most values remained within reference ranges. The authors described a nonuniform pattern of immune-system strain and adaptation.

Population / model: 77 apparently healthy male university students aged 18–20, grouped by habitual activity

Participants: 77 apparently healthy men aged 18–20
Immune pattern: The authors described activity-related differences with most measures within reference ranges.

Interpretation: Activity was not randomized and associations do not establish a drug target or autoimmune-treatment effect.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

A human activity–immune association study.

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher population and discussion; qualitative extraction
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Participants	77 apparently healthy men aged 18–20
Immune pattern	The authors described activity-related differences with most measures within reference ranges.

Immune activation, adaptation and clinically useful autoimmune modulation are distinct hypotheses.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Publisher full text; no compound efficacy inferred.

Russian and English publications represent the same report.
Numerical table inconsistencies and confounding require further appraisal.

Full source record ↗

2017 · Study involving people · Sports Medicine: Research and Practice. 7(1):53–59

VIVAX SPORT topical formulations after exercise and minor injury ↗

The treated skin site was 7.4% cooler immediately and 5.86% cooler after 15 minutes versus an untreated site after application of the relaxant cream with ultrasound.

Population / model: Ten physically active participants, ten with sports bruises or similar injuries, and three with skin burns were described.

Relaxant cream · skin temperature: 7.4% lower immediately and 5.86% lower at 15 minVersus the untreated skin site after ultrasound-assisted cream application.
Injured skin impedance before treatment: 120.47±7.96 Ω versus 213.94±4.42 Ω on uninjured skinThe paper reports that the injured and uninjured sites did not differ significantly at 48 hours.

Interpretation: Menthol, ultrasound and other formulation ingredients cannot be separated from the amino-acid complexes. Skin temperature and impedance are indirect endpoints.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The treated skin site was 7.4% cooler immediately and 5.86% cooler after 15 minutes versus an untreated site after application of the relaxant cream with ultrasound.

The article describes ten physically active participants, ten with sports injuries and three with skin burns. Local measurements used thermography and tissue impedance. The relaxant cream was applied with ultrasound and compared with an untreated skin site.

Dose, route and schedule

Topical VIVAX SPORT formulations. The relaxant cream included menthol and amino-acid complexes. The intervention does not isolate a peptide.

Protocol source ↗ · Original article PDF, methods and thermography results

Reported findings and study figures · Original article PDF, methods and thermography results
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Relaxant cream · skin temperature	7.4% lower immediately and 5.86% lower at 15 min	Versus the untreated skin site after ultrasound-assisted cream application.
Injured skin impedance before treatment	120.47±7.96 Ω versus 213.94±4.42 Ω on uninjured skin	The paper reports that the injured and uninjured sites did not differ significantly at 48 hours.
Skin pH in the cream test	5.2±0.1 before and 5.3±0.2 after	A short local measurement. A systematic adverse-event assessment is not supplied.

A topical recovery and minor-injury report outside the athlete-performance participant subtotal.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original article PDF, methods and thermography results

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

VIVAX SPORT

2006 · Animal research · Medline.ru. 7:47–54, article 5

Deltaran and avoidance learning in animals ↗

The abstract reports changes in acquisition and retention of an active swimming-avoidance response, more spontaneous movement and less freezing with Deltaran.

Population / model: Laboratory animals in conditioned avoidance and locomotor behavior experiments. Group sizes unverified.

Conditioned swimming avoidance: Acquisition and retention changedThe original abstract gives no numerical effect or group size.
Spontaneous behavior: More horizontal and vertical movement and less time freezingDirection only from the original abstract. Swimming was an avoidance task.

Interpretation: Deltaran contains DSIP and glycine. The contribution of isolated DSIP was not established. Original dose, groups and numerical outcomes remain unverified.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The abstract reports changes in acquisition and retention of an active swimming-avoidance response, more spontaneous movement and less freezing with Deltaran.

Laboratory animals in conditioned avoidance and locomotor behavior experiments. Group sizes unverified.

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal abstract. Full PDF tables unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Conditioned swimming avoidance	Acquisition and retention changed	The original abstract gives no numerical effect or group size.
Spontaneous behavior	More horizontal and vertical movement and less time freezing	Direction only from the original abstract. Swimming was an avoidance task.

An animal learning and behavior experiment. Its abstract supplies no athletic endurance endpoint.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original journal abstract. Full PDF tables unavailable.

Full source record ↗

Deltaran DSIP

2017 · Animal research · Reviews of Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 15(Suppl. 2):21–22

Deltaran and plasma superoxide dismutase in rats ↗

Plasma superoxide dismutase activity increased 28.6% in male rats and 21.1% in females compared with controls.

Population / model: Male and female laboratory rats. The abstract prints n=6 per group.

Plasma superoxide dismutase activity: +28.6% in males and +21.1% in femalesp<0.05 as reportedVersus corresponding controls.
Plasma protein and total lipids: Protein +14.8% in males and total lipids +20.2% in femalesp<0.05 as reportedVersus corresponding controls. The reverse sex-specific comparisons showed no reported difference.

Interpretation: Small conference experiment and an unusually high printed formulation dose. No performance, endurance or human endpoint was measured.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Plasma superoxide dismutase activity increased 28.6% in male rats and 21.1% in females compared with controls.

Male and female rats received intranasal Deltaran for five days and were compared with controls. The abstract reports six per group and measures plasma protein, lipids and antioxidant enzyme activity.

Protocol information

Intranasal Deltaran for five days. The abstract prints 150 mg/kg for the formulation. The unit and the mass of isolated DSIP are unconfirmed.

Protocol source ↗ · Original 2017 Regulatory Neuropeptides conference abstract, pp. 21–22

Reported findings and study figures · Original 2017 Regulatory Neuropeptides conference abstract, pp. 21–22
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Plasma superoxide dismutase activity	+28.6% in males and +21.1% in females	Versus corresponding controls. · p<0.05 as reported
Plasma protein and total lipids	Protein +14.8% in males and total lipids +20.2% in females	Versus corresponding controls. The reverse sex-specific comparisons showed no reported difference. · p<0.05 as reported
Female plasma phospholipid share	−21.3%	Share of plasma lipids, a separate measure from total lipids.

These biomarker changes describe the tested DSIP-plus-glycine formulation.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original 2017 Regulatory Neuropeptides conference abstract, pp. 21–22

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Deltaran DSIP

Athlete studies and controlled models

Original reports on judo, rowing, archery and swimming, alongside neutral findings and protocol conflicts. Related reports may share participants.

2012 · Comparison in people · Original journal text, Tables 2–3

Pinealon in female judo athletes ↗

Post-load balance score increased from 57.95±6.28% to 77.24±0.96%. The separate blood subset had lower ESR.

Population / model: 18 female judo athletes aged 16–22; blood measures in 10.

Post-load balance quality: 57.95±6.28% before the course; 77.24±0.96% afterwardTable 2. Within-session falls were 29% before and 18% after the course.
Post-load stress index: 632.24±42.11 → 197.48±31.04Reported p<0.05 for the course comparison.

Interpretation: Uncontrolled training-phase comparison. The accessible PWC170 row is garbled and the numeric estimate remains unverified.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Post-load balance score increased from 57.95±6.28% to 77.24±0.96%. The separate blood subset had lower ESR.

Single-cohort precompetition before-and-after comparison. Two-stage cycle ergometry and Stabilan-01 postural testing before and after the load.

Dose, route and schedule

Oral 100 µg capsules. One daily for five days, twice daily for five days, then once daily for five days.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal text, Tables 2–3

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal text, Tables 2–3
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Post-load balance quality	57.95±6.28% before the course; 77.24±0.96% afterward	Table 2. Within-session falls were 29% before and 18% after the course.
Post-load stress index	632.24±42.11 → 197.48±31.04	Reported p<0.05 for the course comparison.
ESR in the 10-person blood subset	13.36±2.48 → 4.81±1.33 mm/h	Reported p<0.05 versus baseline.

Uncontrolled training-phase comparison. The accessible PWC170 row is garbled and the numeric estimate remains unverified.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original journal text, Tables 2–3

Full source record ↗

Pinealon

2004 · Comparison in people · Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 67(3):66–68; same-author dissertation, ergometer Figure 2

Hepatamin, Epifamin and Suprenamin in competitive rowers ↗

Largest reported ergometer gain was 3.94% with ecdysten plus Hepatamin. The journal and thesis describe overlapping work.

Population / model: 120 rowers aged 18–23 in the dissertation program, 11 active groups and a control. Linked article and dissertation are grouped together.

Highest reported ergometer gain: 3.94% after three weeksEcdysten plus Hepatamin; relative change from baseline.
Increment versus corresponding comparator: Significant for Hepatamin + Apilak and Hepatamin + ecdystenAuthors reported p<0.05. Other combinations did not show a verified additional performance gain.

Interpretation: Small arms, several interventions and endpoints. Ergometer results cannot establish competitive race-time improvements.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Largest reported ergometer gain was 3.94% with ecdysten plus Hepatamin. The journal and thesis describe overlapping work.

Three-week training period with oral cytamins, combinations and comparators. Rowing-ergometer output, estimated body composition and adrenal measures.

Dose, route and schedule

Hepatamin, Epifamin or Suprenamin 20 mg orally three times daily as reported. Separate Apilak, ecdysten, Vitamax and Essentiale arms and combinations.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal PDF and same-author dissertation, methods and ergometer results

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal PDF and same-author dissertation, methods and ergometer results
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Highest reported ergometer gain	3.94% after three weeks	Ecdysten plus Hepatamin; relative change from baseline.
Increment versus corresponding comparator	Significant for Hepatamin + Apilak and Hepatamin + ecdysten	Authors reported p<0.05. Other combinations did not show a verified additional performance gain.
Dissertation reuse	120 in the overall rower series	Multiple outcome tables and the journal report do not add independent cohorts.

Small arms, several interventions and endpoints. Ergometer results cannot establish competitive race-time improvements.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original journal PDF and same-author dissertation, methods and ergometer results

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Hepatamin Epifamin Suprenamin

2018 · Comparison in people · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182

Pinealon and Crystagen in a 28-rower study ↗

The monograph reports changes in oxidative biomarkers, alongside little change in several blood counts. It does not establish individual effects of Pinealon and Crystagen.

Population / model: 28 rowers aged 18–30, 18 men and 10 women. Active and ordinary-training groups n=14 each.

Hemoglobin: 136.1 → 134.4 g/L active; 137.0 → 141.6 g/L controlSelected Table 6.6 means.
Leukocytes: 5.2 → 5.1 vs 5.9 → 5.8 ×10⁹/LActive versus ordinary-training group, Table 6.6.

Interpretation: Usual training was the comparator. Heterogeneous formulations and small groups limit attribution. Do not merge with Emirova’s older cytamin series.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The monograph reports changes in oxidative biomarkers, alongside little change in several blood counts. It does not establish individual effects of Pinealon and Crystagen.

The authors describe stratified randomization and clinical, laboratory and oxidative-status measurements. Active supplement selection was individualized.

Dose, route and schedule

One oral capsule twice a day during meals for ten days in the active group. Individual capsule payload and allocation by preparation are not recoverable for each endpoint.

Protocol source ↗ · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182

Reported findings and study figures · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Hemoglobin	136.1 → 134.4 g/L active; 137.0 → 141.6 g/L control	Selected Table 6.6 means.
Leukocytes	5.2 → 5.1 vs 5.9 → 5.8 ×10⁹/L	Active versus ordinary-training group, Table 6.6.
Oxidative markers	Authors described lower lipid-peroxidation products	Biomarker results are separate from timed rowing.

Usual training was the comparator. Heterogeneous formulations and small groups limit attribution. Do not merge with Emirova’s older cytamin series.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Pinealon Crystagen

2013 · Comparison in people · XXII Pavlov Physiological Society Congress, Volgograd, printed p. 362

Pinealon and balance in artistic gymnasts ↗

Gymnasts spent 55% of the balance test with their center of mass in the center of the target after Pinealon. The abstract reports improvement over earlier readings.

Population / model: 16 artistic gymnasts aged 18–22 and 20 male students as controls.

Time in the center of the target: 55% of the test after PinealonThis is a post-treatment value, not a 55% improvement. Student control values are not supplied.
Balance function: Reported improvement relative to measurements one and two weeks before competitionThe abstract calls the change significant and gives no exact p-value or earlier scores.

Interpretation: The students and competitive gymnasts were different populations. No matched placebo, randomization or competition outcome was reported.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Gymnasts spent 55% of the balance test with their center of mass in the center of the target after Pinealon. The abstract reports improvement over earlier readings.

Sixteen artistic gymnasts aged 18–22 and 20 male student controls. Gymnasts took the Stabilan-01 balance target test before and after Pinealon during precompetition training.

Protocol information

Pinealon was given to the gymnasts. The abstract does not report dose, route or a matched placebo.

Protocol source ↗ · Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369)

Reported findings and study figures · Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369)
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Time in the center of the target	55% of the test after Pinealon	This is a post-treatment value, not a 55% improvement. Student control values are not supplied.
Balance function	Reported improvement relative to measurements one and two weeks before competition	The abstract calls the change significant and gives no exact p-value or earlier scores.

A short report of postural control during training. Dose, tolerability and the size of a controlled treatment effect remain unverified.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369)

A related conference abstract on printed p. 311 gives no separate denominator. It adds no participant records.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Pinealon

2014 · Comparison in people · Scientific Notes of Lesgaft University. 12(118):210–213

Cortexin, shooting and race performance in biathletes ↗

The paper reports 26% fewer shooting misses in the Cortexin arm after ten days, 5.6% faster course speed and a 5.5% versus 2.9% increase in an integrated work-capacity score.

Population / model: 20 biathletes, 10 Cortexin and 10 placebo.

Shooting misses and time: 26% fewer misses and 2.5 s less total shooting timeReported in the Cortexin arm after ten days. The 26% result also appears in the related patent trail.
Speed across the 10 km race: +5.6% in the Cortexin armThe authors describe the increase as 2.6% better than the comparator’s result.

Interpretation: The article cites RU2469730C2 and repeats its 26% shooting result. Its relationship to the 2011 paper and 2012 congress cohort remains unresolved.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The paper reports 26% fewer shooting misses in the Cortexin arm after ten days, 5.6% faster course speed and a 5.5% versus 2.9% increase in an integrated work-capacity score.

Author-described double-blind comparison of 10 Cortexin and 10 placebo athletes during a 10 km biathlon race with four shooting stages.

Protocol information

The article describes a course of intranasal Cortexin and results after ten days. Dose and allocation details are unverified for this report.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal article, methods and results

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal article, methods and results
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Shooting misses and time	26% fewer misses and 2.5 s less total shooting time	Reported in the Cortexin arm after ten days. The 26% result also appears in the related patent trail.
Speed across the 10 km race	+5.6% in the Cortexin arm	The authors describe the increase as 2.6% better than the comparator’s result.
Integrated work-capacity score	+5.5% Cortexin versus +2.9% placebo	The paper cites RU2469730C2 alongside the result.
Moving-target reaction accuracy	1.6-fold versus placebo	Reported p<0.05. The paper cites RU2469730C2 alongside the result.
Physiology and safety reporting	Systolic blood pressure rose and heart rate rose slightly in the Cortexin group	No numerical blood pressure or heart-rate values or systematic adverse-event table were supplied in the checked article.

The 20 reported participants are held out of the archive tally pending cohort matching.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original journal article, methods and results

The 127 vs 53 s race-time result attributed to the 2011 paper in a later review is a separate source claim.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2021 · Comparison in people · Lesgaft University proceedings, printed pp. 8–11

Cortexin and blood chemistry in elite swimmers ↗

Blood urea fell in both groups and fell more with saline in the reported comparison. Race-time benefit was not measured.

Population / model: 14 national-team swimmers aged 20–23, seven in each arm.

Blood urea: −42% Cortexin versus −50% salineBoth within-group changes reported p<0.001.
Outcome scope: Training blood chemistryThe comparison does not report timed swimming performance.

Interpretation: Small conference report, incomplete allocation and dose details, and no verified between-arm effect.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Blood urea fell in both groups and fell more with saline in the reported comparison. Race-time benefit was not measured.

21-day training camp with matched described training loads. Blood measures before and after the intervention.

Protocol information

Intranasal Cortexin or saline for 10 days. Delivered dose is not stated in the checked proceedings.

Protocol source ↗ · Lesgaft University proceedings, printed pp. 8–11

Reported findings and study figures · Lesgaft University proceedings, printed pp. 8–11
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Blood urea	−42% Cortexin versus −50% saline	Both within-group changes reported p<0.001.
Outcome scope	Training blood chemistry	The comparison does not report timed swimming performance.

Small conference report, incomplete allocation and dose details, and no verified between-arm effect.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Lesgaft University proceedings, printed pp. 8–11

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2012 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

RU2469730C2: Cortexin in a multi-stage biathlon protocol — RU2469730C2 ↗

Cortexin as one stage of a multi-part athlete protocol with preparatory psychotherapy and follow-up.

Population / model: Biathlon example: ten-day intranasal course, 0.5–2 mg as printed, and saline comparator. Disclosure describes 10 mg dissolved in 4 mL; this is not the documented preparation for the Buynov vestibular study.

Course time and shooting: Distance time −5.6%; shooting misses −26%Applicant-reported changes. Absolute group means and reliable per-arm counts are missing from the checked text.
Final race result: Reported improvement of 6%Methods do not establish a blinded causal effect.

Interpretation: The biathlon example may overlap with 2011–2012 reporting. Allocation, exact cohort match and independent replication are unresolved.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported patent results

Reported findings

Cortexin as one stage of a multi-part athlete protocol with preparatory psychotherapy and follow-up.

Biathlon example: ten-day intranasal course, 0.5–2 mg as printed, and saline comparator. Disclosure describes 10 mg dissolved in 4 mL; this is not the documented preparation for the Buynov vestibular study.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent, selected methods and examples checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Course time and shooting	Distance time −5.6%; shooting misses −26%	Applicant-reported changes. Absolute group means and reliable per-arm counts are missing from the checked text.
Final race result	Reported improvement of 6%	Methods do not establish a blinded causal effect.
Formulation concentration	10 mg in 4 mL, nominally 2.5 mg/mL	Patent protocol only.

The biathlon example may overlap with 2011–2012 reporting. Allocation, exact cohort match and independent replication are unresolved.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

The biathlon example may overlap with 2011–2012 reporting. Allocation, exact cohort match and independent replication are unresolved.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2018 · Comparison in people · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Semax in shooters and martial-arts athletes ↗

Authors reported faster sound, light and choice reactions in the Semax cohorts. The same report describes stability or gains in tapping measures.

Population / model: 45 qualified athletes. Saline n=14, shooting sports n=17, martial arts n=14.

Within-group motor measures: Active groups reported p<0.05; saline p>0.05Full group effect estimates unavailable in these proceedings.
Cohort and comparator: 14 saline, 17 shooting, 14 martial artsThe paper has no hypoxic-training arm. Overlap with the earlier 20-archer study is unresolved.

Interpretation: Sport and treatment assignment are entangled. Within-group significance cannot establish an active-placebo difference.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Authors reported faster sound, light and choice reactions in the Semax cohorts. The same report describes stability or gains in tapping measures.

Groups defined by sport. Reaction and tapping tasks repeated 15 minutes after exposure.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax in the two active cohorts; saline in the comparison cohort.

Protocol source ↗ · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Reported findings and study figures · Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Within-group motor measures	Active groups reported p<0.05; saline p>0.05	Full group effect estimates unavailable in these proceedings.
Cohort and comparator	14 saline, 17 shooting, 14 martial arts	The paper has no hypoxic-training arm. Overlap with the earlier 20-archer study is unresolved.

Sport and treatment assignment are entangled. Within-group significance cannot establish an active-placebo difference.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Student Sport, Surgut proceedings, pp. 54–57

Full source record ↗

Semax

2017 · Comparison in people · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Semax and hand tapping in 20 archers ↗

Tapping increased in four intervals and declined in two, with no parallel control group or measure of shooting accuracy.

Population / model: 20 competitive archers tested before and after exposure.

First ten seconds: 60.05 → 63.95 tapsGroup means.
Third and sixth intervals: 61.65 → 61.20; 60.75 → 56.05 tapsDirectional decreases despite the favorable overall narrative.

Interpretation: Repeated testing can produce practice or fatigue effects. No controlled inference about archery performance.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Tapping increased in four intervals and declined in two, with no parallel control group or measure of shooting accuracy.

Six consecutive ten-second intervals of hand tapping, with descriptive means and standard errors.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal 500 µg of 0.1% Semax; the procedure allowed a short absorption interval before retesting.

Protocol source ↗ · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Reported findings and study figures · FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
First ten seconds	60.05 → 63.95 taps	Group means.
Third and sixth intervals	61.65 → 61.20; 60.75 → 56.05 taps	Directional decreases despite the favorable overall narrative.
Fifth interval	56.20 → 61.40 taps	Descriptive within-session change.

Repeated testing can produce practice or fatigue effects. No controlled inference about archery performance.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

FMBA conference proceedings, printed pp. 118–121, Table 1

Full source record ↗

Semax

2025 · Comparison in people · Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Semax in women’s basketball: conflicting tables and prose ↗

The narrative reports nonsignificant shooting changes. The table labels and direction conflict with the prose, preventing confident assignment of a benefit.

Population / model: The text describes 28 women aged 18–26 and 14 per arm; Table 1 instead labels its columns 18 and 22.

Reported free-throw change: 17.3±2.6%; p=0.37Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Reported three-point change: 9.5±1.7%; p=0.44Narrative comparison. No significant result.

Interpretation: The inconsistent sample and table headings prevent a reliable treatment estimate.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The narrative reports nonsignificant shooting changes. The table labels and direction conflict with the prose, preventing confident assignment of a benefit.

Competition and practice metrics, with five-minute 100–200 W cycle ergometry and early/late recovery measurements.

Dose, route and schedule

Intranasal Semax, identified as 0.5% in results; methods give 200–2,000 µg per administration and 500–5,000 µg per day for seven precompetition and seven competition days. Individual delivered doses are unclear.

Protocol source ↗ · Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal text, methods and Table 1
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported free-throw change	17.3±2.6%; p=0.37	Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Reported three-point change	9.5±1.7%; p=0.44	Narrative comparison. No significant result.
Sample-size conflict	28 in methods versus 40 in the table	Several larger changes appear in the column labelled comparison. Allocation cannot be reconstructed.

The inconsistent sample and table headings prevent a reliable treatment estimate.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original journal text, methods and Table 1

Full source record ↗

Semax

2011 · Comparison in people · Institute product-study report, reproduced by distributor

SPORT 5 Plus in former competitive athletes ↗

The authors reported within-group grip and standing-jump gains in a male results table. The comparison group showed little change.

Population / model: 39 former athletes aged 40–67, 25 men and 14 women. Supplement n=22; usual training n=17.

Grip and standing jump: Reported within-group gains, p<0.05The report’s significance note compares before and after within each group.
Adverse effects: None recorded in the reportSmall, short sponsor-linked comparison with unclear systematic ascertainment.

Interpretation: The comparator was usual training without matched placebo. Product report methods do not establish independent efficacy.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The authors reported within-group grip and standing-jump gains in a male results table. The comparison group showed little change.

Thirty-day training comparison. Grip strength, standing long jump, modified step test and flexibility.

Dose, route and schedule

Two 50 mg capsules twice daily with meals for 30 days as described.

Protocol source ↗ · Institute product-study report, reproduced by distributor

Reported findings and study figures · Institute product-study report, reproduced by distributor
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Grip and standing jump	Reported within-group gains, p<0.05	The report’s significance note compares before and after within each group.
Adverse effects	None recorded in the report	Small, short sponsor-linked comparison with unclear systematic ascertainment.

The comparator was usual training without matched placebo. Product report methods do not establish independent efficacy.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Institute product-study report, reproduced by distributor

Full source record ↗

SPORT 5 Plus

2014 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

RU2521324C1: Antitox and SportAktiv-2 cryopowders in rowers — RU2521324C1 ↗

A paired food-concentrate intervention using plant and rabbit-meat cryopowders in adolescent rowers.

Population / model: 30 rowers, 15 per group, baseline, day 15 and final evaluation. Plant Antitox and mixed animal–plant SportAktiv-2 were given together.

Dominant hand strength: +9.0% in the active groupAuthors report no increase in the comparison group; half of active participants improved.
Cholesterol: Total −10.8%; LDL −30.9% in active groupApplicant comparisons, not confirmed in an independent study.

Interpretation: The patent tests the paired nutritional intervention. The study cannot assign findings to either powder alone or to a purified peptide.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported patent results

Reported findings

A paired food-concentrate intervention using plant and rabbit-meat cryopowders in adolescent rowers.

30 rowers, 15 per group, baseline, day 15 and final evaluation. Plant Antitox and mixed animal–plant SportAktiv-2 were given together.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent, selected methods and examples checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Dominant hand strength	+9.0% in the active group	Authors report no increase in the comparison group; half of active participants improved.
Cholesterol	Total −10.8%; LDL −30.9% in active group	Applicant comparisons, not confirmed in an independent study.
ALT and GGT	No observed change	Retained alongside other reported biochemical changes.

The patent tests the paired nutritional intervention. The study cannot assign findings to either powder alone or to a purified peptide.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

The patent tests the paired nutritional intervention. The study cannot assign findings to either powder alone or to a purified peptide.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Full source record ↗

Antitox + SportAktiv-2

2014 · Animal research · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 148–151, Table 9

Cortexin and Dalargin during a 21-day rat swimming series ↗

First-swim means reached 227.25 s with Cortexin and 218.0 s with Dalargin on day 21, versus 71.9 s in controls. Starting means already differed.

Population / model: Rats in separate Cortexin, Dalargin and control arms. Per-arm n remains unconfirmed.

Cortexin · first swim: 84.3±3.9 → 227.25±4.5 sDay 0 to 21. Second and third day-21 swims: 159.0±4.28 and 204.6±10.9 s.
Dalargin · first swim: 79.7±5.4 → 218.0±6.6 sDay 0 to 21. Second and third day-21 swims: 187.3±5.4 and 181.6±6.7 s.

Interpretation: Unequal baseline results, non-equivalent doses and repeated training exposure limit between-group interpretation.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

First-swim means reached 227.25 s with Cortexin and 218.0 s with Dalargin on day 21, versus 71.9 s in controls. Starting means already differed.

Repeated forced swimming with a 7%-body-mass load. Three swims per test session measured persistence and recovery. Tests before treatment, on days 7, 14 and 21, and one week after dosing.

Dose, route and schedule

Daily rectal Cortexin 5 mg/kg or Dalargin 0.56 mg/kg for 21 days, in separate arms.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Reported findings and study figures · Original publication and selected methods and results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cortexin · first swim	84.3±3.9 → 227.25±4.5 s	Day 0 to 21. Second and third day-21 swims: 159.0±4.28 and 204.6±10.9 s.
Dalargin · first swim	79.7±5.4 → 218.0±6.6 s	Day 0 to 21. Second and third day-21 swims: 187.3±5.4 and 181.6±6.7 s.
Control · first swim	63.8 → 71.9±3.9 s	Day 0 to 21. Control rose to 91.4±3.3 s on day 28.
Cortexin · recovery index	Transient deterioration at day 14	Recovery and first-swim duration are separate outcomes.

The arms compare the peptides individually. They do not test a Cortexin–Dalargin combination.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Cortexin Dalargin

2014 · Animal research · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 5, pp. 145–147, Figures 54–55

Semax during repeated rotarod testing in rats ↗

The authors reported a 263% increase in duration on day 21 relative to day 7. They classified the effect on fatigue resistance as a statistical trend.

Population / model: WAG/GY rats. Arm sizes not verified in the checked section.

Rotarod duration: +263% at day 21 relative to day 7Authors described a trend around p=0.1Duration dropped after dosing stopped. Controls showed smaller gains with repeated testing.

Interpretation: Repeated training, coordination and motivation can affect the endpoint. The graph does not supply a confirmed human effect.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The authors reported a 263% increase in duration on day 21 relative to day 7. They classified the effect on fatigue resistance as a statistical trend.

Accelerating rotarod, assessed weekly during dosing and again seven days after the course.

Dose, route and schedule

Semax 0.22 mg/kg rectally daily for 21 days.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Reported findings and study figures · Original publication and selected methods and results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Rotarod duration	+263% at day 21 relative to day 7	Duration dropped after dosing stopped. Controls showed smaller gains with repeated testing. · Authors described a trend around p=0.1

Keep the within-group percentage and weak statistical result together.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Semax

2011 · Animal research · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Semax and Selank in acute loaded swimming ↗

Both peptides prolonged swimming at selected early time points. Neither had a reported effect at 24 hours.

Population / model: Rat subgroups of 6–7 per sampling interval. The separate human physiology comparison included 18 athletes and 18 comparison participants without a drug intervention.

30 minutes: Semax +45%; Selank +50%Reported relative to control.
Four hours: Semax +110%; Selank +45%The treated groups were distinct.

Interpretation: Small subgroups, incomplete uncertainty and extreme swim conditions.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Both peptides prolonged swimming at selected early time points. Neither had a reported effect at 24 hours.

Forced swim with 20% body-mass load, tested 0.5, 4 or 24 hours after administration. Separate enzyme and biochemical measurements.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal Semax or Selank, 300 µg/kg, 1% solution, 6 µL. Control received distilled water.

Protocol source ↗ · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Reported findings and study figures · Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
30 minutes	Semax +45%; Selank +50%	Reported relative to control.
Four hours	Semax +110%; Selank +45%	The treated groups were distinct.
24 hours	No detected benefit with either peptide	The separate human physiology comparison included 36 participants and did not test either peptide.

Small subgroups, incomplete uncertainty and extreme swim conditions.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Doctoral dissertation author abstract, methods and animal results

Full source record ↗

Semax Selank

2017 · Lab research · International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, original report

IPH-AGAA in cultured muscle cells ↗

Myogenic differentiation marker expression increased 2.9- and 2.8-fold at 20 and 200 ng/mL in human-derived cells.

Population / model: Human embryonic muscle-derived mesenchymal cells and rat primary muscle cultures.

Myf5 marker: 2.9- and 2.8-fold versus control20 and 200 ng/mL, respectively. The rat culture did not show the same differentiation response.
p53 expression: 1.6- and 1.5-fold lower20 and 200 ng/mL in human-derived cultures.

Interpretation: Cell-culture results cannot establish a clinical dose or athletic benefit. Report alternates IPH and IHP spelling.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Myogenic differentiation marker expression increased 2.9- and 2.8-fold at 20 and 200 ng/mL in human-derived cells.

Marker expression quantified by immunocytochemistry after exposing cells to peptide concentrations.

Dose, route and schedule

In vitro concentrations of 2, 20 and 200 ng/mL. Selected responses at 20 and 200 ng/mL.

Protocol source ↗ · International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, original report

Reported findings and study figures · International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, original report
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Myf5 marker	2.9- and 2.8-fold versus control	20 and 200 ng/mL, respectively. The rat culture did not show the same differentiation response.
p53 expression	1.6- and 1.5-fold lower	20 and 200 ng/mL in human-derived cultures.
Pax7 and Ki67	About 1.2-fold changes at selected concentrations	Marker assays do not measure whole-muscle regeneration.

Cell-culture results cannot establish a clinical dose or athletic benefit. Report alternates IPH and IHP spelling.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

International Journal of Applied and Fundamental Research, original report

Full source record ↗

IPH-AGAA

Three research questions to follow

Acute performance: Does a result survive a matched-dose, blinded comparison with an actual exercise endpoint?
Stress response: Is there a benefit across temperatures and oxygen conditions, or only in one model?
Preservation: Can muscle function be maintained during disuse, and does that translate to human outcomes?

The soy and PPK-V papers motivate a composition question, not a common mechanism. Recover peptide sequences and compare intact mixtures, fractions and metabolites before assigning activity.

Military & occupational research ↗ · Shustov source trail ↗ · Combination matrix ↗ · Bibliography and PDFs ↗