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COMPOUND RECORD / PPK-V

PPK-V & brain peptide complexesППК «В» и экспериментальные полипептидные комплексы мозга

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01 / OVERVIEW

About PPK-V & brain peptide complexes

Names in this research collection

PPK-V · ППК «В» · PPK-В · cortex-derived experimental peptide complex · PPK-A · PPK-B · PPK-G · PPK-D · PPK-E

A collection of experimental calf-brain peptide mixtures, including cortex-derived PPK-V and distinct hippocampal, brainstem and combined-region preparations. Rat performance and hypoxia experiments do not establish equivalence to Cortexin.

Research background

A collection of experimental calf-brain peptide mixtures, including cortex-derived PPK-V and distinct hippocampal, brainstem and combined-region preparations. Rat performance and hypoxia experiments do not establish equivalence to Cortexin.

What the studies found

Animal research · 2020

Who or what was studiedOutbred rats; ten per treatment group and separate control groups for each endpoint. Hypoxia: three-month-old males, 250±20 g. Loaded swimming: pretrained females, 200±20 g. A pooled analysis of separate experiments, not a verified single contemporaneous head-to-head cohort.

Reported finding

Table 2 reports PPK-V hypoxia time 552±44 s and swimming time 289±66 s; Cortexin 201±11 s and 172±44 s; displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s. Unequal doses and pooled experiments prevent a reliable potency or superiority claim.

PPK-V: hypoxia time
552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 sTable 2, M±m; separate experiments and unequal doses; no verified pairwise PPK-V-versus-Cortexin p-value
PPK-V: loaded-swimming time
289±66 s; Cortexin 172±44 s; displayed control 135±6 sTable 2, M±m; 10% body-weight load; female cohort differs from the male hypoxia cohort
Route, timing and nominal PPK dose
Rectal, once, one hour before testing; experimental preparations 2.5 mg/kg in methodsDiscussion maximum: 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; individual complex exposures not fully reconciled
All reported results & study design →
Methods, dose & source notes

Study of multiple preparations · Original animal and analytical journal research

Different-sex cohorts and separate experiments contributed to the two endpoints; randomization is stated, but masking, allocation concealment and complete animal flow are not established. Doses were unequal, and the nominal experimental-preparation dose in methods conflicts with the discussion maximum. Table 2 does not resolve each complex’s actual exposure. Table 2 reports M±m; its uncertainty notation is retained without relabeling it as a verified SD. No preparation-specific pairwise p-values or confidence intervals establish PPK-V superiority over Cortexin. T-scores standardize results against experiment-specific controls. Their percentages and ratios cannot be interpreted as proportional increases in raw swim time or clinical performance. Table 1’s final bin is printed >1 kDa, while the narrative describes <1 kDa. Some fractions do not sum to 100%; blank cells are not assumed zero and values are not renormalized. The 5–10 kDa association is observational within the pooled analysis, not isolation of an active sequence or proof of brain penetration. Rectal results do not establish intranasal delivery. Matching 2019 and 2020 numerical tables are treated as one research program. No human PPK-V efficacy or long-term safety follows from these results.

PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile study ↗

These highlights cover selected studies. Open a source for its methods, reported doses and full context.

PPK-V / CORTEXIN COMPARISON · REVIEWED 8 NOVEMBER 2026

What the PPK-V comparison establishes

PPK-V (ППК «В») is the cortex-derived experimental mixture in Shustov and colleagues’ 2020 paper. PPK-B (ППК «Б») comes from brainstem. These letter codes identify different preparations. Their composition is not established as equivalent to commercial Cortexin.

The review includes raw hypoxia and swimming times, reported animal doses, mass fractions and the unresolved dose discrepancy. The 2019 book contains matching tables.

Full results, doses and tables ↗ · Read the comparison and route limitations ↗

Compound class
Experimental peptide mixtures
Research collection
Neuropeptide research · editorial grouping
Research institutions
No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research

No human PPK-V intervention data established

Study methods

Rat hypoxia and loaded-swimming tests; ten animals per group, different sexes across endpoints, pooled standardized experiments and unequal doses

Independent replication

The 2019 book and 2020 article contain matching results tables; no independent replication established

Source access

Original publisher indexed full text; matching 2019 book pages visually checked

Safety evidence

No dedicated adverse-event table, long-term safety assessment or human safe-dose range established

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

More findings, background and history
EVIDENCE REVIEW / 6 OCTOBER 2026

Outstanding review questions

Appraise original methods and replication; keep animal and cell findings separate from unestablished human benefit and safety.

No human intervention report has been identified among the linked records; unclassified archival leads may remain. Publication records can share participants. Source counts are not trial counts.

Browse original study records ↗
03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2020 · PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile studyPPK-V: hypoxia time: 552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 s
2020Animal / experimentalFull text available

PPK-V versus Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin: rat peptide-profile study

Commercial Cortexin, Semax and Dalargin; their combinations; experimental calf-brain hydrolysates PPK-A, B, V, G, D and E. PPK-V is cortex-derived; PPK-B is brainstem-derived. · Original animal and analytical journal research

Format: Original publisher indexed HTML/PDF text; matching tables in recovered 2019 monograph · Reviewed: Original indexed methods and Tables 1–7 checked; matching monograph pp.294–296 visually inspected. Original journal PDF page images not recovered.

E. B. Shustov, D. Yu. Ivkin, A. S. Ivkina, A. E. Kim, S. L. Lublin, M. S. Nesterov · Search for the optimal mass profile of neuropeptides for the implementation of antihypoxic and activating actions. Pharmacy Formulas. 2020;2(4):72–81.

Table 2 reports PPK-V hypoxia time 552±44 s and swimming time 289±66 s; Cortexin 201±11 s and 172±44 s; displayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s. Unequal doses and pooled experiments prevent a reliable potency or superiority claim.

Findings, study figures and available tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Raw times and standardized T-scores are shown separately below. Larger reported values are not a dose-matched estimate of superiority.

Ten rats per group; males for chamber hypoxia (time to agonal signs) and females for loaded swimming (time to exhaustion). Single rectal exposure one hour before testing; saline vehicle controls. Separately performed experiments were standardized and pooled.

Dose, route and schedule

Single rectal administration one hour before testing. Methods list Dalargin 0.56 mg/kg, Semax 0.22 mg/kg, Cortexin 1 mg/kg and experimental peptide preparations 2.5 mg/kg. Combination components were not dose-reduced. The discussion instead gives an overall range up to 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; this discrepancy is unresolved.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods and dose-analysis discussion; animal protocol, not human dosing

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher indexed text, methods and selected Tables 1, 2, 5 and 6; matching monograph Tables 109–110 visually checked
MeasureResultComparison, timing and statistics
PPK-V: hypoxia time552±44 s; Cortexin 201±11 s; displayed control 95±3 sTable 2, M±m; separate experiments and unequal doses; no verified pairwise PPK-V-versus-Cortexin p-value
PPK-V: loaded-swimming time289±66 s; Cortexin 172±44 s; displayed control 135±6 sTable 2, M±m; 10% body-weight load; female cohort differs from the male hypoxia cohort
Route, timing and nominal PPK doseRectal, once, one hour before testing; experimental preparations 2.5 mg/kg in methodsDiscussion maximum: 8.06 mg/kg for PPK-E; individual complex exposures not fully reconciled
Cortexin aloneHypoxia 201±11 s; loaded swimming 172±44 sDisplayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 1 mg/kg rectally
Semax aloneHypoxia 218±23 s; loaded swimming 221±60 sDisplayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.22 mg/kg rectally
Dalargin aloneHypoxia 170±8 s; loaded swimming 201±12 sDisplayed controls 95±3 s and 135±6 s; M±m; methods dose 0.56 mg/kg rectally
Combination comparisonsCortexin + Dalargin: 250±15 s / 275±62 s; Semax + Dalargin: 293±25 s / 198±10 sHypoxia / swimming; M±m. Components were not dose-reduced. The combined Semax/Dalargin swimming mean was below Semax alone (221±60 s); no formal synergy demonstrated.
5–10 kDa fraction and hypoxiaD=0.44; p=10⁻²⁰Table 5 pooled factor analysis; association does not identify the active molecule or establish causation
5–10 kDa fraction and swimmingD=0.01; p=0.97Table 6: no association detected in this analysis; the hypoxia finding is not a general performance result
Dose as a confounding factorReported dose-factor D=0.31 for hypoxia and D=0.40 for swimmingTable 4; composition and exposure varied together. The authors grouped doses across different preparations.
Mass-profile reporting gapPPK-V fractions total 95.33%; Cortexin fractions total 98.37%Calculated sums of Table 1 entries, not new laboratory results. Final bin heading >1 kDa conflicts with the narrative <1 kDa; no renormalization.
Safety and durationNo dedicated adverse-event counts, long-term follow-up or human PPK-V outcome suppliedAn acute functional assay cannot establish a safe human regimen
Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate
Table 2: raw times and T-scores kept separate
PreparationHypoxia time (s), M±mHypoxia T-score, M±mSwimming time (s), M±mSwimming T-score, M±m
Saline control95±350±1135±650±2
Dalargin170±879±3201±12331±38
Semax218±2397±9221±60397±198
Cortexin201±1191±4172±44235±143
Cortexin + Dalargin250±15110±5275±62576±202
Semax + Dalargin293±25126±10198±10319±33
PPK-A · hippocampus532±47418±128309±71684±233
PPK-B · brainstem538±23418±73186±27280±90
PPK-V · cortex552±44460±130289±66621±215
PPK-G · combined regions551±46456±135373±95896±311
PPK-D · combined regions498±30298±87369±92886±300
PPK-E · combined regions487±22267±67344±61800±200

Original Table 2, p.76; matching 2019 monograph Table 110, p.296, visually inspected. n=10 per experimental group; separate sex-specific endpoint cohorts. Hypoxia time ends at agonal signs, not long-term survival; swimming time ends at exhaustion. Source M±m notation retained. Experiment-specific control normalization means T-score percentages are not raw-time improvements. No pairwise superiority p-values supplied here.

Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions
Table 1: reported mass-bin fractions
Preparation10–30 kDa (%)5–10 kDa (%)1–5 kDa (%)Final bin (%)
Dalargin———98
Semax———100
Cortexin—33.37623
Cortexin + Dalargin—51877
Semax + Dalargin——75.5524
PPK-A14.8838.7339.114.77
PPK-B2.5443.549.044.92
PPK-V11.3935.3943.155.4
PPK-G3036.2725.515.58
PPK-D13.8325.6323.5435.48
PPK-E12.720.2348.8718.2

Original Table 1, p.76; matching monograph Table 109, p.295, visually inspected. Final heading is printed >1 kDa, although the narrative describes <1 kDa; unresolved source inconsistency. — means a blank source cell, not verified zero. Fractions are not forced to total 100%. Molecular-mass bins do not identify peptide sequences or brain uptake.

This is a composition–activity hypothesis from pooled animal experiments. PPK-V is a distinct experimental cortex hydrolysate, not Cortexin or the brainstem PPK-B. Unequal exposures, source inconsistencies and matching earlier tables limit comparisons. No clinical superiority, formal combination synergy or intranasal PPK-V delivery has been established.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Population / setting
Outbred rats; ten per treatment group and separate control groups for each endpoint. Hypoxia: three-month-old males, 250±20 g. Loaded swimming: pretrained females, 200±20 g. A pooled analysis of separate experiments, not a verified single contemporaneous head-to-head cohort.
What was checked
Expanded from a qualitative listing using original publisher indexed full text. Table 2 outcome values and Table 1 profiles match the recovered 2019 book, Tables 110 and 109, pp.295–296. The book is retained privately; it is not a separate replication. Original journal page images could not be retrieved.
Limitations & review scope
  • Different-sex cohorts and separate experiments contributed to the two endpoints; randomization is stated, but masking, allocation concealment and complete animal flow are not established.
  • Doses were unequal, and the nominal experimental-preparation dose in methods conflicts with the discussion maximum. Table 2 does not resolve each complex’s actual exposure.
  • Table 2 reports M±m; its uncertainty notation is retained without relabeling it as a verified SD. No preparation-specific pairwise p-values or confidence intervals establish PPK-V superiority over Cortexin.
  • T-scores standardize results against experiment-specific controls. Their percentages and ratios cannot be interpreted as proportional increases in raw swim time or clinical performance.
  • Table 1’s final bin is printed >1 kDa, while the narrative describes <1 kDa. Some fractions do not sum to 100%; blank cells are not assumed zero and values are not renormalized.
  • The 5–10 kDa association is observational within the pooled analysis, not isolation of an active sequence or proof of brain penetration. Rectal results do not establish intranasal delivery.
  • Matching 2019 and 2020 numerical tables are treated as one research program. No human PPK-V efficacy or long-term safety follows from these results.

Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.

Read the source ↗

Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.

Cortexin research ↗

1 shared source record

Dalargin research ↗

1 shared source record

Semax research ↗

1 shared source record

Research collection curated by @PepMariner · editorial standards. Send a source correction ↗

Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗