Peptides showed no significant LTP restoration. Pooled total spine density differed with EDR but not KED; effects varied by sex and spine subtype.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 5xFAD mouse model and neuronal research
Design Separate electrophysiology and spine-morphology experiments; each lists four groups of ten mice, five of each sex. Slices/cells are nested observations, not extra animals.
Important limitations
Mouse findings do not establish human cognitive or Alzheimer’s treatment benefit. Confirm statistical handling of nested slice/cell measurements and inconsistent spine-subtype values.
Effects differ by sex and spine subtype. Check the statistical treatment of nested observations and inconsistent subtype values before further extraction. This is not a clinical Alzheimer’s trial.
Review connects vascular extracts, KED and AEDR experimental research
Study of multiple preparations
Preparations reviewed
Vascular polypeptide preparation, KED and AEDR
Endothelial findings
KED restored elevated ET-1 expression toward normal in reported culturesCultures derived from patients are not a clinical treatment trial
Cardiac findings
AEDR experimental cardioprotection summarizedAnimal experiments; no new human trial
The review brings together vascular polypeptide, KED and AEDR research. It describes changes in endothelial endothelin-1 expression, vascular hemodynamics and experimental myocardial injury. These preparation-specific observations are preclinical; the review supplies no new human cardiovascular efficacy trial.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Review of vascular-polypeptide, KED and AEDR experiments in endothelial cultures and animal cardiovascular models.
Important limitations
Review of earlier experiments, not independent replication. Vascular extracts, KED and AEDR are different preparations; effects cannot be transferred between them. Exact publication day is not supplied by the index; newly indexed 28 October 2026.
Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii 39(4) · Journal publication
Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro
Study of multiple preparations
The peptides altered proliferation, remodeling and aging-associated protein markers. AED and AEDG also reduced caspase-dependent apoptosis in this model.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Aging skin-fibroblast cultures; KE, KED, AED and AEDG
Important limitations
Cultured skin cells, not a human cartilage or longevity trial. Changes in Ki-67, CD98hc, MMP-9 and caspase-3 do not establish tissue repair in patients.
Bull Exp Biol Med 161(1):175-178. PMID 27259496 · Indexed abstract
A three-amino-acid research peptide identified by its sequence abbreviation KED. It has been investigated alongside EDR in experimental models of neurodegeneration.
Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and history
What remains unclear
The 2021 mouse study found no significant restoration of long-term potentiation and reported p=0.103 for total spine density in the pooled KED comparison. Sex-specific results, analysis of repeated measurements and formulation identity remain uncertain.
No human intervention report has been identified among the linked records; unclassified archival leads may remain. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Evidence belongs to the preparation actually studied. A tissue extract and a synthetic peptide can belong to the same research tradition without having equivalent effects or safety.
Blood vessels: the molecular link
Vasolin / Slavinorm → Vesugen / KED
KED was detected in vessel complex in the 2020 composition paper. Vesugen is the KED short-peptide entry; the separate KED route preserves sequence-based research navigation.
Clinical evidence and limitations
Original vessel-complex records now include 108-person arterial and 190-person venous randomized trials plus separate comparisons. These do not isolate Vesugen or purified KED.
Retrieve complete randomized papers and confirm the preparation in unnamed abstracts. Same sequence does not establish equivalence of complex preparations or clinical effects for purified KED.
PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Patents and claimed inventions
These 1 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2010 · US7851449B2 · KED / Vesugen: defined peptide and microcirculation claimsMolecule · Treated group III–IV → II; control III–IV → III–IV
Reported findings
The patent reports improved cuff-test resistance and changes in coagulation measures after ten days.
Cuff test
Treated group III–IV → II; control III–IV → III–IV10-day courseOrdinal capillary-resistance measure
Recalcification time
164.2 ± 2.4 with KED versus 147.3 ± 4.2 controlHealthy comparison value 178.0 ± 14.0; not a clinical vascular event
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Vladimir Khatskelevich Khavinson, Evgeny Iosifovich Grigoriev, Vladimir Victorovich Malinin, Galina Anatolievna Ryzhak · US7851449B2 · patent family 37999085
The patent reports improved cuff-test resistance and changes in coagulation measures after ten days.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The patent reports improved cuff-test resistance and changes in coagulation measures after ten days.
Purpura-senilis patent comparison in 23 people aged 70–82: 12 receiving KED and 11 saline; the text states random division.
Results · Clinical example and Tables 2–3; control and healthy-reference values retained.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Cuff test
Treated group III–IV → II; control III–IV → III–IV
Ordinal capillary-resistance measure · 10-day course · p<0.05 before/after in treated group
Recalcification time
164.2 ± 2.4 with KED versus 147.3 ± 4.2 control
Healthy comparison value 178.0 ± 14.0; not a clinical vascular event · p<0.05 versus control
The treated value moves further from this reference; not every measure is normalized
Very small patent comparison, with masking and allocation concealment unverified. Laboratory changes do not establish clinical prevention, and the source’s normalization language overstates at least one displayed measure.
Purpura-senilis patent comparison in 23 people aged 70–82: 12 receiving KED and 11 saline; the text states random division.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
Defined KED is not automatically identical to a branded multicomponent capsule or vascular tissue extract.
Very small patent comparison, with masking and allocation concealment unverified. Laboratory changes do not establish clinical prevention, and the source’s normalization language overstates at least one displayed measure.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2026 · Peptidergic regulation of age-related alterations in the cardiovascular systemPreparations reviewed: Vascular polypeptide preparation, KED and AEDR
Ryzhak GA, Popovich IG, Kozina LS, Arutionov VA, Arutjunyan AV · Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii 39(4)
The review brings together vascular polypeptide, KED and AEDR research. It describes changes in endothelial endothelin-1 expression, vascular hemodynamics and experimental myocardial injury. These preparation-specific observations are preclinical; the review supplies no new human cardiovascular efficacy trial.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The review brings together vascular polypeptide, KED and AEDR research. It describes changes in endothelial endothelin-1 expression, vascular hemodynamics and experimental myocardial injury. These preparation-specific observations are preclinical; the review supplies no new human cardiovascular efficacy trial.
Results · Indexed abstract checked
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Preparations reviewed
Vascular polypeptide preparation, KED and AEDR
Endothelial findings
KED restored elevated ET-1 expression toward normal in reported cultures
Cultures derived from patients are not a clinical treatment trial
Cardiac findings
AEDR experimental cardioprotection summarized
Animal experiments; no new human trial
Review of earlier experiments, not independent replication. Vascular extracts, KED and AEDR are different preparations; effects cannot be transferred between them. Exact publication day is not supplied by the index; newly indexed 28 October 2026.
Review of vascular-polypeptide, KED and AEDR experiments in endothelial cultures and animal cardiovascular models.
Source reviewed
Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked through Europe PMC on 31 October 2026. No unavailable effect sizes inferred.
Study limitations
Review of earlier experiments, not independent replication. Vascular extracts, KED and AEDR are different preparations; effects cannot be transferred between them. Exact publication day is not supplied by the index; newly indexed 28 October 2026.
Reviewed 2026-10-31.
Read the source ↗2016 · Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro
The peptides altered proliferation, remodeling and aging-associated protein markers. AED and AEDG also reduced caspase-dependent apoptosis in this model.
Population / setting
Aging skin-fibroblast cultures; KE, KED, AED and AEDG
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Cultured skin cells, not a human cartilage or longevity trial.
Changes in Ki-67, CD98hc, MMP-9 and caspase-3 do not establish tissue repair in patients.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2020 · Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides
Ashapkin V, Khavinson V, Shilovsky G, Linkova N, Vanuyshin B · Mol Biol Rep 47(6):4323-4329. PMID 32399807
AED, KED and KE changed expression of selected aging-related genes. Effects depended on peptide and culture-aging model; KED affected TNKS2 in opposite directions across models.
Population / setting
Human embryonic bone-marrow MSC line FetMSCs, aged in culture
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Human-derived cells are not human clinical participants.
Gene-expression changes do not establish improved cartilage repair, slower aging or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2023 · Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype of Cardiovascular System Cells and Inflammaging: Perspectives of Peptide Regulation
Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A, Kantemirova R, Kozlov K · Cells 12(1):106 (2023 issue; online December 2022). DOI 10.3390/cells12010106
Discusses KED and AEDR. The reported AEDR rat-infarction benefit cites US patent 7,662,789 as reference 123; it is not presented here as a newly recovered peer-reviewed animal trial.
Population / setting
Cardiovascular senescence, cell models and animal research
Source reviewed
Full-text XML checked, including AEDR discussion and patent reference 123.
Study limitations
Claims about AEDR detection in heart complex are review-reported; original analytical evidence remains a recovery target.
Patent examples and experimental biomarkers do not establish clinical cardiovascular protection.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2019 · Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells
Caputi S, Trubiani O, Sinjari B, Trofimova S, Diomede F, Linkova N, Diatlova A, Khavinson V · Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 33:2058738419828613. PMID 30791821
Examined AED, KED, KE, AEDG and their mixture. Increased neuronal-marker expression was reported for KED and the mixture.
Population / setting
Human periodontal-ligament stem-cell cultures
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Mixture results cannot be assigned to AED alone.
Marker expression is not proof of functional neuronal repair or a human clinical benefit.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2020 · Identification of short peptides in the composition of polypeptide complexes isolated from animal organs
2020Analytical / composition studyRussian source · see review scope
I. K. Zhurkovich, N. G. Kovrov, G. A. Ryzhak, E. S. Mironova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 140(2):140–148
Reports KED in vessel complex, AED in cartilage, EDG and AEDL in bronchial mucosa, EDR in brain and KEDW in pancreas. This strengthens sequence-level links in the research program.
Population / setting
Animal-organ polypeptide complexes analyzed by UHPLC–MS
Source reviewed
Author-hosted Russian PDF: citation and indexed abstract checked; full analytical validation and product-batch equivalence not appraised.
Study limitations
Molecular detection does not prove identical pharmacology or clinical equivalence.
The paper’s discussion of clinical work is not an independent clinical trial.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2021 · Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides—Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s DiseaseLong-term potentiation: Peptide-associated trends did not reach statistical significance. The untreated model-versus-wild-type comparison also had p=0.057.
Author list available on linked original paper · Pharmaceuticals 14(6):515
Peptides showed no significant LTP restoration. Pooled total spine density differed with EDR but not KED; effects varied by sex and spine subtype.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Separate electrophysiology and spine-morphology experiments; each lists four groups of ten mice, five of each sex. Slices/cells are nested observations, not extra animals.
Results · Original full-text XML; methods and results narrative, not graph digitization
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Long-term potentiation
Peptide-associated trends did not reach statistical significance. The untreated model-versus-wild-type comparison also had p=0.057.
Effects differ by sex and spine subtype. Check the statistical treatment of nested observations and inconsistent subtype values before further extraction. This is not a clinical Alzheimer’s trial.
Author list available on linked original paper · International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(8):4259
Develops hypotheses connecting short peptides with gene regulation and neurodegenerative processes. Hypotheses are retained as mechanistic proposals, not clinical conclusions.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.