{"schemaVersion":1,"site":"https://molekul.io","editorialPolicy":"https://molekul.io/editorial-policy","scope":"Public research records. Source counts are not independent trial counts. Findings apply to the studied preparation and population; access is distinct from review depth. Educational information, not medical advice.","compounds":[{"id":"cortexin","name":"Cortexin","russianName":"Кортексин","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cortexin","description":"A tissue-derived mixture of small peptides from animal cerebral cortex, studied as a neuroprotective preparation. It is a mixture rather than one defined peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Condition-specific trials, comparisons and observational reports","methods":"Clinical reports plus independent Cochrane review","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["cortexin-2014-open","neuropeptides-2013","cortexin-chronas-2024","noopept-meteo-2007","noopept-academy-2007","bio-24003726","bio-15537099","bio-10356917","bio-24874316","bio-37818733","bio-27845314","bio-39269301","bio-41524350","bio-23667876","bio-28617383","bio-32593245","bio-35175707","bio-38147380","bio-41782536","bio-22027605","bio-23250594","bio-29053119","bio-29652302","bio-31851172","bio-33244956","bio-32323940","bio-33728849","bio-39731376","bio-31626167","bio-33834730","bio-organ-identification-2020","gazprom-cherkashin-2003","recent-42133422","recent-42246531","recent-41782540","recent-40299434","recent-41537614","recent-40577182","recent-42360215","audit-21476278","audit-26390619","stroke-19431244","stroke-19672239","stroke-30132453","stroke-20873481","stroke-18193579","stroke-23233944","stroke-19650315","cortexin-ms-2009","cortexin-ms-2025","cbl-18214294"]},{"id":"semax","name":"Semax","russianName":"Семакс","aliases":["ACTH(4–7)-PGP","MEHFPGP"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/semax","description":"A synthetic peptide based on a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Its research focuses on brain function and responses to neurological injury.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical comparisons and small imaging studies","methods":"Study-specific design and limitations below","replication":"Independent replication and cohort overlap require appraisal","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, selected publisher text and archival records","safety":"Long-term safety and product equivalence not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["semax-1997-stroke","neuropeptides-2013","noopept-hypoxia-1998","ss-10741256","ss-29798983","ss-30225715","ss-32342318","ss-11443939","ss-34201112","recent-42366656","recent-41479572","recent-41171324","recent-40692165","recent-40650034","recent-39767736","recent-40496623","rp-15837162","rp-36553646"]},{"id":"pinealon","name":"Pinealon","russianName":"Пинеалон","aliases":["EDR","Glu-Asp-Arg","Glutamic acid–aspartic acid–arginine"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pinealon","description":"A short synthetic peptide made of three amino acids, also called EDR. Researchers investigate it in neuronal, gene-regulation and aging models.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Original human reports linked; methods and cohort overlap need appraisal","methods":"Animal + human research","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["pinealon-2015-treadmill","peptides-2012-drivers","neuropeptides-2013","short-peptides-2013","edr-2020-review","edr-ked-2021","neuroepigenetics-2022","transporters-2023","bio-organ-identification-2020","kh-22708445","kh-18546825","kh-18546826","pinealon-39518916","pinealon-21978084","pinealon-22567179","pinealon-21809624","pinealon-22803060","pinealon-26390612","pinealon-28976148","pinealon-30762356","audit-22117547"],"questions":[{"question":"What is Pinealon?","answer":"Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide made of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine: Glu–Asp–Arg, abbreviated EDR. Its Russian name is Пинеалон. Research includes neuronal cell models, animal experiments and limited human occupational reports.","sources":["edr-2020-review","kh-22708445"]},{"question":"Does Pinealon improve sleep or increase REM sleep?","answer":"The Pinealon studies currently linked in this collection do not establish an improvement in human REM sleep or a treatment effect for insomnia. An old-rat carotid-occlusion experiment reported increased behavioral sleep, alongside reduced activity; this is not a human REM-sleep trial. Pineal-cell findings for Epitalon also cannot be attributed to Pinealon. Personal experiences, especially when other compounds are used, cannot isolate a Pinealon effect.","sources":["pinealon-21809624","pinealon-22803060","peptides-2012-drivers"]},{"question":"Are there human studies of Pinealon?","answer":"Yes. Reports include locomotive workers and professional truck drivers. They concern adaptation and occupational psychoemotional measures; the truck-driver report includes combined Pinealon and Vezugen. These reports should not be described as controlled sleep trials or evidence for Pinealon alone across all outcomes.","sources":["kh-22708445","peptides-2012-drivers"]},{"question":"Is Pinealon the same as Epitalon or Cortexin?","answer":"No. Pinealon is EDR; Epitalon is the four-amino-acid peptide AEDG. Cortexin is a tissue-derived peptide mixture. Detecting EDR in a brain-derived complex does not establish equivalent composition, effects or safety between that complex and isolated Pinealon.","sources":["bio-organ-identification-2020","short-peptides-2013"]},{"question":"What is known about Pinealon safety?","answer":"The linked research does not establish long-term safety or the safety of marketed injectable preparations. Findings for Cortexin cannot substitute for Pinealon-specific safety evidence. This collection does not establish a clinically validated Pinealon dose for sleep.","sources":["pinealon-26390612","edr-2020-review","neuropeptides-2013"]}]},{"id":"epitalon","name":"Epitalon","russianName":"Эпиталон","aliases":["AEDG","Epithalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/epitalon","description":"A synthetic four-amino-acid peptide, also called AEDG, developed from pineal-gland peptide research. It is distinct from the tissue extract Epithalamin.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Parent-extract trials kept separate from synthetic AEDG evidence","methods":"Analytical identification, cell experiments and reviews","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","neuroepigenetics-2022","transporters-2023","epitalon-2025-review","bio-27259496","bio-29124531","bio-30791821","kh-18546825","kh-18546826","audit-12420072","audit-22117547","audit-21809626"]},{"id":"thymalin","name":"Thymalin","russianName":"Тималин","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/thymalin","description":"A thymus-derived peptide preparation studied in immune-system research. Unlike a single synthetic peptide, it contains a mixture of tissue-derived components.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical comparison","methods":"Adjunctive burn care","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["thymalin-1983-burns","bio-24003726","bio-14523363","bio-thymus-identification-2021","gaps-7980063","gaps-1947025","gaps-2014661","gaps-2629662","gazprom-cherkashin-2003","audit-26390619"]},{"id":"vilon","name":"Vilon","russianName":"Вилон","aliases":["KE"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vilon","description":"A short peptide containing two amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with tissue regeneration. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Original human reports linked; methods and cohort overlap need appraisal","methods":"KE cell experiments and thymus-composition analysis","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-27259496","bio-32399807","bio-24003726","bio-27909961","bio-30791821","bio-thymus-identification-2021","kh-18306698","kh-17152731","kh-18546825","kh-18546826","audit-12420072"]},{"id":"vesugen","name":"Vesugen","russianName":"Везуген","aliases":["KED","Vezugen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vesugen","description":"Vesugen is the KED tripeptide (Lys–Glu–Asp) in the short-peptide catalogue, studied in vascular and cell-aging research. It is not the whole vessel extract Vasolin/Slavinorm.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Original human reports linked; methods and cohort overlap need appraisal","methods":"Abstract-level review","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["peptides-2012-drivers","short-peptides-2013","bio-27259496","bio-32399807","bio-36611900","bio-30791821","bio-organ-identification-2020","kh-18546825","kh-18546826","kh-25051774","kh-report-vesugen"]},{"id":"selank","name":"Selank","russianName":"Селанк","aliases":["TP-7","TKPRPGP"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/selank","description":"A synthetic peptide analogue of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immune-related peptide. Selank has been investigated in anxiety-related and neurobiological research.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Small active-comparator anxiety studies and imaging","methods":"Study-specific design and limitations below","replication":"Independent replication and cohort overlap require appraisal","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, selected publisher text and archival records","safety":"Long-term safety and product equivalence not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["ss-32342318","ss-18454096","ss-25176261","ss-11443939","ss-14969422","ss-26924987","ss-30255741","rp-15837162","selank-26356395"]},{"id":"bromantane","name":"Bromantane","russianName":"Бромантан","aliases":["Bromantan","Ladasten","Ладастен"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bromantane","description":"A synthetic adamantane-derived compound studied in Russian fatigue and stress research. It belongs to the actoprotector literature and is not a peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Randomized neurasthenia comparison; multicenter and volunteer reports","methods":"Mixed designs; abstract-level review unless stated otherwise","replication":"Related reports may share cohorts; independent confirmation remains unresolved","sourceAccess":"Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below","safety":"Preclinical adverse findings included; human long-term safety and interactions unresolved"},"studyIds":["bromantane-2000-volunteers","bromantane-1999-mechanisms","acto-7793100","acto-19491814","acto-20559263","acto-19642584","acto-8087458","acto-25365868","acto-9929819","acto-10934588","acto-8312546","acto-15500036","acto-15341058","acto-15188752","acto-15856951","acto-22235395","acto-12596534","acto-10513335","acto-11348840","acto-10222828","acto-ladasten-patent","brom-extra-16047676","brom-extra-15341065","brom-extra-11109517","brom-extra-24771370","brom-extra-10934594","brom-extra-10763107","brom-extra-10650526","brom-extra-10763112","brom-extra-11764509","brom-extra-10439937","brom-extra-10340117","brom-extra-9314900","brom-extra-22834121","brom-extra-22803040","brom-extra-22702107","brom-extra-22288153","brom-extra-22803074","brom-extra-22288152","brom-extra-7580761","brom-extra-20408420","brom-extra-21165444","brom-extra-20369592","brom-extra-21434470","brom-extra-21434378","brom-extra-18819436","brom-extra-19907748","brom-extra-17854844","brom-extra-16995430","brom-extra-16915929","brom-extra-16579065","brom-extra-16878505","brom-extra-15559634","brom-extra-16047669","brom-extra-16027847","brom-extra-12124651","brom-extra-15999825","brom-extra-9559131","brom-extra-10640239","brom-extra-7795204","brom-extra-7795203","adk-chlodantane-2019-patent","adk-attention-2022","adk-camphane-2023","adk-immune-dissertation","adk-cyp-1996","adk-original-1989-patent","adk-adaptogens-i-2016","adk-adaptogens-ii-2017","adk-adaptogens-iv-2017","adk-adaptogens-v-2019","adk-camphane-anilines-2024","bromantane-avedisova-2009","bromitil-krasnykh-1995"],"questions":[{"question":"What is Bromantane, and is it a peptide?","answer":"Bromantane is an adamantane-derived small molecule, not a peptide. It is also indexed as bromantan and studied under the name Ladasten. Russian research spans actoprotection, fatigue and asthenic disorders.","sources":["bromantane-1999-mechanisms","acto-19491814"]},{"question":"What benefits have human studies investigated?","answer":"Human research includes a placebo-controlled neurasthenia trial and small volunteer studies of mental fatigue and performance. Findings in patients with asthenic symptoms should be distinguished from effects in healthy people seeking better focus or motivation.","sources":["acto-19491814","acto-19642584"]},{"question":"Does Bromantane improve focus and performance?","answer":"Results depend on the setting. A study in ten rested volunteers found physiological changes but no improvement in principal operator-performance measures. A separate mental-fatigue report described favorable findings. Together, these do not establish a general cognitive enhancement effect.","sources":["bromantane-2000-volunteers","acto-19642584"]},{"question":"What does the anxiety research show?","answer":"The Ladasten placebo comparison investigated neurasthenia and reported psychostimulant and anxiolytic effects. That population and trial do not establish effectiveness for every anxiety disorder or for self-directed use.","sources":["acto-19491814"]},{"question":"How does Bromantane work?","answer":"Experimental research examines effects on dopamine and other neurotransmitter systems. These mechanisms provide hypotheses for clinical research; animal and laboratory findings do not establish a lasting dopamine increase or a predictable change in motivation in people.","sources":["bromantane-1999-mechanisms"]},{"question":"What should readers know about safety and social-media claims?","answer":"A personal report cannot establish how often a benefit or side effect occurs. The linked clinical and volunteer studies concern particular populations and observation periods; they do not establish long-term safety, safe combinations or equivalence between studied preparations and products advertised online.","sources":["acto-19491814","bromantane-2000-volunteers"]}]},{"id":"bemitil","name":"Bemitil","russianName":"Бемитил","aliases":["Bemethyl","Bemithyl","Metaprot","Bemetil","Метапрот"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bemitil","description":"A synthetic benzimidazole compound, also known as bemethyl or Metaprot. It is studied as an actoprotector: a compound investigated for maintaining work capacity under demanding conditions.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Asthenia, voyage and small clinical reports; hearing patent","methods":"Mixed designs; abstract-level review unless stated otherwise","replication":"Related reports may share cohorts; independent confirmation remains unresolved","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, patent text, dissertation excerpts and archival leads","safety":"Preclinical adverse findings included; human long-term safety and interactions unresolved"},"studyIds":["bemitil-1991-voyage","pinealon-2015-treadmill","pirabel-fatigue-2019","acto-8087458","acto-25365868","acto-3381606","acto-3770166","acto-1679400","acto-12227091","acto-16282998","acto-34445727","acto-hearing-patent","acto-1664607","acto-1441389","acto-12455377","acto-12227093","acto-16579058","bemitil-extra-30346653","bemitil-extra-26621277","bemitil-extra-25076756","bemitil-extra-23012992","bemitil-extra-21870773","bemitil-extra-19093371","bemitil-extra-19058515","bemitil-extra-17402591","bemitil-extra-17902374","bemitil-extra-17181062","bemitil-extra-8553458","bemitil-extra-16845942","bemitil-extra-15934363","bemitil-extra-14743702","bemitil-extra-16404942","bemitil-extra-15514724","bemitil-extra-15598020","bemitil-extra-12710718","bemitil-extra-1804694","bemitil-extra-12428282","bemitil-extra-12449071","bemitil-extra-11109523","bemitil-extra-11202514","bemitil-extra-10420471","bemitil-extra-10513327","bemitil-extra-9680838","bemitil-extra-7580743","bemitil-extra-9324390","bemitil-extra-9162292","bemitil-extra-1942990","bemitil-extra-1759524","bemitil-extra-3691781","bemitil-extra-1882611","bemitil-extra-1786862","bemitil-extra-1916390","bemitil-extra-3609285","bemitil-extra-3676469","bemitil-extra-2736293","bemitil-extra-2381749","bemitil-extra-3089347","bemitil-extra-3676492","hypoxen-inflammation-2012","bemitil-ms-2006-patent","bemitil-sle-1999","bemitil-sle-2000-patent","bemitil-neuromuscular-1993","bemitil-tcell-2009","adk-chlodantane-2019-patent","bromitil-krasnykh-1995","kim-combinations-2004","trek-zhumasheva-2009"]},{"id":"piracetam","name":"Piracetam","russianName":"Пирацетам","aliases":["Nootropil","Nootropyl","UCB-6215","Ноотропил"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/piracetam","description":"A synthetic compound in the racetam family, also known by the brand Nootropil. It appears in neurological research and historical fatigue-related combination studies.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Small healthy-volunteer comparisons; clinical reviews; historical combination research","methods":"Acute and repeated exposure distinguished; full methods appraisal incomplete","replication":"Mixed outcomes and high heterogeneity; reviews may reuse the same trials","sourceAccess":"Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below","safety":"Occupational, long-term and combination safety not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["pirabel-fatigue-2019","pir-826948","pir-3835497","pir-38878641","pir-aging-1976","pir-eeg-1999","pir-meta-2002","dsip-8553617","dsip-10395980","stroke-18193579","rp-15662458","bemitil-ms-2006-patent","ms-fatigue-cytoflavin-2015","noopept-18697252","noopept-19234797","piracetam-stroke-review-2012","piracetam-7865703","piracetam-9316679","kim-combinations-2004"]},{"id":"pirabel","name":"Pirabel","russianName":"Пирабел","aliases":["Piracetam + Bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pirabel","description":"A research formulation combining piracetam and Bemitil. It is a combination of two compounds, not a separate peptide or a synonym for either ingredient.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Historical human comparison; methods review incomplete","methods":"Not assessed","replication":"Not assessed","sourceAccess":"Russian monograph attachment recovered; author-upload page linked","safety":"Not assessed"},"studyIds":["pirabel-fatigue-2019","kim-combinations-2004"]},{"id":"trekrezan","name":"Trekrezan","russianName":"Трекрезан","aliases":["Trecrezan","Trekresan","Oxyethylammonium methylphenoxyacetate","Hydroxyethylammonium methylphenoxyacetate"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/trekrezan","description":"A synthetic small molecule, oxyethylammonium methylphenoxyacetate, studied as an adaptogen and immune modulator. Trekrezan is not a peptide; it also appears as a component of experimental B-300.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"75-man cold-exposure report; allocation and full methods unresolved","methods":"Indexed abstracts, reviews and dissertation excerpts; study-specific limits retained","replication":"2007/2008 cold-cohort overlap unresolved; reviews may reuse the same experiments","sourceAccess":"English abstracts, Russian PDFs, library scan and clearly labeled acquisition targets","safety":"Long-term safety and real-world extreme-environment protection not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["trek-18383733","trek-19024000","trek-17369940","trek-zhumasheva-2009","trek-review-2014","trek-voronkov-2007"]},{"id":"picamilon","name":"Picamilon","russianName":"Пикамилон","aliases":["Pikamilon","N-nicotinoyl-GABA","Пикамилон"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/picamilon","description":"A synthetic GABA-related compound, also called nicotinoyl-GABA, encountered in Russian nootropic research. It is not a peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Swimmer comparisons; open patient studies; plasma pharmacokinetics","methods":"Abstract-level appraisal; surrogate endpoints and active-treatment comparisons","replication":"Cohort overlap possible; occupational replication not established","sourceAccess":"Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below","safety":"Long-term, combination and hazardous-work safety not established"},"studyIds":["pic-2707413","pic-11109535","pic-15786959","pic-16845932","pic-20821973","pic-19803364","pic-20359966","pic-36668678","pic-39113452","pic-39269299","pic-14558352","dalargin-stress-frantsuzova-2011","picamilon-2025-cohort","picamilon-swimmers-2011"]},{"id":"etomerzol","name":"Etomerzol","russianName":"Этомерзол","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/etomerzol","description":"An experimental thiobenzimidazole actoprotector investigated in rat hypoxia and laboratory oxidation models. Human clinical effectiveness is not established by the sources in this collection.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No verified human clinical trial entered","methods":"Not assessed","replication":"Not assessed","sourceAccess":"Publisher abstract and original citation","safety":"Not assessed"},"studyIds":["etomerzol-antioxidant-2003"]},{"id":"bromitil","name":"Bromitil","russianName":"Бромитил","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bromitil","description":"A historical combined Bromantane–Bemitil tablet described in an author’s dissertation abstract. Its animal pharmacokinetic findings do not establish a current product’s composition or clinical benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No formulation-specific clinical benefit established here","methods":"Dissertation abstract identifies the combination; original formulation tables pending","replication":"Not assessed","sourceAccess":"Dissertation contents and conclusion transcription","safety":"Not assessed"},"studyIds":["bromitil-krasnykh-1995"]},{"id":"thymogen","name":"Thymogen","russianName":"Тимоген","aliases":["EW"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/thymogen","description":"A short peptide containing two amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with immune regulation. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical literature summarized in the 2013 review; original trials pending appraisal","methods":"Review and molecular-composition context","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-24003726","bio-thymus-identification-2021","gaps-27457274","gaps-19400266","gaps-17276896","gaps-16984110","gaps-7951900","gaps-8293106","gaps-7980063","gaps-1300740","gaps-2014661","gaps-platform-review-2023","rp-bestim-binding-2008"]},{"id":"normophthal","name":"Normophthal","russianName":"Нормофтал","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/normophthal","description":"A short peptide containing two amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with retinal function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Not established by the catalogue","methods":"Mechanistic review / source table","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013"]},{"id":"cartalax","name":"Cartalax","russianName":"Карталакс","aliases":["AED","Ala-Glu-Asp","T-31","Карталакс"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cartalax","description":"Cartalax is the short synthetic tripeptide Ala–Glu–Asp (AED), also encountered as T-31. It is distinct from the cartilage polypeptide complex PCC, a tissue extract in which AED has been detected.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Patent-reported human comparison; peer-reviewed clinical evidence unresolved","methods":"Animal jaw repair, cell models, composition analysis and patent","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-28423258","bio-37176122","bio-27259496","bio-32399807","bio-27909961","bio-26033601","bio-30791821","bio-organ-identification-2020","bio-aed-patent-2007","gaps-25946838"]},{"id":"chonluten","name":"Chonluten","russianName":"Хонлутен","aliases":["EDG"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/chonluten","description":"A short peptide containing three amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with respiratory-system function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Institute product report; journal clinical evidence not established","methods":"Mechanistic review / source table","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-organ-identification-2020","kh-report-chonluten"]},{"id":"prostamax","name":"Prostamax","russianName":"Простамакс","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/prostamax","description":"A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with prostate function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Not established by the catalogue","methods":"Mechanistic review / source table","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","kh-17152728"]},{"id":"livagen","name":"Livagen","russianName":"Ливаген","aliases":["KEDA"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/livagen","description":"Livagen is identified as KEDA (Lys–Glu–Asp–Ala) in the linked Russian review. It is distinct from the liver extract Ventvil; conflicting KEDG labels are not adopted here.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-32362099","audit-12533768","audit-16075683"]},{"id":"cortagen","name":"Cortagen","russianName":"Кортаген","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cortagen","description":"A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with brain function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["neuropeptides-2013","short-peptides-2013","audit-11276314","audit-21476278","audit-12420072"]},{"id":"pancragen","name":"Pancragen","russianName":"Панкраген","aliases":["KEDW"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pancragen","description":"A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with pancreatic function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Original human reports linked; methods and cohort overlap need appraisal","methods":"Mechanistic review / source table","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-organ-identification-2020","kh-22448364","kh-25946840","kh-28509500","kh-23486591","kh-17152728"]},{"id":"cardiogen","name":"Cardiogen","russianName":"Кардиоген","aliases":["AEDR"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cardiogen","description":"A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with heart-muscle function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human cardiovascular benefit established by these records","methods":"Cardiovascular review and cited patent","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-36611900","bio-aedr-patent-2010","kh-17152728"]},{"id":"testagen","name":"Testagen","russianName":"Тестаген","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/testagen","description":"Testagen is identified as Lys–Glu–Asp–Gly (KEDG) in primary short-peptide research. Cell/DNA assays and a pituitary-removal bird model are linked; they do not establish human testosterone or reproductive benefits.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","audit-22117547","audit-21809626"]},{"id":"bronchogen","name":"Bronchogen","russianName":"Бронхоген","aliases":["AEDL"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bronchogen","description":"A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with bronchial function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Not established by the catalogue","methods":"Mechanistic review / source table","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["short-peptides-2013","bio-organ-identification-2020","kh-17152728","audit-22117547"]},{"id":"cerebrolysin","name":"Cerebrolysin","russianName":"Церебролизин","aliases":["Церебролизин","Cereblysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cerebrolysin","description":"A brain-derived peptide preparation containing a mixture of small peptides and amino acids. The neuropeptide literature discusses it separately from Cortexin and defined short peptides.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Randomized trials and disease-specific systematic reviews; mixed findings","methods":"Study-specific limitations, subgroup results and surrogate outcomes labeled","replication":"Pooled CARS analyses reuse trial participants; independence requires appraisal","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts and linked reviews; archival leads explicitly unverified","safety":"Acute-stroke review flags possible nonfatal serious adverse events; broader safety remains incompletely assessed"},"studyIds":["neuropeptides-2013","bio-37818733","cbl-18214294","cbl-26017115","cbl-26564102","cbl-26934986","cbl-28139626","cbl-28707130","cbl-31626174","cbl-31710397","cbl-31897941","cbl-31994517","cbl-update-40851188","cbl-update-39957612","cbl-update-41409218","cbl-update-41739286","cbl-update-39435777","cbl-update-39055722","cbl-update-41180520","cbl-update-40577185","cbl-update-38512096","cbl-update-40123141","cbl-update-42193943","cbl-update-40722733","cbl-update-42015030","cbl-update-41920231","cbl-update-41874695","cbl-update-42143192","cbl-update-41382024","cbl-update-40065222","cbl-update-39707122","cbl-update-41817815","stroke-22282884","stroke-18193579","stroke-23233944","stroke-41018475","stroke-41880098"],"questions":[{"question":"What is Cerebrolysin?","answer":"Cerebrolysin is a porcine brain-derived preparation containing peptides and amino acids. It is a mixture rather than one defined peptide; results for other peptide preparations cannot be transferred to it.","sources":["cbl-26017115","cbl-31626174"]},{"question":"What do stroke studies show?","answer":"Results vary by study and outcome. CASTA had a neutral overall primary result, while selected rehabilitation trials reported benefits. Newer observational studies report favorable associations, but do not replace randomized evidence. Survival, language recovery and motor function are different outcomes.","sources":["stroke-22282884","cbl-update-39957612","cbl-update-40851188","bio-37818733"]},{"question":"Does Cerebrolysin help after traumatic brain injury?","answer":"The collection includes CAPTAIN II and later observational comparisons. A 2025 retrospective study found no statistically significant six-month neurological or mortality difference when Cerebrolysin was added to citicoline. Treatment setting and study design matter.","sources":["cbl-31897941","cbl-update-41409218"]},{"question":"What about memory and dementia?","answer":"Research includes vascular-dementia reviews and a three-year open study in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Favorable findings in patients do not establish memory enhancement in healthy people, and the open study alone cannot establish dementia prevention.","sources":["cbl-31710397","cbl-update-39435777"]},{"question":"What is known about safety?","answer":"Safety needs to be assessed by indication, trial design and follow-up. Stroke reviews report serious-adverse-event concerns, and a published case documents severe anaphylaxis. A case report cannot tell us how often that reaction occurs.","sources":["bio-37818733","cbl-update-39055722"]}]},{"id":"ked","name":"KED","russianName":"Пептид KED","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ked","description":"A three-amino-acid research peptide identified by its sequence abbreviation KED. It has been investigated alongside EDR in experimental models of neurodegeneration.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Not assessed","methods":"Not assessed","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["edr-ked-2021","neuroepigenetics-2022","bio-27259496","bio-32399807","bio-36611900","bio-30791821","bio-organ-identification-2020"]},{"id":"b-300","name":"B-300","russianName":"Б-300","aliases":["Б-300"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/b-300","description":"An experimental multi-ingredient formulation from Russian performance research, built around Bemitil and Trekrezan. It is not a single molecule and is distinct from Binavit.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Small healthy-volunteer comparisons across several experimental settings","methods":"Repeated testing and historical controls; full allocation appraisal pending","replication":"Institutional retrospective reuses the original program; independent replication not established","sourceAccess":"Russian dissertation transcription and publisher institutional history","safety":"Higher activation accompanied worse accuracy at higher exposure; field and long-term safety unestablished"},"studyIds":["b300-elistratov-2012"]},{"id":"noopept","name":"Noopept","russianName":"Ноопепт","aliases":["GVS-111","GVS111","Omberacetam","Омберацетам"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/noopept","description":"Noopept, also called GVS-111 or omberacetam, is a synthetic derivative of the Pro–Gly dipeptide. Its chemical name is N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester. It was developed at the Zakusov Institute and is structurally distinct from piracetam.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Environmental-stress comparisons; clinical EEG report","methods":"Mostly abstract-level appraisal; overlapping reports possible","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below","safety":"Long-term and occupational safety not established by these records"},"studyIds":["noopept-meteo-2007","noopept-academy-2007","noopept-eeg-2008","noopept-ngf-bdnf-2008","noopept-hif-2016","noopept-cell-2000","noopept-choline-2001","noopept-hypoxia-1998","rp-9358206","rp-30295186","noopept-18697252","noopept-19234797","noopept-19938275"]},{"id":"phenotropil","name":"Phenotropil","russianName":"Фенотропил","aliases":["Phenylpiracetam","4-phenylpiracetam","Fonturacetam","Carphedon","Фонтурацетам","Карфедон","Fenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/phenotropil","description":"Phenotropil is a name used for phenylpiracetam (fonturacetam), historically called Carphedon. It is a synthetic phenyl-substituted analogue of piracetam in the racetam family, not a peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Adjunctive epilepsy RCT; observational patient reports","methods":"Study-specific review scopes; many original methods pending","replication":"Independent confirmation not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below","safety":"Mixed temperature findings; occupational and long-term safety not established"},"studyIds":["phenotropil-bobkov-1983","phenotropil-tartu-1987","phenotropil-stroke-2006","phenotropil-epilepsy-2014","phenotropil-triumph-2014","phenotropil-ms-2010","phenotropil-stereoisomers-2011"]},{"id":"pcc","name":"PCC","russianName":"Полипептидный комплекс хрящевой ткани","aliases":["Cartilage polypeptide complex","PPC","Cartilage extract"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pcc","description":"An animal-cartilage-derived polypeptide complex described in the Russian cartilage research program. It is a mixture containing AED, not a synonym for synthetic Cartalax.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Trial program reported in review; primary trial unrecovered","methods":"Original reports separated from narrative reviews and patents","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["bio-37176122","bio-organ-identification-2020"]},{"id":"epithalamin","name":"Epithalamin","russianName":"Эпиталамин","aliases":["Epithalamine"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/epithalamin","description":"A pineal-gland tissue extract containing a mixture of peptides. Human aging and melatonin studies of this preparation must be distinguished from research on synthetic Epitalon (AEDG).","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical reports linked; see study-specific limitations","methods":"Original reports separated from narrative reviews and patents","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["bio-24003726","bio-29124531","bio-14523363","bio-15452611","bio-17426848","gazprom-cherkashin-2003"]},{"id":"vasolin","name":"Vasolin / Slavinorm","russianName":"Вазолин / Славинорм","aliases":["Slavinorm","Vascular polypeptide complex"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vasolin","description":"A polypeptide complex extracted from calf blood vessels. Its experimental vascular literature is separate from studies of the defined KED peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human trial established by linked review","methods":"Original reports separated from narrative reviews and patents","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["bio-31228385","bio-organ-identification-2020"]},{"id":"ventvil","name":"Ventvil","russianName":"Вентвил","aliases":["Liver polypeptide complex"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ventvil","description":"A liver-derived polypeptide complex discussed alongside Livagen (KEDA) in experimental hepatology. The extract and tetrapeptide are separate preparations.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["bio-32362099","audit-26390619"]},{"id":"prostatilen","name":"Prostatilen","russianName":"Простатилен","aliases":["Prostate polypeptide complex"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/prostatilen","description":"A prostate-tissue-derived polypeptide preparation with historical urological clinical reports. It is distinct from the synthetic short peptide Prostamax.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical reports linked; see study-specific limitations","methods":"Original reports separated from narrative reviews and patents","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["bio-24003726","bio-1823682","bio-1823683","audit-26390619"]},{"id":"retinalamin","name":"Retinalamin","russianName":"Ретиналамин","aliases":["Retinal polypeptide complex"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/retinalamin","description":"A retinal tissue-derived peptide preparation studied in ophthalmology. It is distinct from the short-peptide catalogue entry Normophthal.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Clinical reports linked; see study-specific limitations","methods":"Original reports separated from narrative reviews and patents","replication":"Independent replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Linked abstracts, analytical papers, reviews and patents; individual scope shown below","safety":"Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use"},"studyIds":["bio-24003726","bio-32366071"]},{"id":"ovagen","name":"Ovagen","russianName":"Оваген","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ovagen","description":"Ovagen is a named peptide product in the institute reports, described using glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine. Product equivalence to experimentally defined EDL requires source-specific characterization.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Institute report; independent peer review not established","methods":"Randomization, blinding and product characterization unresolved","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Systematic safety assessment incomplete"},"studyIds":["kh-report-ovagen"]},{"id":"crystagen","name":"Crystagen","russianName":"Кристаген","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/crystagen","description":"Crystagen is a named peptide product in the institute reports, described using glutamic acid, aspartic acid and proline. Product evidence is kept separate from experiments on a defined EDP sequence.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Institute report; independent peer review not established","methods":"Randomization, blinding and product characterization unresolved","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"See source-specific abstracts, institute reports and explicit review scopes","safety":"Systematic safety assessment incomplete"},"studyIds":["kh-report-crystagen"]},{"id":"actovegin","name":"Actovegin","russianName":"Актовегин","aliases":["Aktovegin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/actovegin","description":"A deproteinized preparation derived from calf blood. It is a biological mixture rather than a single defined peptide, and is distinct from brain-derived preparations such as Cerebrolysin. It has been investigated in diabetic neuropathy and post-stroke cognitive impairment.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Two randomized trials and a stroke systematic review linked below","methods":"Mixed endpoints; statistical and clinical significance distinguished","replication":"Stroke review reuses ARTEMIDA; independent confirmation remains needed","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts with links to original publications","safety":"Stroke safety imbalance and uncertain benefit require attention; long-term safety not established here"},"studyIds":["actv-35771887","actv-28432265","actv-19470838"]},{"id":"binavit","name":"Binavit","russianName":"Бинавит","aliases":["B1/B6/B12","Neurotropic B vitamins"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/binavit","description":"Binavit is a Russian injectable B1/B6/B12 preparation with lidocaine. This page also serves as an umbrella for the broader B-vitamin peripheral-nerve research tradition, without treating every study as a trial of this brand.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Related-formulation trial and historical B12 report; direct Binavit evidence not established","methods":"Open trial, session summary and guideline evidence are distinguished","replication":"Cross-brand findings are not assumed equivalent or independently replicated","sourceAccess":"Manufacturer documentation, journal records, Russian PDF and guideline reproductions","safety":"Excess B6 can cause neuropathy; injectable-product risks require clinical assessment"},"studyIds":["bin-29171487","bin-23185205","bin-13616672","bin-session-1959","bin-review-2024"]},{"id":"dsip","name":"DSIP","russianName":"Дельта-сон-индуцирующий пептид","aliases":["Delta sleep-inducing peptide","Delta-sleep inducing peptide","WAGGDASGE"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/dsip","description":"Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) is a nine-amino-acid experimental peptide, with sequence Trp–Ala–Gly–Gly–Asp–Ala–Ser–Gly–Glu. Its name comes from early sleep experiments; it does not establish a reliable sleep-inducing effect in people.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Small insomnia studies with conflicting results; uncontrolled withdrawal report","methods":"Short studies, baseline imbalances and incomplete full-text appraisal","replication":"Animal analogue results do not replicate ordinary DSIP efficacy; overlapping reports need checking","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, original-paper repository and critical-review full text","safety":"Long-term safety and safety of marketed preparations are not established by these records"},"studyIds":["dsip-3622582","dsip-3583493","dsip-1299794","dsip-8553617","dsip-10395980","dsip-7779981","dsip-8829679","dsip-3730559","dsip-3754970","dsip-3788358","dsip-11525128","dsip-265572","dsip-6328354","dsip-3550726","dsip-16539679","gaps-9406227"]},{"id":"haemalin","name":"Haemalin","russianName":"Гемалин","aliases":["Hemalin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/haemalin","description":"Historical bone-marrow peptide mixture; distinct from modern Bonomarlot.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-7980063","gaps-1947025","gaps-2014661","gaps-2629662","gaps-6610599"]},{"id":"thymohaemin","name":"Thymohaemin","russianName":"Тимогемин","aliases":["Thymogemine"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/thymohaemin","description":"Historical combined thymus and bone-marrow preparation studied alongside Thymalin and Haemalin.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-7980063","gaps-1947025","gaps-2629662"]},{"id":"thymohexin","name":"Thymohexin","russianName":"Тимогексин","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/thymohexin","description":"Synthetic hexapeptide investigated in radiation-related hematopoietic models. Original sequence verification is needed because Asp and Asn renderings conflict.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-8293106"]},{"id":"vasonin","name":"Vasonin","russianName":"Вазонин","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vasonin","description":"Historical vascular-wall polypeptide research lead. Exact preparation and its relationship to Vasolin require original-source verification.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-3817141","audit-6714401"]},{"id":"vilosen","name":"Vilosen","russianName":"Вилозен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vilosen","description":"Low-molecular-weight thymic preparation encountered in radiation-injury literature. It is not the defined dipeptide Vilon.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-7951900"]},{"id":"tactivin","name":"Tactivin","russianName":"Тактивин","aliases":["Taktivin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/tactivin","description":"Tactivin (T-activin) is a thymus-derived peptide preparation investigated for immune effects. It is a tissue preparation, not a single defined peptide; findings depend on the formulation and clinical setting.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"17-patient melanoma comparison; clinical benefit not established","methods":"Small adjunctive human comparison; allocation unclear","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Original indexed abstracts; full methodological appraisal pending","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-tactivin-8931749"]},{"id":"thymodepressin","name":"Thymodepressin","russianName":"Тимодепрессин","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/thymodepressin","description":"Synthetic Glu–Trp-derived dipeptide in the suppressive branch of this research program. Stereochemistry and peptide-bond position matter.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-32058926","gaps-19400266","gaps-18856212","gaps-17276896","gaps-16984110","gaps-16080625","gaps-11550064","gaps-10907411","gaps-platform-review-2023","gaps-16307056"]},{"id":"stemokin","name":"Stemokin / Neogen","russianName":"Стемокин / Неоген","aliases":["Neogen","IEW"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/stemokin","description":"Synthetic Ile–Glu–Trp tripeptide (IEW), studied in hematopoietic experiments and Russian clinical immune research. It is distinct from whole tissue extracts.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Comparative clinical report; methods and overlap unresolved","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-27457274","gaps-12677657","gaps-cp88-2024","gaps-platform-review-2023","gaps-stemokin-2015","gaps-16307056"]},{"id":"cp-88","name":"CP-88","russianName":"Пептидомиметик CP-88","aliases":["CP88"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cp-88","description":"Experimental cyclic peptidomimetic cyclo-{E(I)-E(W)}Na studied in mouse and laboratory hematopoietic assays. Human efficacy and safety are not established here.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-cp88-2024"]},{"id":"awe18","name":"AWE18","russianName":"Пептидомиметик AWE18","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/awe18","description":"Experimental cyclic Ala/Glu/Trp peptidomimetic discussed in the development literature. Its evidence must remain separate from CP-88.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-platform-review-2023","gaps-27457274"]},{"id":"edl","name":"EDL","russianName":"Пептид EDL","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/edl","description":"Glu–Asp–Leu tripeptide studied in renal-cell aging models. It is distinct from AED/Cartalax.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"See preparation-specific records; human benefit not established here","methods":"Source-specific designs and limitations below","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Linked publications; access and review scope shown per record","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-25946838"]},{"id":"ogp","name":"Osteogenic growth peptide","russianName":"Остеогенный ростовой пептид","aliases":["OGP","OGP(10–14)"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ogp","description":"Osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) is a 14-amino-acid peptide related to the C-terminal sequence of histone H4. It is an international bone-research comparator, distinct from marrow extracts and its shorter active fragment.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No treatment trial in the newly recovered sources","methods":"Animal and cell experiments; observational serum data","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"Original indexed abstracts; full methodological appraisal pending","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-ogp-1582415","gaps-ogp-35604006"]},{"id":"gotratix","name":"Gotratix","russianName":"Готратикс","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/gotratix","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with skeletal muscle. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Table: 22 treated, 17 controls; reconcile with original enrollment.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-gotratix-report"]},{"id":"sigumir","name":"Sigumir","russianName":"Сигумир","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/sigumir","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with cartilage. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"64 patients: 33 adjunctive Sigumir; 31 controls. Knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration or osteoporosis.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-sigumir-report","tissue-sigumir-22708467"]},{"id":"taxorest","name":"Taxorest","russianName":"Таксорест","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/taxorest","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with respiratory tissue. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"52 smokers with bronchitis: 31 treated, 21 controls.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-taxorest-report"]},{"id":"chelohart","name":"Chelohart","russianName":"Челохарт","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/chelohart","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with heart. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"32 angina patients: 22 adjunctive Chelohart; 10 controls.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["tissue-chelohart-report","audit-26390619"]},{"id":"suprefort","name":"Suprefort","russianName":"Супрефорт","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/suprefort","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with pancreas. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"59 patients: pancreatitis 12 treated/8 controls; type-2 diabetes 22 treated/17 controls.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-suprefort-report"]},{"id":"ventfort","name":"Ventfort","russianName":"Вентфорт","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ventfort","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with blood vessels. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"49 patients: 27 adjunctive Ventfort; 22 controls; ages 52–84, atherosclerosis or senile purpura.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-ventfort-report"]},{"id":"endoluten","name":"Endoluten","russianName":"Эндолутен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/endoluten","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with pineal gland. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"163 patients: 99 adjunctive Endoluten; 64 controls across four diagnostic subgroups.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-endoluten-report"]},{"id":"svetinorm","name":"Svetinorm","russianName":"Светинорм","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/svetinorm","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with liver. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"85 patients: 47 adjunctive Svetinorm; 38 controls. Chronic hepatitis or care following radiation/chemotherapy.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-svetinorm-report"]},{"id":"cerluten","name":"Cerluten","russianName":"Церлутен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cerluten","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with brain. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"85 patients: 48 adjunctive Cerluten; 37 conventional-care controls. Mixed neurological diagnoses.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-cerluten-report"]},{"id":"vladonix","name":"Vladonix","russianName":"Владоникс","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vladonix","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with thymus. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"76 patients: 42 adjunctive Vladonix; 34 controls. Prior low-dose radiation exposure or radiation/chemotherapy.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-vladonix-report"]},{"id":"visoluten","name":"Visoluten","russianName":"Визолутен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/visoluten","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with eye. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"49 patients: 29 adjunctive preparation, 20 conventional-care controls","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-visoluten-report"]},{"id":"pielotax","name":"Pielotax","russianName":"Пиелотакс","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pielotax","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with kidney. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Gouty nephropathy: 27 treated, 15 controls.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-pielotax-report"]},{"id":"glandokort","name":"Glandokort","russianName":"Гландокорт","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/glandokort","description":"A named tissue-derived preparation associated with adrenal gland. A reproduced clinical report is linked below; marketed formulation still requires separate verification and no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"36 patients described; 26 controls separately stated. Enrollment denominator unresolved.","methods":"Small comparative institute report; allocation, blinding and outcome interpretation require caution","replication":"Independent replication not established in this collection","sourceAccess":"Report reproduction linked; source language and review scope shown per record","safety":"Short-term reports do not establish long-term safety or equivalence to current products"},"studyIds":["tissue-glandokort-report"]},{"id":"bonomarlot","name":"Bonomarlot","russianName":"Бономарлот","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bonomarlot","description":"Animal bone-marrow peptide mixture described in an institute anemia report. It is distinct from synthetic Stemokin and from historical Haemalin.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Small adjunctive anemia comparison","methods":"Original preparation and study methods await verification","replication":"Related reports are not automatically independent evidence","sourceAccess":"English institute-report reproduction; Russian original requires comparison","safety":"Clinical safety, product equivalence and interactions not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["gaps-bonomarlot-2011"]},{"id":"bonothyrk","name":"Bonothyrk","russianName":"Бонотирк","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bonothyrk","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with parathyroid tissue. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"33 women aged 47–56: 20 preparation, 13 controls","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-bonothyrk-report"]},{"id":"stamakort","name":"Stamakort","russianName":"Стамакорт","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/stamakort","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with stomach. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"47 patients with chronic gastritis: 30 adjunctive preparation, 17 conventional-care controls","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-stamakort-report"]},{"id":"chitomur","name":"Chitomur","russianName":"Читомур","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/chitomur","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with urinary bladder. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"50 women aged 48–80; Chitomur 30, usual-treatment control 20","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-28976156","audit-24640697"]},{"id":"testoluten","name":"Testoluten","russianName":"Тестолутен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/testoluten","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with testes. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"36 men aged 47–65: 22 adjunctive preparation, 14 nonhormonal-care controls","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-testoluten-report"]},{"id":"zhenoluten","name":"Zhenoluten","russianName":"Женолутен","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/zhenoluten","description":"A named tissue-preparation research lead associated with ovary. Original report and marketed formulation require separate verification; no equivalence to a single synthetic peptide is assumed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"67 women: 39 with climacteric symptoms and 28 with early ovarian insufficiency; four comparison groups","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-zhenoluten-report"]},{"id":"tireogen","name":"Tireogen","russianName":"Тиреоген","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/tireogen","description":"Named peptide/product research lead. Original composition, preparation identity and compound-specific evidence remain unresolved.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"25 treated patients and 19 controls with primary hypothyroidism; report dates November 2005–January 2006","methods":"Small adjunctive comparison; signed original, allocation and reporting require verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-tireogen-report"]},{"id":"libidon","name":"Libidon","russianName":"Либидон","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/libidon","description":"Libidon is a prostate-derived peptide mixture described in a Russian institute-report reproduction. Its adjunct-treatment report does not establish equivalence to Prostatilen or synthetic Prostamax.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Commercial reproduction of an adjunct-treatment comparison; original unauthenticated","methods":"Original preparation and study methods await verification","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"Russian brochure text checked; original report and table verification pending","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-libidon-report-2011"]},{"id":"dilept","name":"Dilept","russianName":"Дилепт","aliases":["GZR-123","Дилепт"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/dilept","description":"An experimental neurotensin-related peptidomimetic also called GZR-123. Its environmental-stress source is linked below; clinical effectiveness is not established.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"25-patient psychiatric pilot plus separate environmental comparison; no independent randomized replication established","methods":"Pilot monotherapy/add-on design, rodent studies and historical environmental comparisons","replication":"Possible overlap with the Academy report","sourceAccess":"Original Russian journal PDF; selected methods checked","safety":"Human long-term safety and operational protection not established"},"studyIds":["noopept-meteo-2007","rp-32307407","rp-24006607","rp-24400381","rp-30295186"]},{"id":"vinpotropil","name":"Vinpotropil","russianName":"Винпотропил","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/vinpotropil","description":"A fixed combination of piracetam and vinpocetine. Combination findings cannot establish either component’s independent effect.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Shared environmental comparison; not independent replication","methods":"Small groups, historical controls and unresolved allocation","replication":"Possible overlap with the Academy report","sourceAccess":"Original Russian journal PDF; selected methods checked","safety":"Human long-term safety and operational protection not established"},"studyIds":["noopept-meteo-2007"]},{"id":"pineamin","name":"Pineamin","russianName":"Пинеамин","aliases":["Pineamine","PPG","polypeptides of pineal gland","Пинеамин"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/pineamin","description":"A preparation of water-soluble polypeptide fractions extracted from bovine pineal glands, manufactured by Geropharm with glycine as a stabilizer. It is a tissue-derived mixture, not a single defined peptide or melatonin itself.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Placebo-controlled menopausal-symptom trial and an older-adult biomarker report","methods":"Clinical symptom scales and urinary melatonin-metabolite measurement address different questions","replication":"Independent replication and overlap between menopause publications require assessment","sourceAccess":"Publisher trial report, PubMed abstract and manufacturer identity information","safety":"Short clinical follow-up does not establish uncommon harms or long-term safety"},"studyIds":["pineamin-menopause-2016","pineamin-28849889"]},{"id":"chlodantane","name":"Chlodantane","russianName":"Хлодантан","aliases":["ADK-910","Chlondatane","Chlodantan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/chlodantane","description":"N-(adamantan-2-yl)-4-chlorobenzamide, an experimental benzamide from the Russian adamantane program. Its amide linkage distinguishes it from Bromantane’s arylamine.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-chlodantane-2019-patent","adk-camphane-2023","adk-camphane-2019","adk-immune-dissertation","adk-cyp-1996","adk-original-1989-patent","adk-phenoxyacetamides-2018","adk-adaptogens-v-2019"]},{"id":"cyclontane","name":"Cyclontane","russianName":"Циклонтан","aliases":["ADK-638","Cyclantane","Циклантан"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cyclontane","description":"1-Hydroxy-4-cyclohexylaminoadamantane hydrochloride (ADK-638), an experimental hydroxyadamantane. Individual-compound experiments and the sodium-oxybate formulation are separate evidence.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyclontane-2018-patent","adk-attention-2022","adk-cyclontane-original-patent"]},{"id":"adk-918","name":"ADK-918","russianName":"АДК-918","aliases":["ADC-918"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-918","description":"The para-bromobenzamide counterpart of Chlodantane, N-(adamantan-2-yl)-4-bromobenzamide. It is chemically distinct from Bromantane.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-camphane-2023","adk-camphane-2019","adk-immune-dissertation","adk-cyp-1996","adk-original-1989-patent","adk-phenoxyacetamides-2018"]},{"id":"adk-957","name":"ADK-957","russianName":"АДК-957","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-957","description":"A chlorophenoxyacetamide adamantane lead discussed in the 2019 chemistry paper. Its historical cold-protection claim still needs the original pharmacology report.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-camphane-2019"]},{"id":"adk-963","name":"ADK-963","russianName":"АДК-963","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-963","description":"An ortho-hydroxyphenyl aminoadamantane research code in the immune-regulation dissertation. Exact structure and stereochemistry require the original chemistry record.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-immune-dissertation"]},{"id":"adk-613","name":"ADK-613","russianName":"АДК-613","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-613","description":"An adamantyl para-fluoroaniline hydrochloride research lead named in the immune-regulation program. Identity is based on a dissertation transcription.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-immune-dissertation"]},{"id":"kemantane","name":"Kemantane","russianName":"Кемантан","aliases":["ADK-412","Kemantan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/kemantane","description":"An adamantane preparation used as an immune-pharmacology comparator in the historical ADK program. This entry documents those experiments; formulation-specific clinical evidence remains unreviewed.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-immune-dissertation"]},{"id":"camphane-chlorobenzamide","name":"Camphane chlorobenzamide","russianName":"Камфановый хлорбензамид","aliases":["N-[(1R,2RS)-camphan-2-yl]-4-chlorobenzamide"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/camphane-chlorobenzamide","description":"An experimental camphane-based structural analogue of Chlodantane. The cage framework differs from adamantane; this is a chemical candidate, not an established treatment.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-camphane-2023","adk-camphane-2019","adk-adaptogens-v-2019"]},{"id":"adamantylaminoethyl-chlorophenoxyacetate","name":"Adamantylaminoethyl chlorophenoxyacetate","russianName":"Адамантиламиноэтилхлорфеноксиацетат","aliases":["SU1771186A1"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adamantylaminoethyl-chlorophenoxyacetate","description":"The aminoethyl ester hydrochloride named in SU1771186A1. This patent lead is distinct from ADK-957 and from the benzamide compounds.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-thermoprotective-ester-patent"]},{"id":"adk-559","name":"ADK-559","russianName":"АДК-559","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-559","description":"An N-substituted adamantylpiperazine in the historical hepatic-enzyme screen. Exact substitution requires recovery of the original structural record.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-591","name":"ADK-591","russianName":"АДК-591","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-591","description":"An N-substituted adamantylpiperazine in the historical hepatic-enzyme screen. Exact substitution requires recovery of the original structural record.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-676","name":"ADK-676","russianName":"АДК-676","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-676","description":"An N-substituted adamantylpiperazine in the historical hepatic-enzyme screen. Exact substitution requires recovery of the original structural record.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-677","name":"ADK-677","russianName":"АДК-677","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-677","description":"An N-substituted adamantylpiperazine in the historical hepatic-enzyme screen. Exact substitution requires recovery of the original structural record.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-790","name":"ADK-790","russianName":"АДК-790","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-790","description":"2-(1-Adamantyl)-9-methylimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole hydrochloride, identified in the dissertation as a P450 inducer (certificate 1140444).","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-828","name":"ADK-828","russianName":"АДК-828","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-828","description":"Adamantylidene-2,6-diacetonitrile, identified in the dissertation under certificate 1178056; investigated for enzyme induction and experimental anaphylaxis.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"adk-829","name":"ADK-829","russianName":"АДК-829","aliases":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/adk-829","description":"2-[N-benzoyl-N-(para-bromophenyl)]aminoadamantane, identified under certificate 1116699; a distinct compound from ADK-918.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-cyp-1996"]},{"id":"camphane-aniline-4e","name":"Camphane aniline 4e","russianName":"Камфановый аналог анилина 4e","aliases":["N-(camphan-2-yl)aniline 4e"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/camphane-aniline-4e","description":"An experimental para-ethylphenyl camphane amine highlighted in the 2024 Russian report on Bromantane structural analogues. The code 4e is paper-specific, not an ADK identifier.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human efficacy findings verified in this update","methods":"Source-specific animal, chemistry, patent or dissertation evidence","replication":"Independent replication not established; translations are not separate experiments","sourceAccess":"Access and review depth appear with each linked record","safety":"Human safety and interactions not established; animal activity is not a safe-use recommendation"},"studyIds":["adk-camphane-anilines-2024"]},{"id":"hypoxen","name":"Hypoxen / Olifen","russianName":"Гипоксен / Олифен","aliases":["Hypoxen","Hypoxenum","Gipoksen","Olifen","Олифен","Гипоксен","Polyfen","Polifen","Biotop","sodium polydihydroxyphenylene thiosulfonate"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/hypoxen","description":"A synthetic sulfur-containing polyphenolic/polymeric antihypoxant, formerly called Olifen. Its active ingredient is sodium polydihydroxyphenylene thiosulfonate; it is not a peptide.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Environmental and clinical comparisons; limited methodological detail","methods":"Human comparisons, rat studies, mitochondrial assays and analytical chemistry","replication":"Independent clinical confirmation remains limited; historical cohorts may overlap","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, publisher records, patent text and explicit archival leads","safety":"Long-term and combination safety not established by this collection"},"studyIds":["hypoxen-review-2025","hypoxen-athletes-2004","hypoxen-lactate-2008","hypoxen-mitochondria-2010","hypoxen-katp-2010","hypoxen-postoperative-2012","hypoxen-antimutagen-2002","hypoxen-inflammation-2012","hypoxen-bednov-2004","hypoxen-extreme-2005-patent","hypoxen-urine-2025","acto-25365868","antihypoxants-meteo-2009"]},{"id":"dalargin","name":"Dalargin","russianName":"Даларгин","aliases":["Dalargine","Tyr–D-Ala–Gly–Phe–Leu–Arg","Даларгин"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/dalargin","description":"A synthetic six-amino-acid analogue of Leu-enkephalin: Tyr–D-Ala–Gly–Phe–Leu–Arg. It belongs to opioid-peptide research rather than the organ-extract bioregulator family. Receptor activity and tissue effects depend on the experimental setting.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"A 104-patient trauma comparison; hearing patent case material kept separate","methods":"Receptor assays, animal dissertations, human comparison and patents","replication":"Independent clinical replication not established by this collection","sourceAccess":"Indexed abstracts, publisher text, patent tables and dissertation transcriptions","safety":"Delivery and clinical context matter; long-term and combination safety remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["dalargin-receptors-1999","dalargin-blast-hearing-2008","dalargin-hypoxia-kalinin-2000","dalargin-stress-frantsuzova-2011","dalargin-resuscitation-1999","dalargin-trauma-2023","dalargin-reperfusion-2002"]},{"id":"ngf-mimetics","name":"NGF mimetics: GK & GTS series","russianName":"Миметики ФРН","aliases":["GK-1","GK-2","GK-2a","GK-2b","GK-2c","GK-2d","GK-2e","GK-2w","GK-2f","GK-3","GK-4","GK-5","GK-6","GK-7","GK-8","GTS-113","GTS-115","TrkA"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/ngf-mimetics","description":"A family of experimental peptides designed from exposed loops of nerve growth factor. Related structures can differ in cell survival, differentiation and pain responses.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["stroke-22462051","stroke-30132457","rp-26642930","rp-30295186","rp-ngf-bdnf-patent","rp-gts115-2017","rp-bdnf-patterns-2022"]},{"id":"bdnf-mimetics","name":"BDNF mimetics: GSB, GBK & GTS","russianName":"Миметики BDNF","aliases":["GSB-104","GSB-106","GSB-120","GSB-207","GSB-214","GBK-108","GBK-201","GTS-201","TrkB"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bdnf-mimetics","description":"Small experimental mimetics of different BDNF loops, grouped for comparison of chemistry, signaling and behavioral results.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["stroke-27843294","rp-36375394","rp-ngf-bdnf-patent","rp-bdnf-patterns-2022"]},{"id":"nt3-mimetics","name":"NT-3 mimetics: GTS-301 & GTS-302","russianName":"ГТС-301 / ГТС-302","aliases":["GTS-301","GTS-302","NT-3","TrkC"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/nt3-mimetics","description":"A paired NT-3 research record comparing two loop-4 mimetics with different downstream signaling and animal pharmacology.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["stroke-nt3-2026","rp-36038682","rp-39647825","rp-40254407","rp-39847301","rp-39847291","rp-nt3-patent"]},{"id":"gzs-411","name":"GZS-411","russianName":"ГЗС-411","aliases":["NT-4","Neurotrophin-4","N-isocaproyl-L-arginylglycine hexamethylenediamide"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/gzs-411","description":"A 2026 experimental dimeric dipeptide designed from NT-4 loop 1. Its currently linked findings are cell-based.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-42443573"]},{"id":"cpg-gzk-111","name":"CPG & GZK-111","russianName":"ЦПГ / ГЗК-111","aliases":["CPG","CGP","Cycloprolylglycine","cyclo(Pro-Gly)","cyclo(Gly-Pro)","GZK-111","pGlu-Asn-NH2"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/cpg-gzk-111","description":"A grouped record for endogenous cyclo(Pro-Gly), its experimental linear precursor GZK-111 and the connection to Noopept metabolism.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-35006488","rp-8706904","rp-9358206","rp-28058675","rp-36786983","rp-27021093","rp-15662458","rp-30295186"]},{"id":"glyprolins","name":"Glyprolins & PGP hybrids","russianName":"Глипролины","aliases":["PGP","Pro-Gly-Pro","PG","GP","PGPL","Gly-Hyp","Pro-Hyp-Gly","Gly-Pro-Hyp","Gly-Hyp-Pro","Hyp-Gly-Pro","GHyp","PHypG","GPHyp","GHypP","HypGP","GPE"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/glyprolins","description":"A family record separating simple Pro/Gly peptides, PGP-containing hybrids and proposed protein-fragment lineages.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-15837162","rp-36553646"]},{"id":"myelopeptides","name":"Myelopid & MP-1–MP-6","russianName":"Миелопид / миелопептиды","aliases":["Myelopid","MP-1","MP-2","MP-3","MP-4","MP-5","MP-6","Bivalen","Seramil","LVV-H3","LVV-hemorphin-3","Spinorphin","Tynorphin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/myelopeptides","description":"A marrow-peptide family separating the original mixture from defined isolates and later synthetic research. Each member needs its own evidence.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-10745082","rp-16758623","rp-16699373","rp-12170311","rp-2102777","rp-myelopeptide-patent"]},{"id":"sedatin-analogues","name":"Sedatin & dermorphin analogues","russianName":"Седатин / аналоги дерморфина","aliases":["Sedatin","A10","A17","A43","Dermorphin","Arg-free Sedatin","RU2067000"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/sedatin-analogues","description":"A family of synthetic dermorphin-related peptides studied in tissue homeostasis, oxidative injury and opioid pharmacology.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-27265138","rp-19902098","rp-18642706","rp-sedatin-patent","rp-dermorphin-dissertation-2010"]},{"id":"nale","name":"NALE & peptide G","russianName":"НАЛЭ","aliases":["NALE","Phe-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg","Peptide G"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/nale","description":"An experimental non-opiate leu-enkephalin analogue used to investigate cytoprotection apart from conventional opioid effects.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"No human treatment trial assessed for this family","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-34855076","rp-42053709","rp-nale-2019"]},{"id":"gb-115","name":"GB-115 & CCK analogues","russianName":"ГБ-115","aliases":["GB-115","GB-101","CCK-4","Cholecystokinin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/gb-115","description":"A synthetic CCK-4-related dipeptide mimetic with animal studies and early human anxiety reports; its analogue library belongs on a shared research card.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"31-patient pilot and possibly overlapping 25-patient conference analysis","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-31626171","rp-24130989","rp-23113301","rp-30295186","rp-gb115-conference-2022"]},{"id":"liberol","name":"Liberol / TRH research","russianName":"Либерол","aliases":["TRH","Protirelin","Thyrotropin releasing hormone","Padalko"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/liberol","description":"An archival occupational-research record for the Liberol/TRH branch, covering historical human functional-reserve experiments.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"Human dissertation material; original scan and study design pending","methods":"Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately","replication":"Independent replication not established by the records collected here","sourceAccess":"Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets","safety":"Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ"},"studyIds":["rp-liberol-padalko-2003"]},{"id":"bestim","name":"Bestim","russianName":"Бестим","aliases":["gamma-D-Glu-L-Trp","γ-D-Glu-L-Trp"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/bestim","description":"A gamma-linked D-Glu/L-Trp dipeptide with immune-cell binding research and limited human adjunct-treatment reports. Distinct from Thymogen and Thymodepressin.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"43 men aged 20–55 with schizophrenia and asthenic symptoms","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-29652309","audit-16259438","rp-bestim-binding-2008"]},{"id":"imunofan","name":"Imunofan","russianName":"Имунофан","aliases":["RDKVYR","Arg-Asp-Lys-Val-Tyr-Arg"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/imunofan","description":"A synthetic RDKVYR hexapeptide with cell, animal and human wound-related research. Historical Thymohexin names have conflicting sequence order.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"69 people with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot: 39 adjunctive Imunofan, 30 basic-care controls","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-20481041","audit-40785606","audit-14635999","rp-32585846"]},{"id":"gepon","name":"Gepon & ezrin-derived peptides","russianName":"Гепон","aliases":["HEP1","HEP-1","TEKKRRETVEREKE","HP-V2","TEKKR","RETVEREKE"],"url":"https://molekul.io/compounds/gepon","description":"An ezrin-related peptide family with a patent identity trail, an uncontrolled human ulcerative-colitis report and preclinical experiments. Related fragments are separate research objects.","evidence":{"humanResearch":"36 patients with resistant distal ulcerative colitis","methods":"Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits","replication":"New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks","sourceAccess":"New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source","safety":"Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved"},"studyIds":["audit-15991847","audit-32621844","audit-28668507","rp-gepon-patent"]}],"studies":[{"id":"pineamin-menopause-2016","title":"Recent tendencies in the prevention and treatment of menopausal syndrome","compoundIds":["pineamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pineamin-menopause-2016","originalSource":"https://gynecology.orscience.ru/2079-5831/article/view/28500","doi":null,"year":2016,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Original clinical report","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher abstract and available Russian HTML methods inspected; PDF linked, not separately appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"120 postmenopausal women aged 45–60; placebo 30, one-course group 30, two-course group 60","summary":"The multicenter double-blind trial reported improvement in modified Kupperman symptom scores versus placebo, principally neurovegetative symptoms. The two-course group retained a reported difference at day 180. Nineteen participants withdrew; 101 comprised the per-protocol population.","limitations":["The report recorded 22 adverse events; normal laboratory measures do not prove overall safety.","Allocation concealment, missing-data handling and clinical importance of the score differences need detailed appraisal.","Related 2015/2016 reports may describe the same cohort; do not count them as independent trials.","Menopause symptom findings do not establish general insomnia treatment or longevity effects."]},{"id":"pineamin-28849889","title":"Pineamin increased pineal melatonin synthesis in elderly people","compoundIds":["pineamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pineamin-28849889","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28849889/","doi":null,"year":2017,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original human biomarker report","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed English and Russian abstracts checked; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"55 older patients with reduced pineal melatonin function","summary":"The Russian abstract reports a 1.9-fold increase in nighttime urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin compared with the pretreatment value. This is a melatonin-metabolite finding, not a measured improvement in sleep architecture.","limitations":["Randomization and a concurrent placebo group are not established by the abstract.","The comparison with Epithalamin refers to earlier findings, not an established head-to-head trial.","No demonstrated REM-sleep, lifespan or healthy-person performance benefit follows from this biomarker.","Author affiliations include Geropharm; independent confirmation requires assessment."]},{"id":"cbl-update-40851188","title":"C-REGS2-A multinational, high-quality comparative effectiveness study of Cerebrolysin in moderate acute ischemic stroke.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-40851188","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40851188/","doi":"10.1177/17474930251375439","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"C-REGS2: 1,769 patients in the target population across 16 countries","summary":"The prospective comparative study associated Cerebrolysin with better 90-day functional outcomes in moderate ischemic stroke. It reported no difference in the assessed safety measures.","limitations":["Nonrandomized, open-label treatment; adjustment does not remove unmeasured confounding.","This is observational effectiveness research, not a randomized trial.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-39957612","title":"Speech Therapy Combined With Cerebrolysin in Enhancing Nonfluent Aphasia Recovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: ESCAS Randomized Pilot Study.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-39957612","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39957612/","doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.124.049834","year":2025,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"ESCAS: 132 enrolled; 123 in intention-to-treat analysis","summary":"With speech therapy in both groups, the Cerebrolysin group showed greater improvement in language scores at 90 days than placebo, alongside neurological improvement.","limitations":["Pilot trial in a selected nonfluent-aphasia population; generalizability is limited.","Difference between enrolled and analyzed populations requires full-methods review.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41409218","title":"Combined citicoline and Cerebrolysin for neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury: a retrospective cohort analysis.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41409218","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41409218/","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2025.1684981","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"80 patients with severe traumatic brain injury","summary":"Adding Cerebrolysin to citicoline was not associated with a statistically significant difference in neurological function or mortality at six months.","limitations":["Retrospective, single-center comparison with baseline severity differences.","A favorable trend does not establish efficacy or combination synergy.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41739286","title":"Cerebrolysin after Endovascular Thrombectomy in Stroke: 12‑Month Functional Outcomes in a Propensity‑Matched Cohort.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41739286","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41739286/","doi":"10.1007/s12975-026-01414-z","year":2026,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Selected thrombectomy patients; propensity-matched historical controls","summary":"The 12-month follow-up associated Cerebrolysin with greater functional independence. Mortality was 18% in both groups.","limitations":["Historical controls and residual confounding limit causal interpretation.","An extension of a previously reported cohort is not an independent trial; linkage to earlier thrombectomy reports requires reconciliation.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-39435777","title":"[Cerebrolysin in the preventive therapy of dementia in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment: a three-year prospective comparative study].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-39435777","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39435777/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412409151","year":2024,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"100 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment; 50 per group","summary":"An open three-year study, described as randomly assigned, reported less cognitive decline and fewer conversions to dementia with repeated Cerebrolysin courses than no treatment.","limitations":["Unblinded and no placebo; allocation details, attrition and event counts need full-text appraisal.","The report does not by itself establish disease modification or dementia prevention.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-39055722","title":"Life-Threatening Anaphylaxis due to Cerebrolysin®.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-39055722","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39055722/","doi":"10.1155/2024/2332908","year":2024,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"One 85-year-old patient after subacute stroke","summary":"A case report documented a severe anaphylactic reaction after intravenous Cerebrolysin, supported by laboratory testing and requiring emergency treatment.","limitations":["A case report identifies a possible serious harm but cannot estimate its frequency.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41180520","title":"Safety and feasibility of cerebrolysin in treatment of primary intracerebral hemorrhage (CLINCH)-a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint pilot trial.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41180520","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41180520/","doi":"10.3389/fneur.2025.1602956","year":2025,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"CLINCH protocol: planned enrollment of 88 patients with lobar intracerebral hemorrhage","summary":"The paper describes a planned randomized, open-label, blinded-endpoint pilot comparing Cerebrolysin plus standard care with standard care alone. It does not report completed trial outcomes.","limitations":["Planned enrollment is not an observed patient count.","No efficacy or safety conclusion can be drawn from this protocol.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-40577185","title":"[Cerebrolysin with reperfusion therapy in ischemic stroke: a prospective analysis of multimodal brain imaging data from the CEREHETIS trial].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-40577185","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40577185/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202512506184","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"CEREHETIS imaging subgroup: 16 treated and 17 controls","summary":"The subgroup analysis associated Cerebrolysin with favorable day-14 imaging changes, including blood–brain barrier permeability and infarct volume.","limitations":["Small subgroup and surrogate imaging endpoints.","Same CEREHETIS program as other analyses; not independent replication.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-38512096","title":"[Cerebrolysin as an early add-on to reperfusion therapy: heterogeneous treatment effect analysis in ischemic stroke patients with varying risk of hemorrhagic transformation].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-38512096","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38512096/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412403255","year":2024,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"CEREHETIS post hoc analysis: 238 patients","summary":"Reported treatment associations varied with baseline hemorrhagic-transformation risk; the low-risk subgroup showed neutral effects.","limitations":["Post hoc subgroup analysis is exploratory.","Overlaps the CEREHETIS trial and potentially its other language/version reports.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-40123141","title":"[Cerebrolysin and the optimal timing of anticoagulation resumption in stroke: combined post hoc survival analysis of the CEREHETIS trial].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-40123141","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40123141/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202512503277","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"CEREHETIS post hoc analysis plus observational validation cohort","summary":"The analysis modeled hemorrhagic-transformation risk over time and reported lower hazards with Cerebrolysin in selected risk groups.","limitations":["Model-derived anticoagulation timing is not validated prescribing guidance.","Reuses CEREHETIS participants; separate publication does not mean independent confirmation.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-42193943","title":"Exosomes Released by Cerebrolysin-Treated Cerebral Endothelial Cells Reverse Fibrin- or tPA-Impaired Endothelial Cell Permeability.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-42193943","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193943/","doi":"10.3390/cells15100934","year":2026,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Cerebral endothelial-cell permeability assays","summary":"Exosomes from Cerebrolysin-treated cells improved barrier-related measures after fibrin or tPA challenge, with changes in inflammatory and tight-junction proteins.","limitations":["Exosome preparations are not interchangeable with administered Cerebrolysin.","Cell experiments do not establish clinical stroke benefit.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-40722733","title":"Is Cerebrolysin Useful in Psychiatry Disorders?","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-40722733","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40722733/","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13071661","year":2025,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Scoping review of psychiatric applications","summary":"The review found a limited research base for psychiatric applications and discussed possible adjunctive roles.","limitations":["Secondary synthesis, not a new clinical trial.","Sparse and heterogeneous evidence does not establish routine psychiatric efficacy.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-42015030","title":"Retraction: Regional Comparison of the Neurogenic Effects of CNTF-Derived Peptides and Cerebrolysin in AβPP Transgenic Mice.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-42015030","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42015030/","doi":"10.1177/13872877261442048","year":2026,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41920231","title":"Retraction Note to: Timed Release of Cerebrolysin Using Drug-Loaded Titanate Nanospheres Reduces Brain Pathology and Improves Behavioral Functions in Parkinson's Disease.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41920231","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41920231/","doi":"10.1007/s12035-026-05839-3","year":2026,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41874695","title":"Retraction Note: Neurotrophic effects of Cerebrolysin in the Mecp2&lt;sup&gt;308/Y&lt;/sup&gt; transgenic model of Rett syndrome.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41874695","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41874695/","doi":"10.1007/s00401-026-03001-w","year":2026,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-42143192","title":"Retraction Note: Cerebrolysin Attenuates Exacerbation of Neuropathic Pain, Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Breakdown and Cord Pathology Following Chronic Intoxication of Engineered Ag, Cu or Al (50-60 nm) Nanoparticles.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-42143192","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42143192/","doi":"10.1007/s11064-026-04785-9","year":2026,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41382024","title":"Retraction Note: Cerebrolysin™ efficacy in a transgenic model of tauopathy: role in regulation of mitochondrial structure.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41382024","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41382024/","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00985-1","year":2025,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-40065222","title":"Retraction Note: Neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin in triple repeat Tau transgenic model of Pick's disease and fronto-temporal tauopathies.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-40065222","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40065222/","doi":"10.1186/s12868-025-00942-y","year":2025,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-39707122","title":"Retraction Note to: Co-Administration of TiO2 Nanowired Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Cerebrolysin Potentiates Neprilysin Level and Reduces Brain Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-39707122","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39707122/","doi":"10.1007/s12035-024-04677-5","year":2025,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"Retraction notice for the paper named in this record. The retracted findings are not presented as supporting evidence.","limitations":["This notice is not an additional efficacy study.","The reason and scope of the retraction require the publisher notice; no reason is inferred here.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"cbl-update-41817815","title":"Editorial Expression of Concern: Neurofibrillary and neurodegenerative pathology in APP-transgenic mice injected with AAV2-mutant TAU: neuroprotective effects of Cerebrolysin.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-update-41817815","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41817815/","doi":"10.1007/s00401-026-02995-7","year":2026,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and available abstract checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Publication-status notice","summary":"An editorial expression of concern was issued for the named experimental paper. It is flagged for source appraisal, not treated as a retraction.","limitations":["An expression of concern differs from a retraction; the underlying findings require caution and review of the notice.","Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-30346653","title":"Detection of bemitil and its metabolite in urine by means of LC-MS/MS in view of doping control analysis.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-30346653","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346653/","doi":"10.1002/dta.2524","year":2018,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Healthy adult volunteers","summary":"In six healthy volunteers, urine analysis detected Bemitil and its glucuronide conjugate. The conjugate was more abundant and detectable for longer. This was a detection study, not a performance trial.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-26621277","title":"Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-26621277","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26621277/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-015-3137-9","year":2015,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, combined Polyoxidonium and Metaprot showed a greater antioxidant effect than either alone. In macrophage assays, the direction of the biochemiluminescence response depended on concentration.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.","Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-25076756","title":"[Features of bemithyl pharmacokinetics upon inhalation administration].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-25076756","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25076756/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"The report compared inhaled, intragastric and intravenous pharmacokinetics and identified metabolites. The authors favored inhalation on pharmacokinetic grounds; the abstract does not identify the study population or establish clinical safety.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-23012992","title":"[Protective effects of metaprot and ethomerzol in carbophos intoxications].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-23012992","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012992/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In carbophos-intoxicated rats, Metaprot improved swimming and selected biochemical measures. Ethomerzol was more effective in the reported tests.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.","These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-21870773","title":"[Pharmacokinetics of domestic actoprotector drug Metaprot in healthy volunteers].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-21870773","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21870773/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Healthy adult volunteers","summary":"After oral Metaprot in healthy adults, mean time to peak concentration was about one hour. The report describes substantial variability and a multimodal distribution of pharmacokinetic parameters.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-19093371","title":"[Effects of phytoecdysteroids and bemithyl on functional, metabolic, and immunobiological parameters of working capacity in experimental animals].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-19093371","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19093371/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In mouse and rat swimming experiments, turkesterone and cyasterone showed stronger effects on work duration and recovery than the bemithyl comparator.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-19058515","title":"[Modification of impulse activity of cat brainstem monoaminergic cells caused by bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-19058515","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19058515/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Bemitil modified noradrenergic and serotonergic brainstem-neuron activity in cats, with dose-dependent effects.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-17402591","title":"[Transplacental effects of bemithyl].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-17402591","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17402591/","doi":null,"year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Exposure during rat pregnancy was associated with lower post-implantation fetal loss, higher fetal weight and faster postnatal development. These endpoints do not establish human pregnancy safety.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.","Animal reproductive and developmental endpoints do not establish safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-17902374","title":"[Correlative interconnections between impulse activity of aminergic neurons of the brainstem and spectral components of electroencephalogram during action of bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-17902374","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17902374/","doi":null,"year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In five cats, Bemitil altered correlations between brainstem neuronal firing and cortical electrical activity.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-17181062","title":"Distribution of bemitil in organs and tissues of rats after single or repeated administration.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-17181062","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17181062/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-006-0230-0","year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Rat tissue measurements detected Bemitil in several organs. The authors interpreted repeated-exposure findings as accumulation in blood rather than tissues; human accumulation was not assessed.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-8553458","title":"[The stimulation of pulmonary epithelial regeneration and of the clearance function of the mucociliary apparatus by using bemetil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-8553458","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8553458/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"The abstract describes a method intended to promote bronchial epithelial regeneration and mucociliary function with Bemitil, including immunocorrection. It does not supply population, group sizes or numerical results.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-16845942","title":"[Studying the hepatoprotector effect of bemithyl on a model of chronic toxic liver damage].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-16845942","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845942/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In experimental rat cirrhosis, bemithyl improved selected liver-function, antioxidant and histological measures and reduced fibrosis severity.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-15934363","title":"[The effect of bemithyl on the onthogenesis of rats].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-15934363","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15934363/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"During lactation in rats, bemithyl transferred through milk and altered offspring maturation, sensorimotor development and later pubertal processes. Developmental change is not evidence of safety.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.","Animal reproductive and developmental endpoints do not establish safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-14743702","title":"[Membrane mechanisms of effects of antihypoxic agents bemethyl and almide on neurons of Mollusca].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-14743702","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14743702/","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In isolated mollusk neurons, bemithyl and almide reversibly blocked ion currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Proposed systemic antihypoxic effects were not established by these cell experiments.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-16404942","title":"[Efficacy of bemithyl and pyrazidol in patients with cerebroasthenia due to brain injury].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-16404942","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16404942/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"A clinical report described reduced asthenic symptoms and changes in oxidative-stress measures with combined bemithyl and pyrazidol after brain injury.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-15514724","title":"Cerebroprotective effect of combined treatment with pyrazidol and bemitil in craniocerebral trauma.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-15514724","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514724/","doi":"10.1023/b:bebm.0000046939.59393.ac","year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In rats after brain trauma, Bemitil and pyrazidol had model-dependent individual effects; combined treatment was reported to have additive behavioral and metabolic effects.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.","Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-15598020","title":"[The influence of hepatoprotector 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on the content of glycogen in cirrhotic rat liver hepatocytes located in various microenvironments].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-15598020","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15598020/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In cirrhotic rat liver, bemithyl-associated glycogen changes differed between hepatocytes within lobules and the wider cell population.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-12710718","title":"Effects of the 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on carbohydrate metabolism in cirrhotic rat liver.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-12710718","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12710718/","doi":"10.1078/0940-2993-00270","year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In cirrhotic rat liver, bemithyl reduced glycogen content and altered glycogen-related enzyme activity. These are metabolic findings rather than clinical liver outcomes.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1804694","title":"[The action of bemitil on the self-regulation systems during short-term immobilization].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1804694","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1804694/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In immobilized rats, the authors reported changes toward normal in motor, cardiovascular and stress-related measures after bemithyl.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-12428282","title":"Antioxidant effects of Bemitil during acute cerebral hypoxia.","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-12428282","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12428282/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In acute hypoxic hypoxia in rats, Bemitil limited brain lipid peroxidation and suppression of antioxidant-system activity.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-12449071","title":"[The effect of bemithyl in rats with experimental pneumonia].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-12449071","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12449071/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In experimental rat pneumonia, bemithyl reduced mortality frequency, lung lactate accumulation and lipid peroxidation.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-11109523","title":"[Effects of bemethyl, ethomersol, and yakton on the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-11109523","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11109523/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"The experimental report described faster liver regeneration and changes in biochemical and morphological measures after partial hepatectomy with bemithyl, etomerzol or yakton. The abstract does not specify the species.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-11202514","title":"[Acute toxicity of bemithyl and bromithyl].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-11202514","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11202514/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Acute rat toxicity testing found different lethal-dose estimates and dose-dependent physiological effects for bemithyl and bromithyl. The preparations should not be treated as equivalent.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-10420471","title":"[Effect of bemithyl (bemactor) on the bronchial epithelium regeneration and the main protector mechanisms of the respiratory system in chronic inflammation].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-10420471","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10420471/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"The respiratory-inflammation report found no direct bemithyl effect on the evaluated mucociliary and local bronchial-defense mechanisms. Its proposal for a specialized application requires the original methods.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-10513327","title":"[The effect of bemitil on conditioned-reflex memory in normal rats and under stress exposures].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-10513327","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10513327/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Bemitil improved conditioned-reflex learning in rat experiments and was reported to attenuate stress-related disruption.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-9680838","title":"[A new approach to the therapy of pyoderma in servicemen: the use of the actoprotector bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-9680838","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9680838/","doi":null,"year":1998,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"A report involving 51 men with pyoderma described better recovery and selected immune and local inflammatory measures with Bemitil-containing treatment than conventional care.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-7580743","title":"[Changes in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in the rat hippocampus under the influence of bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-7580743","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7580743/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Bemitil pretreatment suppressed activity of an experimentally induced hippocampal epileptogenic focus in male rats.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-9324390","title":"[The effect of bemitil on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and nitrogen metabolism in epilepsy in children].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-9324390","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9324390/","doi":null,"year":1997,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"A small pediatric epilepsy report described reductions in oxidative-stress markers and seizure frequency in some children receiving Bemitil. Outcomes in two children could not be evaluated.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","The abstract contains a malformed group-size entry and incomplete outcome assessment; robust seizure-efficacy estimates cannot be derived."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-9162292","title":"[The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-9162292","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9162292/","doi":null,"year":1997,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"During exertion in insulating protective equipment, the report described favorable thermal and performance effects with the tested drugs. Phenibut showed the strongest reported protective effect.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care.","The abstract does not establish a Bemitil–phenibut combination arm; a comparison must not be presented as combination synergy."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1942990","title":"[Effectiveness of bemitil in recurrent erysipelas].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1942990","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1942990/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"In 66 patients with recurrent erysipelas, adding Bemitil to conventional care was associated with faster resolution of symptoms and earlier discharge than adding placebo.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","Possible overlap between these 1991 erysipelas reports remains unresolved; do not count them as independent replication."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1759524","title":"[The dynamics of the immunological indices during the treatment of recurrent erysipelas with the new immunostimulant bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1759524","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1759524/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"An adjunctive erysipelas report described changes in T-lymphocytes and immunoglobulins alongside improved response to multi-component standard care.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","Possible overlap between these 1991 erysipelas reports remains unresolved; do not count them as independent replication."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-3691781","title":"[Bemetil pharmacokinetics in an experiment on rats].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-3691781","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3691781/","doi":null,"year":1987,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Rat pharmacokinetic experiments found rapid systemic appearance after intragastric dosing, a peak around one hour and elimination largely through metabolites or bound forms rather than unchanged drug.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1882611","title":"[The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1882611","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1882611/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"The report used bacterial preparations during pregnancy and Bemitil after delivery, describing immune changes and fewer postnatal complications. It does not establish Bemitil administration during pregnancy.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1786862","title":"[Effect of bemitil on metabolic processes and work capacity at high altitude].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1786862","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1786862/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-1916390","title":"[Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-1916390","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1916390/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human report; see summary and review scope","summary":"The historical human report describes improved physiological resistance during combined carbon-monoxide and heat exposure. The abstract contains a questionable dose unit and provides limited methodological detail.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Allocation, masking, group details and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.","These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care.","The apparent dose-unit discrepancy requires the original paper; no dose is reproduced as guidance."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-3609285","title":"[Experimental and clinical data on the ability of bemetil to penetrate the hemato-encephalic barrier].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-3609285","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3609285/","doi":null,"year":1987,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Rat tissue and human cerebrospinal-fluid measurements","summary":"Bemitil concentrations exceeded plasma concentrations in rat brain tissue. In brain-injury patients, cerebrospinal-fluid concentrations were below plasma concentrations. The two measurements do not establish equivalent human brain exposure.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-3676469","title":"[Effect of bemetil on the perception of visual stimuli].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-3676469","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3676469/","doi":"10.1007/bf00834962","year":1987,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-2736293","title":"[Antihypoxic and antioxidative properties of bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-2736293","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2736293/","doi":null,"year":1989,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"Rat and tissue experiments reported reduced lipid-peroxidation changes during hypoxia. The report also found no antiradical activity, distinguishing antioxidant-associated outcomes from direct radical scavenging.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-2381749","title":"[Changes in the nature of the time concordance of the functional brain structures under the influence of bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-2381749","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2381749/","doi":null,"year":1990,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available abstract or citation","summary":"Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-3089347","title":"[Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of bemitil].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-3089347","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3089347/","doi":"10.1007/bf00840006","year":1986,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"The tested genetic-toxicology assays did not detect the specified mutations or chromosomal damage, and mouse experiments found reduced damage from selected alkylating agents. This does not establish comprehensive human safety.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-extra-3676492","title":"[Structural analysis of the functional status of the brain as affected by bemethyl using pattern recognition theory].","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-extra-3676492","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3676492/","doi":null,"year":1987,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Experimental animals or tissue preparations","summary":"In trained cats, visual evoked potentials and cluster analysis suggested altered coordination among functional brain systems after bemethyl.","limitations":["Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.","Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16047676","title":"[Effect of ladasten on reproduction function in male rats].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16047676","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16047676/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"In stressed male rats, Ladasten was associated with improved orienting behavior, sperm measures and fertilizing capacity, and reduced embryo loss.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Reproductive reports use different exposure schedules and endpoints; possible overlap and formulation details require comparison with the original papers."]},{"id":"brom-extra-15341065","title":"[The effect of bromantan on the sexual behavior and conception in rats].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-15341065","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15341065/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Bromantan altered sexual approach and mating behavior in rats, with effects depending on exposure duration and dose.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Reproductive reports use different exposure schedules and endpoints; possible overlap and formulation details require comparison with the original papers."]},{"id":"brom-extra-11109517","title":"[Effect of bromantane on the rat neurologic status in two month course].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-11109517","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11109517/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Two-month rat exposure produced dose- and sex-dependent changes in movement, exploration, temperature and body weight. The authors reported no clear dependence-related behavior during follow-up; this is not evidence of absent human dependence risk.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-24771370","title":"Correcting effect of ladasten on variations in the subpopulation composition of T lymphocytes in C57BL/6 mice on the experimental model of an anxious-depressive state.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-24771370","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24771370/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-014-2343-1","year":2014,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Ladasten shifted stress-associated changes in thymus and spleen weight and T-cell populations toward control values in male mice.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10934594","title":"[Effect of the long term administration of bromantan on the reproductive function in rats].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10934594","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10934594/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The rat reproduction study reported no effect on fertilizing capacity or embryonal measures under its conditions, alongside changes in reproductive-organ measures. The abstract describes the sperm-count decrease as statistically uncertain.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Reproductive reports use different exposure schedules and endpoints; possible overlap and formulation details require comparison with the original papers."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10763107","title":"[The effect of bromantane on the cardiovascular and sympathetic-adrenal systems in animals].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10763107","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10763107/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Animal experiments found changes in cardiac output, heart rate, vascular resistance and catecholamine responses. These physiological effects do not establish cardiovascular benefit in people.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10650526","title":"[The effect of the actoprotector preparation bromantane on the postnatal development of rat pups].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10650526","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10650526/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Parental exposure was followed by changes in offspring growth and behavior that differed between maternal and paternal exposure. The report includes both significant and nonsignificant findings.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Reproductive reports use different exposure schedules and endpoints; possible overlap and formulation details require comparison with the original papers."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10763112","title":"[An acute toxicity study of bromantane].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10763112","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10763112/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Acute animal toxicity testing characterized dose-dependent behavioral effects. The authors proposed different catecholaminergic and cholinergic contributions at different exposures.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-11764509","title":"[Complex evaluation of the effect of bromantane on animal behavior].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-11764509","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11764509/","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The authors applied statistical methods to rat open-field behavior to evaluate neurological toxicity. The abstract does not provide a numerical effect estimate.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10439937","title":"[The effect of bromantane on the behavior of inbred mouse strains with different phenotypes of emotional stress reaction].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10439937","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10439937/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Bromantan altered open-field and elevated-plus-maze behavior differently across mouse strains, supporting a strain-dependent anxiolytic-like response.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10340117","title":"[The characteristics of the neuropsychotropic activity of bromantane in laboratory animals].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10340117","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10340117/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The report describes behavioral activation, EEG changes and learning-related effects in laboratory animals.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-9314900","title":"Bromontan, a new doping agent.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-9314900","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9314900/","doi":"10.1016/s0140-6736(05)63310-7","year":1997,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22834121","title":"[Ladasten versus placebo effect self-evaluated by neurasthenia patients with different EEG alpha rhythm types].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22834121","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22834121/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Patients; see abstract scope","summary":"Subjective and objective responses to Ladasten and placebo differed across EEG-defined neurasthenia subgroups. Higher subjective responses were not confined to active treatment.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Sample size, allocation, masking and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; the report cannot establish effects in healthy users.","Possible overlap with other Ladasten neurasthenia reports, including the existing clinical program, remains unresolved; do not count this as independent replication."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22803040","title":"Effect of ladasten on the content of cytokine markers of inflammation and behavior of mice with experimental depression-like syndrome.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22803040","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803040/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-011-1453-2","year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"In an LPS-induced mouse model, Ladasten reduced elevated TNF-alpha and IL-6 and attenuated behavioral disturbances. This is distinct from a clinical depression trial.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22702107","title":"[Effect of ladasten on antenatal and postnatal development].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22702107","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22702107/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The authors reported fewer resorptions and accelerated offspring development after exposure in pregnant rats. These outcomes do not establish pregnancy safety in people.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Reproductive reports use different exposure schedules and endpoints; possible overlap and formulation details require comparison with the original papers."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22288153","title":"[Self-evaluation of single test doses and objective indices of ladasten vs. placebo efficacy in neurasthenic patients].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22288153","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22288153/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Patients; see abstract scope","summary":"Patients with neurasthenia rated single-dose Ladasten tolerability similarly to placebo. The authors examined associations between self-ratings, baseline characteristics and subsequent treatment response.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Sample size, allocation, masking and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; the report cannot establish effects in healthy users.","Possible overlap with other Ladasten neurasthenia reports, including the existing clinical program, remains unresolved; do not count this as independent replication."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22803074","title":"Mechanisms of action of ladasten: activation of gene expression for neurotrophins and mitogen-activated kinases.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22803074","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803074/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-012-1516-z","year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The study examined ERK signaling and neurotrophin gene expression in rat brain regions after Ladasten. The abstract does not state the direction or magnitude of the individual results.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-22288152","title":"[Effect of antiasthenic drug ladasten on the level of cytokines and behavior in experimental model of anxious depression in C57BL/6 male mice].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-22288152","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22288152/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"In socially stressed male mice, Ladasten reduced selected inflammatory cytokines and attenuated behavioral and immune-organ changes.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-7580761","title":"[The effect of bromantane on the dopamin- and serotoninergic systems of the rat brain].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-7580761","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7580761/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Acute and chronic exposure altered serotonin and dopamine-related measures across rat brain regions, with different regional directions of response.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-20408420","title":"[Neurochemical study of effects of the new anxiolytic drugs afobazol and ladasten on the synthesis and metabolism of monoamines and their metabolites in the brain structures of Wistar rat on the model of monoamine synthesis blockade induced by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor NSD-1015].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-20408420","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20408420/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Under experimental blockade of monoamine synthesis, Ladasten increased L-DOPA in several rat brain regions and altered dopamine-metabolism indices. Effects differed from the afobazole comparator.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-21165444","title":"Proteomic analysis and identification of ladasten target proteins in rat brain.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-21165444","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21165444/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-010-1050-9","year":2010,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Proteomic analysis identified 13 rat-brain proteins with altered expression after a single Ladasten exposure. Identification of expression changes does not establish direct drug binding to those proteins.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-20369592","title":"[Role of the brain dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems in psychopharmacological effects of ladasten and sydnocarb].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-20369592","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20369592/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The experiments found no direct effects on the tested dopamine and serotonin receptors, but reported increased dopamine synthesis and release and inhibition of dopamine transport in rat preparations.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-21434470","title":"[Ladasten in the management of non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-21434470","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434470/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-21434378","title":"[Prospects for using ladasten preparations in patients with irritable bowel syndrome].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-21434378","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21434378/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Patients; see abstract scope","summary":"The abstract describes Ladasten use in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and asthenic symptoms but provides no sample size, comparison details or numerical outcomes.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Sample size, allocation, masking and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; the report cannot establish effects in healthy users."]},{"id":"brom-extra-18819436","title":"[Characteristics of ladasten effect in neurasthenia patients with various EEG parameters].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-18819436","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18819436/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Patients; see abstract scope","summary":"Anxiety-asthenia patients with different EEG alpha-rhythm patterns showed different clinical and EEG responses to Ladasten. The abstract does not establish a validated treatment-selection biomarker.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Sample size, allocation, masking and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; the report cannot establish effects in healthy users.","Possible overlap with other Ladasten neurasthenia reports, including the existing clinical program, remains unresolved; do not count this as independent replication."]},{"id":"brom-extra-19907748","title":"Changes in CREB (SER133) content and DNA-binding activity of transcriptional factors in rat brain cells against the background of ladasten exposure.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-19907748","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19907748/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-009-0573-4","year":2009,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"The study examined phosphorylated CREB and transcription-factor DNA-binding activity in rat brain regions. The abstract does not quantify individual effects.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-17854844","title":"The effects of ladasten on dopaminergic neurotransmission and hippocampal synaptic plasticity in rats.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-17854844","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17854844/","doi":"10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.07.001","year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Ladasten altered dopamine-synthesis measures in rats and reinforced short-term synaptic potentiation in hippocampal preparations. Protein-synthesis inhibition blocked this reinforcement; dopamine-receptor antagonism attenuated it.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16995430","title":"[Pilot clinical trial of ladasten].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16995430","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16995430/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Patients; see abstract scope","summary":"An early clinical report describes stimulant and anxiolytic effects in patients with psychogenic asthenia. The abstract does not provide sample size, allocation details or numerical treatment effects.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Sample size, allocation, masking and numerical outcomes require full-text appraisal; the report cannot establish effects in healthy users.","Possible overlap with other Ladasten neurasthenia reports, including the existing clinical program, remains unresolved; do not count this as independent replication."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16915929","title":"[Cytosine demethylation in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter in the hypothalamus cells of the rat brain under the action of an aminoadamantane derivative Ladasten].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16915929","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16915929/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"After a single Ladasten exposure, rat hypothalamic cells showed increased cytosine demethylation at selected regulatory sites of the tyrosine-hydroxylase gene. The authors proposed a connection with increased transcription.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16579065","title":"[Thermoprotector properties of a combination of sydnocarb with ladasten].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16579065","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16579065/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"A Sydnocarb–Ladasten combination showed thermoprotective effects and increased cerebral blood flow and respiration in experimental animals.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Combination results apply only to the tested model; separate studies do not establish a safe human combination or ratio."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16878505","title":"[Comparative study of the effect of Ladasten, Sydnocarb and their combination on physical work ability of laboratory animals].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16878505","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16878505/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"In a mouse swimming test, the individual drugs produced more pronounced and longer-lasting performance effects than the Ladasten–Sydnocarb combination. The result does not support universal combination synergy.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Combination results apply only to the tested model; separate studies do not establish a safe human combination or ratio."]},{"id":"brom-extra-15559634","title":"[The effect of ladasten on the activation-induced expression of Fas receptor on T-lymphocytes and their sensitivity to Fas-induced apoptosis].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-15559634","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15559634/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Human T-cell preparations","summary":"In human peripheral-blood T cells, Ladasten increased selected activation-related responses and reduced Fas-induced apoptosis, while largely leaving activation-induced Fas expression unchanged.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16047669","title":"[Studying the mechanisms of ladasten action].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16047669","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16047669/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Ladasten produced an anxiolytic-like effect in one rat stress-response phenotype but not the other, and prevented stress-related changes in benzodiazepine-site binding in the responsive strain.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-16027847","title":"Psychotropic effects of sidnocarb and ladasten in inbred mice with different reaction to emotional stress.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-16027847","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16027847/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-005-0288-0","year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Behavioral effects varied by mouse strain and exposure. Ladasten alone and in combination with Sidnocarb produced different patterns of activation.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety.","Combination results apply only to the tested model; separate studies do not establish a safe human combination or ratio."]},{"id":"brom-extra-12124651","title":"Toxic effect of single treatment with bromantane on neurological status of experimental animals.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-12124651","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12124651/","doi":"10.1023/a:1016206306875","year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Animal or animal-tissue experiments","summary":"Acute rat testing showed stimulation at lower tested exposures and behavioral suppression and other toxicity signs at higher exposures. Temperature and sensory responses also changed.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","Experimental findings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or long-term safety."]},{"id":"brom-extra-15999825","title":"The effect of ladasten on gene expression in the rat brain.","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-15999825","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15999825/","doi":"10.1007/s10628-005-0057-z","year":2005,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-9559131","title":"[Comparative analysis of effects of adapromine, midantan, and bromantane on the bioelectric activity of the rat brain].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-9559131","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9559131/","doi":"10.1007/bf02496852","year":1998,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-10640239","title":"[Analysis of pharmacological properties of bromantane].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-10640239","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10640239/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-7795204","title":"[Correlated interconnection between pharmacokinetic and dynamic development of the pharmacologic effects of bromantane].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-7795204","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7795204/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"brom-extra-7795203","title":"[The effect of bromantane, a new immunostimulant with psychostimulating action, on release and metabolism of dopamine in the dorsal striatum of freely moving rats: a microdialysis study].","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/brom-extra-7795203","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7795203/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-07","population":"Not established from the available record","summary":"Bibliographic record located. The original paper is needed before its findings can be summarized.","limitations":["Original full text and detailed methods have not been reviewed.","No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no efficacy or safety finding is assigned."]},{"id":"pinealon-39518916","title":"Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes.","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-39518916","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39518916/","doi":"10.3390/ijms252111363","year":2024,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Induced cortical neurons derived from older human donors’ fibroblasts","summary":"EDR reduced oxidative DNA damage and promoted dendritic branching. The tested tripeptides did not improve mitochondrial or lysosomal activity or change p16 levels.","limitations":["Human-derived cells are not a human treatment trial.","Partial cellular effects do not establish reversal of brain aging, clinical benefit or safety."]},{"id":"pinealon-21978084","title":"Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes.","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-21978084","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21978084/","doi":"10.1089/rej.2011.1172","year":2011,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils and PC12 cells","summary":"Pinealon reduced stress-associated reactive oxygen species and necrotic cell death, alongside changes in ERK activation and cell-cycle behavior.","limitations":["Cellular concentrations cannot be translated directly into a human dose.","The proposed genomic mechanism is an interpretation, not proof of a clinical effect."]},{"id":"pinealon-22567179","title":"Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia.","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-22567179","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22567179/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Offspring of rats exposed to elevated maternal methionine during pregnancy","summary":"Maternal Pinealon treatment was associated with better offspring spatial learning and greater resistance of isolated cerebellar neurons to oxidative stress.","limitations":["A prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia model does not establish benefit in healthy adults.","This experiment does not establish safety or justify use during human pregnancy."]},{"id":"pinealon-21809624","title":"[Effects of introduction of short peptides before carotid artery occlusion on behaviour and caspase-3 activity in the brain of old rats].","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-21809624","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21809624/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Old rats given peptides before carotid-artery occlusion","summary":"The report describes increased behavioral sleep and reduced exploratory, motivational and motor behavior after Pinealon pretreatment. It also reports a survival signal across peptide treatment and changes in caspase-3.","limitations":["Behavioral sleep in this injury model is not a measurement of human REM sleep.","Reduced activity is not necessarily restorative sleep or improved cognition.","Pretreatment before experimental ischemia is not evidence for treatment after a human stroke; numerical survival effects are not supplied in the abstract."]},{"id":"pinealon-22803060","title":"Effect of short peptides on expression of signaling molecules in organotypic pineal cell culture.","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-22803060","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22803060/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-011-1473-y","year":2011,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Organotypic pineal-gland cultures from three-month-old rats","summary":"EDR did not change the apoptosis marker AIF. The reported stimulation of CGRP expression occurred only with AEDG (Epitalon), not EDR (Pinealon).","limitations":["Results for Epitalon must not be assigned to Pinealon.","The experiment does not demonstrate Pinealon-induced melatonin secretion or improved sleep in people."]},{"id":"pinealon-26390612","title":"[EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION].","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-26390612","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26390612/","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Adults aged 41–83 with multiple conditions and organic brain syndrome in remission","summary":"The authors reported changes in biological-age indicators after Pinealon and Vesugen. They also reported prooxidant activity and lower circulating CD34-positive cell markers.","limitations":["The abstract states 32 participants but lists 18 men and 12 women; the denominator needs reconciliation.","Allocation, comparator details and preparation-specific effects require the full paper.","The biomarker findings do not establish clinical harm, longevity benefit or genetic safety; favorable author conclusions should not erase the adverse-direction signals."]},{"id":"pinealon-28976148","title":"[Effect of peptide geroprotectors on the navigation system learning and caspase-3 in brain structures in rats of different age].","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-28976148","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28976148/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Young and old rats tested in the Morris water maze","summary":"Pinealon showed a greater positive learning effect than Cortexin in this experiment, accompanied by regional changes in brain caspase-3.","limitations":["Rat navigation is not evidence of improved human memory.","The abstract does not provide sufficient numerical results to calculate a comparative effect size."]},{"id":"pinealon-30762356","title":"Role of Mono- and Divalent Ions in Peptide Glu-Asp-Arg-DNA Interaction.","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-30762356","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30762356/","doi":"10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10359","year":2019,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Purified DNA, spectroscopy, NMR and molecular-dynamics experiments","summary":"EDR interacted with DNA in the tested systems; magnesium promoted the interaction. The authors described partial entry into the major groove and contacts with guanine atoms.","limitations":["Biophysical interaction does not establish targeted gene regulation in the living human brain.","This is mechanistic research, not clinical efficacy or safety evidence."]},{"id":"recent-42366656","title":"[Effect of a combined physiotherapeutic approach on changes in functional parameters after endovitreal surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with a favorable anatomical outcome].","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-42366656","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42366656/","doi":"10.17116/oftalma202614203129","year":2026,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"42 patients after retinal-detachment surgery","summary":"The combined heliox and Semax electrophoresis group showed greater recovery of visual acuity and retinal sensitivity than the Semax nasal-drop group.","limitations":["Both groups received Semax; this does not establish its benefit versus no Semax.","Heliox, delivery route and formulation differed; the independent contribution of each cannot be separated.","Small comparison; randomization and masking were not established from the abstract."]},{"id":"recent-41479572","title":"The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-41479572","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41479572/","doi":"10.32607/actanaturae.27808","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12755871/","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Transgenic APPswe/PS1dE9/Blg mice","summary":"Semax and a separately tested derivative improved behavioral measures and reduced amyloid inclusions in the cortex and hippocampus.","limitations":["An animal Alzheimer’s model does not establish clinical efficacy or safety in people.","The derivative and Semax are distinct preparations; results must not be treated as interchangeable."]},{"id":"recent-41171324","title":"The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-41171324","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41171324/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-025-06501-z","year":2025,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Rat brain neurons and brain-slice preparations","summary":"Semax increased spontaneous calcium-event frequency in hippocampal CA1 neurons. It did not significantly change proton-stimulated calcium responses in cerebellar granule cells.","limitations":["Cellular calcium signals are not clinical cognitive outcomes.","The negative proton-response finding does not support the proposed acid-sensing-channel effect in this assay."]},{"id":"recent-40692165","title":"Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-40692165","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40692165/","doi":"10.1111/bph.70122","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Female mice with spinal-cord injury; supporting cellular experiments","summary":"The authors reported improved motor recovery and reduced oxidative stress and pyroptosis. Experiments proposed an Oprm1–USP18–FTO pathway.","limitations":["Spinal-cord injury is distinct from cerebral stroke.","Results in female mice and cells do not establish human recovery or safety.","The proposed receptor pathway requires independent confirmation."]},{"id":"recent-40650034","title":"Genes That Associated with Action of ACTH-like Peptides with Neuroprotective Potential in Rat Brain Regions with Different Degrees of Ischemic Damage.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-40650034","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40650034/","doi":"10.3390/ijms26136256","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12249733/","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Rat striatum, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","summary":"Semax partially countered ischemia-associated gene-expression changes in the striatum. The response was smaller than previously reported in the frontal cortex.","limitations":["Uses the same animals as the 2024 frontal-cortex paper; not independent replication.","The reported worsening of 152 inflammation-associated genes concerned ACTH(6–9)PGP, not Semax.","Transcriptomic changes do not establish human stroke recovery."]},{"id":"recent-39767736","title":"ACTH-like Peptides Compensate Rat Brain Gene Expression Profile Disrupted by Ischemia a Day After Experimental Stroke.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-39767736","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39767736/","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines12122830","year":2024,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11673339/","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Rat frontal cortex, 24 hours after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion","summary":"Semax and ACTH(6–9)PGP partly countered ischemia-associated gene-expression changes involving neurotransmission and inflammation.","limitations":["The 2025 striatal analysis used these same animals.","Different peptides and brain regions must be distinguished.","Gene-expression endpoints do not establish patient benefit."]},{"id":"recent-40496623","title":"Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing.","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-40496623","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40496623/","doi":"10.1155/bca/4226220","year":2025,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12151629/","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Copper–amyloid chemistry and SH-SY5Y cell experiments","summary":"Semax reduced copper-associated reactive oxygen species and amyloid-related cellular toxicity in the tested systems, consistent with copper binding and altered redox activity.","limitations":["Chemical and cell assays do not demonstrate Alzheimer’s treatment efficacy.","Effective brain exposure and clinical safety were not established."]},{"id":"recent-42133422","title":"[Cortexin in the comprehensive treatment of neurological complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. (Results of the DIACORT multicenter randomized clinical trial)].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-42133422","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42133422/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2026126041101","year":2026,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"110 patients with neurological complications of type 2 diabetes; 55 per group","summary":"The DIACORT study reported greater improvements in cognition, anxiety/depression and neuropathy measures when Cortexin was added to glycine and B vitamins, with follow-up through day 90.","limitations":["Adjunctive treatment; not evidence for Cortexin alone.","Masking, allocation concealment and handling of multiple outcomes require full-methods review.","Five adverse events were reported across both groups; the sample and duration cannot establish rare or long-term safety."]},{"id":"recent-42246531","title":"[Evaluation of the efficiency of combined neuroprotection and high-intensity magnetotherapy in the medical rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-42246531","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42246531/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202612605188","year":2026,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"98 patients undergoing ischemic-stroke rehabilitation; groups of 34, 33 and 31","summary":"The authors reported greater short-term improvement in rehabilitation measures with Cortexin-containing regimens and high-intensity magnetotherapy than with standard treatment. One intervention group also received citicoline.","limitations":["No Cortexin-only arm; effects cannot be attributed to Cortexin independently.","The abstract describes the study as both observational and randomized; design needs reconciliation against the full paper.","Follow-up assessments at days 14 and 21 do not establish lasting functional benefit."]},{"id":"recent-41782540","title":"[The effect of neuroprotectors on the level of BDNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha and apoptosis markers, and in acute cerebrovascular accidents].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-41782540","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41782540/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2026126021123","year":2026,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Male Wistar rats after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion","summary":"Cortexin reduced selected inflammatory and apoptosis markers but did not significantly reduce necrosis volume versus control (32.75% versus 38.16%; p=0.198). BDNF was unchanged with Cortexin.","limitations":["Do not assign the stronger Mexidol results to Cortexin.","Biochemical analyses used five animals per group; assessment was at 24 hours.","A neutral tissue-injury result alongside biomarker changes does not establish clinical stroke benefit."]},{"id":"recent-40299434","title":"Neurotropic Effects of Cortexin on Models of Mental and Physical Developmental Delay.","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-40299434","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40299434/","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13040860","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed. Open full text: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12024793/","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"Rat developmental-delay models; separate radiolabel-distribution experiments in mice","summary":"Cortexin improved selected behavioral and histological measures in models involving maternal alcohol exposure or neonatal hypoxia–ischemia.","limitations":["These are animal experiments, not a pediatric clinical trial.","Distribution of radioiodine label does not prove transport of intact active peptides into the brain.","The paper discloses Pharm-Holding employees among the authors; independent replication remains important."]},{"id":"recent-41537614","title":"[Efficacy of adding transcranial electrical stimulation to monopharmacotherapy in post-COVID syndrome with chronic fatigue and cognitive decline].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-41537614","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41537614/","doi":"10.17116/kurort20251020615","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"150 patients with post-COVID fatigue and cognitive decline; 75 per group","summary":"The authors favored adding transcranial electrical stimulation to Cortexin for post-COVID fatigue and cognitive outcomes.","limitations":["Both groups received Cortexin; this comparison tests added stimulation, not Cortexin efficacy versus no treatment.","The abstract does not supply sufficient numerical between-group results to calculate an effect size."]},{"id":"recent-40577182","title":"[Proinflammatory cytokines - as a marker of the effectiveness of neuroprotection in children with perinatal nervous system damage].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-40577182","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40577182/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202512506162","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"146 infants with perinatal nervous-system injury, divided by severity and treatment","summary":"The report describes lower proinflammatory cytokine levels with Cortexin-containing care, particularly in the severe-injury subgroup.","limitations":["Cytokines are surrogate endpoints, not demonstrated long-term developmental benefit.","Treatment subgroup sizes and masking require full-text review.","Possible overlap with other pediatric reports has not been resolved."]},{"id":"recent-42360215","title":"[Cortexin in the comprehensive therapy of alcoholic encephalopathy].","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/recent-42360215","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42360215/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202612606152","year":2026,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed record and abstract checked. Full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"40 patients with alcoholic encephalopathy; two Cortexin-dose groups","summary":"Cognitive test scores improved over ten days in both Cortexin groups during combined detoxification, metabolic and hepatoprotective care.","limitations":["No Cortexin-free comparator; improvement cannot be attributed to Cortexin.","Concurrent treatment and very short follow-up limit interpretation."]},{"id":"audit-11276314","title":"Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve.","compoundIds":["cortagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-11276314","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11276314/","doi":"10.1023/a:1017532001908","year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats after sciatic-nerve transection and suture","summary":"Cortagen increased regenerating nerve growth rate and conduction velocity in the rat experiment.","limitations":["Peripheral-nerve repair in rats does not establish neurological recovery in people.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-21476278","title":"[Cortexin and cortagen as correcting agents in functional and metabolic disorders in the brain in chronic ischemia].","compoundIds":["cortagen","cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-21476278","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21476278/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats with experimental chronic brain ischemia","summary":"Cortagen and Cortexin accelerated recovery of disturbed behavior and reduced oxidative-stress changes.","limitations":["Chronic experimental ischemia is not an acute-stroke trial or evidence of human benefit.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-12420072","title":"Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway.","compoundIds":["cortagen","vilon","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-12420072","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12420072/","doi":"10.1023/a:1019830308824","year":2002,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mouse thymocytes","summary":"Vilon stimulated thymocyte proliferation most strongly; Epitalon was less active and Cortagen showed no such effect.","limitations":["A neutral result in one cell assay does not determine effects in other tissues or in people.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-12533768","title":"Effects of Livagen peptide on chromatin activation in lymphocytes from old people.","compoundIds":["livagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-12533768","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12533768/","doi":"10.1023/a:1021924702103","year":2002,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Cultured lymphocytes from older donors","summary":"Livagen altered chromatin organization and ribosomal-gene activity in donor-derived lymphocytes.","limitations":["Cells from human donors are not a human treatment trial; rejuvenation and liver benefit were not established.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-16075683","title":"[Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in gastrointestinal tract and non-digestive organs in rats of different ages].","compoundIds":["livagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-16075683","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16075683/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Young and old rats; companion digestive-enzyme assays","summary":"Oral Livagen changed digestive-enzyme activity in opposite directions by age: decreases in young rats and increases in old rats.","limitations":["Rat enzyme activity and in-vitro stability do not establish human absorption or clinical benefit.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-26390619","title":"[POLYPEPTIDES INFLUENCE ON TISSUE CELL CULTURES REGENERATION OF VARIOUS AGE RATS].","compoundIds":["ventvil","cortexin","thymalin","prostatilen","chelohart"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-26390619","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26390619/","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Organotypic tissue cultures from young and old rats","summary":"Calf-tissue preparations, including Ventvil, stimulated corresponding tissue-culture growth with changes in proliferation-related markers.","limitations":["Tissue-culture growth is not organ regeneration in patients; equivalence to current branded products is unverified.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-3817141","title":"[Effect of the vascular wall polypeptide factor vasonin on hemostatic function in an experimental peroxidation syndrome].","compoundIds":["vasonin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-3817141","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3817141/","doi":null,"year":1986,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rabbits with diet-induced peroxidation syndrome","summary":"Vasonin prevented hypercoagulation but did not prevent the underlying peroxidation syndrome.","limitations":["This partial experimental effect does not establish vascular protection or a favorable bleeding-risk balance in humans.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-6714401","title":"[Effect of vascular wall polypeptides on the hemostatic system].","compoundIds":["vasonin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-6714401","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6714401/","doi":null,"year":1984,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats exposed to a bovine vascular-wall polypeptide fraction","summary":"Vasonin prolonged clotting time, altered platelet counts and delayed aggregation in a rat experiment.","limitations":["Human thrombosis prevention, clinical bleeding risk and formulation equivalence remain unestablished.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-28976156","title":"[Correction of age related bladder function decrease with peptide geroprotector in women].","compoundIds":["chitomur"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-28976156","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28976156/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal article — commercial transcription","reviewDepth":"Transcribed methods and outcome tables checked; journal original not authenticated","reviewScope":"Commercial transcription of the 2013 report: methods, sample sizes and tables checked. Reproduction: https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/korrektsiya-vozrastnogo-snizheniya-funktsiy-mochevogo-puzyrya-u-zhenshchin-peptidnym-geroprotektorom/ . Indexed journal record retained as the canonical citation.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"50 women aged 48–80; Chitomur 30, usual-treatment control 20","summary":"The reproduced report describes random assignment of 50 women with overactive bladder: 30 received Chitomur and 20 usual treatment. Urgency, incontinence and quality-of-life measures improved within the Chitomur group. These before/after findings alone do not quantify a controlled treatment effect.","limitations":["The journal original and transcription accuracy have not been authenticated.","The report calls the study blinded and randomized but does not adequately explain concealment, blinding or the usual-treatment comparator. Several displayed tests compare treatment follow-up with baseline rather than estimating the between-group effect.","Small groups, short follow-up and incomplete harms ascertainment do not establish long-term effectiveness or safety."]},{"id":"audit-24640697","title":"[Peptide geroprotector application for treatment of elderly and senile patients with prostatic hyperplasia].","compoundIds":["chitomur"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-24640697","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24640697/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Men aged 62–83 with benign prostatic hyperplasia; sample size absent from abstract","summary":"A blinded placebo-controlled report describes improved urination measures and quality of life persisting one month after treatment.","limitations":["Full group sizes, effect estimates and adverse-event ascertainment are unavailable in the abstract; prostate disease reversal is not established.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-22117547","title":"Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.","compoundIds":["testagen","epitalon","pinealon","bronchogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-22117547","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22117547/","doi":"10.1134/s0006297911110022","year":2011,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"HeLa cells and nucleic-acid fluorescence assays","summary":"The paper identifies Testagen as Lys–Glu–Asp–Gly (KEDG). Labeled short peptides entered cells and nuclei; binding patterns differed between DNA sequences.","limitations":["Cell penetration and fluorescence-based binding do not establish hormonal, anti-aging or other clinical effects.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-21809626","title":"[Effects of Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptides on hormonal activity and thyroid morphology in hypophysectomized mature and old birds].","compoundIds":["testagen","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-21809626","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21809626/","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mature and old hypophysectomized birds","summary":"KEDG and AEDG improved thyroid-related hormonal and morphological measures after experimental pituitary removal.","limitations":["This unusual avian model does not demonstrate a testosterone effect or treatment of human hypothyroidism; KEDG is distinct from thyroid extracts.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-29652309","title":"[Dynamics of clinical and biological indices of the asthenic symptom-complex during immunotropic therapy of patients with schizophrenia].","compoundIds":["bestim"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-29652309","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652309/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20181183170-76","year":2018,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"43 men aged 20–55 with schizophrenia and asthenic symptoms","summary":"Adjunctive Bestim was associated with reduced asthenic symptom scores during complex psychiatric treatment.","limitations":["An untreated concurrent control and random allocation are not established by the abstract; improvement cannot be attributed to Bestim alone.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-16259438","title":"[Impact of Bestim on the immunological status and clinical course of ulcer].","compoundIds":["bestim"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-16259438","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16259438/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Patients receiving combined antiulcer treatment; sample size absent from abstract","summary":"The report describes immune-marker changes, symptom regression and ulcer scarring with adjunctive Bestim.","limitations":["Sample size, comparator details and quantitative effects require the full report; this is not reliable evidence of standalone efficacy.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-15991847","title":"[Use of the Gepon immunomodulator for ulcerative colitis treatment].","compoundIds":["gepon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-15991847","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15991847/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"36 patients with resistant distal ulcerative colitis","summary":"The report describes clinical and endoscopic improvement in 83.3% of the treated patients.","limitations":["No concurrent comparator is described; the reported response proportion is not an effect versus placebo or standard care.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-32621844","title":"Pharmaceutical grade synthetic peptide Thr-Glu-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Glu-Thr-Val-Glu-Arg-Glu-Lys-Glu ameliorates DSS-induced murine colitis by reducing the number and pro-inflammatory activity of colon tissue-infiltrating Ly6G+ granulocytes and Ly6C+ monocytes.","compoundIds":["gepon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-32621844","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32621844/","doi":"10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170364","year":2020,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mice with dextran-sodium-sulphate-induced colitis","summary":"Gepon reduced experimental colitis manifestations, inflammatory-cell infiltration and selected inflammatory gene signals.","limitations":["A chemically induced mouse model does not establish benefit or safety in human ulcerative colitis.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-28668507","title":"Synthetic peptide TEKKRRETVEREKE derived from ezrin induces differentiation of NIH/3T3 fibroblasts.","compoundIds":["gepon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-28668507","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28668507/","doi":"10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.033","year":2017,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts, including CD44-knockout cells","summary":"The defined TEKKRRETVEREKE peptide promoted differentiation-related changes through ERK1/2 signaling without SMAD activation.","limitations":["Cell signaling does not quantify wound healing in patients.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-20481041","title":"[Using regulatory peptide imunofan in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic foot syndrome].","compoundIds":["imunofan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-20481041","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20481041/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"69 people with type 2 diabetes and diabetic foot: 39 adjunctive Imunofan, 30 basic-care controls","summary":"The randomized report describes immune, clinical and quality-of-life improvements with adjunctive Imunofan.","limitations":["The abstract provides no numerical treatment effect, concealment or blinding details; no claim of fewer amputations follows.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-40785606","title":"[Effectiveness of local treatment of venous trophic ulcers in gerontological patients].","compoundIds":["imunofan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-40785606","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40785606/","doi":"10.17116/hirurgia202508145","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"281 older patients with venous ulcers across four treatment groups (74/69/69/69)","summary":"Groups receiving immune correction and/or optical irradiation showed differences in wound-cell patterns during combined care.","limitations":["Cytological outcomes are surrogate measures; multiple concurrent interventions and unclear allocation limit causal attribution.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-14635999","title":"Nociceptive reactions during stimulation of immunity in rats with different individual sensitivities to stress.","compoundIds":["imunofan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-14635999","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14635999/","doi":"10.1023/a:1025157601107","year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Original journal report","reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"43 male Wistar rats differing in stress sensitivity","summary":"Imunofan suppressed active behavior and increased pain sensitivity, with larger hyperalgesia in stress-sensitive rats.","limitations":["Animal route-specific effects cannot predict human adverse-event rates; this translation is not separate replication of the earlier Russian report.","Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"audit-bonothyrk-report","title":"Bonothyrk: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["bonothyrk"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-bonothyrk-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=9","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 9–10: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"33 women aged 47–56: 20 preparation, 13 controls","summary":"The report claims slower bone mineral loss at three months.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Reported percentages do not reconcile transparently with group sizes; fracture prevention was not measured.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-visoluten-report","title":"Visoluten: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["visoluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-visoluten-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=17","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 17–19: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"49 patients: 29 adjunctive preparation, 20 conventional-care controls","summary":"The report describes visual-acuity and retinal electrophysiology changes during adjunctive care.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Random division is asserted without sequence or concealment details. Percentages and eye-versus-patient denominators need original data.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-zhenoluten-report","title":"Zhenoluten: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["zhenoluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-zhenoluten-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=34","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 34–35: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"67 women: 39 with climacteric symptoms and 28 with early ovarian insufficiency; four comparison groups","summary":"The report describes symptom and hormone changes during adjunctive treatment.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Group-specific denominators are unclear. The translated identity paragraph says triceps tissue despite an ovarian target; the original formulation must be checked.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-stamakort-report","title":"Stamakort: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["stamakort"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-stamakort-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=56","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 56–57: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"47 patients with chronic gastritis: 30 adjunctive preparation, 17 conventional-care controls","summary":"The report describes symptom improvement and increased gastric secretory measures after treatment.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Random allocation is asserted without a method or concealment details; background therapy and surrogate outcomes limit interpretation.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-testoluten-report","title":"Testoluten: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["testoluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-testoluten-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=68","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 68–70: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"36 men aged 47–65: 22 adjunctive preparation, 14 nonhormonal-care controls","summary":"The report describes hormone and self-reported symptom changes with adjunctive treatment.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Allocation and blinding are unclear; testosterone units differ between the table and prose, and fertility benefit was not established.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-tireogen-report","title":"Tireogen: institute clinical report (commercially hosted translation)","compoundIds":["tireogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-tireogen-report","originalSource":"https://peptidi-slo.si/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/brosura-3.pdf#page=73","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Report reproduction reviewed","reviewScope":"Brochure PDF pp. 73–74: methods/results text checked; selected population/table pages visually inspected. This is a provenance check, not authentication of the institute original.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"25 treated patients and 19 controls with primary hypothyroidism; report dates November 2005–January 2006","summary":"The report describes symptom and thyroid-hormone changes during adjunctive care.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction: signed original, protocol and translation accuracy have not been authenticated.","Concurrent thyroid treatment is inadequately specified. This cannot establish a substitute for thyroid-hormone replacement or confirm durable thyroid restoration.","Short follow-up and incomplete adverse-event methods do not establish safety; independent replication and present-day product equivalence remain unverified."]},{"id":"audit-libidon-report-2011","title":"Libidon: clinical report reproduced in the Russian institute-report collection (2011)","compoundIds":["libidon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/audit-libidon-report-2011","originalSource":"https://peptides1.ru/upload/iblock/b07/1044iqi8zqiy9awk8d1aqlwf2t5vnpl5/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens.pdf#page=47","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":"Text-level methods check; original and table verification pending","reviewScope":"Russian brochure text, preparation description and group narrative checked. Visual table verification and original-report authentication remain pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-06","population":"48 treated men aged 38–65 (28 chronic prostatitis, 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia); 22 controls described separately; full denominator reconciliation pending","summary":"The report describes adjunctive Libidon alongside usual treatment and reports improved urinary symptoms and flow measures. Reported significance is mainly against baseline, so it does not establish superiority to usual treatment.","limitations":["The signed original and protocol have not been authenticated.","Allocation and blinding are not established; diagnostic subgroups, 22 separately described controls and symptom-specific denominators require reconciliation.","Concurrent treatment prevents attribution to Libidon alone. No equivalence to Prostatilen or Prostamax is established."]},{"id":"stroke-22282884","title":"Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-22282884","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22282884/","doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.111.628537","year":2012,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"CASTA: 1,070 acute ischemic-stroke patients; randomized within 12 hours; 90-day follow-up","summary":"The combined primary outcome showed no significant benefit. A favorable signal in more severe strokes arose in post-hoc analysis.","limitations":["The severe-stroke subgroup is exploratory, not confirmation of efficacy.","Do not count this trial again when reading meta-analyses that include CASTA."]},{"id":"stroke-19431244","title":"New possibilities of neuroprotection in the treatment of ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-19431244","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19431244/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"62 acute hemispheric ischemic-stroke patients; 32 Cortexin and 30 placebo; treatment started within six hours","summary":"The double-blind multicenter report described improvement in neurological and functional scales compared with placebo.","limitations":["Small trial; random sequence generation is not established by the abstract.","No numerical treatment effect or adequate assessment of uncommon harms is available in the abstract."]},{"id":"stroke-19672239","title":"Use of cortexin in the early rehabilitation period of ischemic stroke of moderate severity","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-19672239","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19672239/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"68 early-rehabilitation patients; 35 adjunctive Cortexin, 33 basic therapy","summary":"Motor and cognitive outcomes favored adjunctive Cortexin over basic therapy during short follow-up.","limitations":["Allocation and masking are unclear in the abstract.","Short follow-up and limited safety reporting do not establish sustained independence or safety."]},{"id":"stroke-30132453","title":"Efficacy of Korteksin in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-30132453","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30132453/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20181187130","year":2018,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"122 ischemic-stroke patients in four groups (30, 30, 30 and 32)","summary":"The authors reported the greatest neurological improvement in one repeated-course group.","limitations":["Randomization and blinding are not established from the abstract.","Possible participant overlap with the same group’s 2016 report remains unresolved.","Different treatment schedules do not establish an optimal clinical regimen."]},{"id":"stroke-20873481","title":"Cortexin in the complex treatment of post stroke epilepsy","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-20873481","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20873481/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"46 patients with post-stroke epilepsy; 29 adjunctive Cortexin, 17 basic treatment","summary":"The report describes improved clinical effects and EEG findings alongside anti-seizure treatment.","limitations":["Concurrent treatment prevents attribution to Cortexin alone.","The abstract does not establish sustained seizure freedom, prevention of epilepsy or randomized allocation."]},{"id":"stroke-18193579","title":"Comparative analysis of efficacy of certain neuroprotectors in ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin","piracetam","cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-18193579","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18193579/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Two comparative series: 35 patients in a Cortexin–Nootropil comparison and 45 in a Cortexin–Cerebrolysin comparison","summary":"Authors described broadly similar clinical effects in moderate ischemic stroke and some practical advantages for Cortexin.","limitations":["Allocation, masking and usable between-group effect estimates are unclear.","This is not a reliable head-to-head ranking or proof of equivalence."]},{"id":"stroke-22462051","title":"Neuroprotective effect of GK-2, a dipeptide mimetic of nerve growth factor, during experimental focal ischemia in middle cerebral artery basin","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-22462051","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462051/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-011-1388-7","year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats with focal cerebral ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion","summary":"GK-2 reduced infarct area and improved neurological tests.","limitations":["Animal-only finding; human stroke benefit and safety are unestablished."]},{"id":"stroke-30132457","title":"An experimental evaluation of the therapeutic window of the neuroprotective activity of a low-molecular nerve growth factor mimetic GK-2","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-30132457","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30132457/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20181187149","year":2018,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; treatment-start timing experiment","summary":"GK-2 reduced infarct volume with experimental treatment starts between four and 24 hours after injury.","limitations":["An animal treatment window cannot be used as a human treatment window.","No human clinical outcome was measured."]},{"id":"stroke-27843294","title":"Mimetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor loops 1 and 4 are active in a model of ischemic stroke in rats","compoundIds":["bdnf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-27843294","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27843294/","doi":"10.2147/dddt.s118768","year":2016,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion plus HT-22 signaling assays","summary":"GSB-106 and GSB-214 reduced infarct volume by approximately 66% and 28%, respectively, in this experiment.","limitations":["Animal results do not establish benefit or comparative potency in people.","Effects are compound-specific and cannot be assigned to all BDNF mimetics."]},{"id":"stroke-23233944","title":"Histostructural changes of rat cerebral cortex during hemorrhagic stroke modeling","compoundIds":["cortexin","cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-23233944","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23233944/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat models of primary and secondary hemorrhagic stroke; brain histology","summary":"Investigators reported fewer degenerating cortical neurons with the tested preparations.","limitations":["Histological changes in rats do not establish human functional recovery or safety in brain hemorrhage.","A separately named preparation, Cerebral, is not treated as interchangeable with Cortexin or Cerebrolysin."]},{"id":"stroke-19650315","title":"Cortexin and combination of nitrite with cortexin decrease swelling and destruction of cerebellar neurons in hemorrhagic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-19650315","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19650315/","doi":"10.1134/s0012496609030028","year":2009,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Citation only","reviewScope":"Indexed citation reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; no abstract or full text reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Hemorrhagic-stroke paper; indexed citation without abstract","summary":"The title describes cerebellar injury and Cortexin with or without nitrite; no outcome is extracted from the title.","limitations":["Original methods and results were not recovered.","No clinical efficacy or combination-safety claim can be made from this citation."]},{"id":"stroke-41018475","title":"Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-41018475","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12465088/","doi":"10.7759/cureus.91054","year":2025,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Full-text reporting checks; reconstruction pending","reviewScope":"Full PMC article: study-characteristic and outcome tables 1–8 checked. Primary trial datasets and forest-plot inputs have not been independently reconstructed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"2025 meta-analysis reporting 14 randomized trials","summary":"The review reports a neurological-scale benefit, but functional independence and mortality were not significantly improved.","limitations":["Table 8 calls hemorrhagic transformation statistically significant, contrary to the abstract’s wording; the discrepancy remains in the publication.","Tables 2, 5 and 6 list both CARS-1 and the pooled CARS report. CARS denominators also differ between tables (448 versus 240). Cohort independence and extraction need reconciliation.","Safety totals differ between the headline sample and Table 8. Numerical pooled effects are withheld rather than treated as verified estimates."]},{"id":"stroke-41880098","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Cerebrolysin as an Adjunct to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-41880098","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13045362/","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71252","year":2026,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Full-text reporting checks; reconstruction pending","reviewScope":"Full PMC article: study-characteristic tables and results narrative checked. Original cohort records and repeated follow-up observations still require reconstruction.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"2026 review of three observational thrombectomy-adjunct studies","summary":"Authors report favorable recovery and safety associations, but inconsistent denominators prevent reliable interpretation of the quoted estimates.","limitations":["Table 1 totals 148 treated and 146 controls, while the abstract gives incompatible functional-outcome and mortality denominators.","Mortality is pooled across several follow-up times; independence of repeated observations needs verification. Staszewski is dated 2025 in Table 1 but 2022 in the results.","Three observational cohorts cannot establish a randomized adjunct effect. The original datasets are needed before relying on the pooled numbers."]},{"id":"stroke-nt3-2026","title":"Study of the neuroprotective effect of NT-3 dipeptide mimetics GTS-301 and GTS-302 on an experimental model of ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/stroke-nt3-2026","originalSource":"https://www.pharmacokinetica.ru/jour/article/view/499","doi":"10.37489/2587-7836-2026-1-12-19","year":2026,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Deposited abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Publisher-deposited abstract and metadata reviewed through Crossref; publisher website could not be retrieved.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion","summary":"GTS-302 reduced infarct volume by 39% and improved the day-three neurological measure; GTS-301 was inactive in this experiment.","limitations":["Animal experiment, not evidence of benefit in human stroke.","Full methods, sample size and risk of bias require review.","This is a separate stroke paper; the correction to an earlier NT-3 withdrawal study does not resolve or invalidate this paper automatically."]},{"id":"rp-26642930","title":"Dimeric dipeptide mimetics of the nerve growth factor Loop 4 and Loop 1 activate TRKA with different patterns of intracellular signal transduction.","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-26642930","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26642930/","doi":"10.1186/s12929-015-0198-z","year":2015,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"HT-22 and PC12 cells; rat tail-flick experiments","summary":"GK-2 and GK-6 both increased TrkA phosphorylation, but GK-6 additionally recruited ERK, promoted PC12 differentiation and lowered rat pain thresholds. GK-2 favored AKT signaling in these assays and did not produce the same hyperalgesia.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-42443573","title":"N-Isocaproyl-L-Arginylglycine Hexamethylenediamide, First Low-Molecular-Weight Mimetic of Neurotrophin-4: Design and Neuroprotective Activity.","compoundIds":["gzs-411"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-42443573","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42443573/","doi":"10.1134/s0012496626600156","year":2026,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mouse HT-22 and human SH-SY5Y cell lines","summary":"GZS-411 activated TrkB and protected cultured cells against oxidative stress, glutamate toxicity and 6-hydroxydopamine. The study does not establish animal or human treatment effects.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-36038682","title":"The First Dipeptide Mimetic of Neurotrofin-3: Design and Pharmacological Properties.","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-36038682","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36038682/","doi":"10.1134/s1607672922040032","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Cell cultures and mice","summary":"GTS-301 activated TrkC and TrkB, protected HT-22 cells in injury assays and showed antidepressant-like activity in a mouse forced-swim experiment.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-39647825","title":"Low-Molecular Neurotrophin-3 Mimetics with Different Patterns of Postreceptor Signaling Activation Attenuate Differentially Morphine Withdrawal in Rats.","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-39647825","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39647825/","doi":"10.1134/s0006297924110105","year":2024,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Morphine-dependent rats and HT-22 cells","summary":"GTS-301 and GTS-302 reduced withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats; only GTS-302 reduced withdrawal-associated mechanical allodynia. Cell assays reported different downstream signaling, with AKT/mTOR recruitment for GTS-302. The publisher’s 2025 erratum corrects an author’s surname, not experimental results.","limitations":["Animal withdrawal models are not evidence for treating opioid dependence in people.","The correction changes author spelling only; full experimental methods still require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-40254407","title":"Erratum to: Low-Molecular Neurotrophin-3 Mimetics with Different Patterns of Postreceptor Signaling Activation Attenuate Differentially Morphine Withdrawal in Rats.","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-40254407","originalSource":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0006297925020014","doi":"10.1134/s0006297925020014","year":2025,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Correction text reviewed","reviewScope":"Complete publisher correction text reviewed: author surname only. Original experimental paper remains abstract-reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Correction notice","summary":"The publisher corrects the second author’s surname to Mark A. Konstantinopolsky. The notice does not change experimental results and is not another experiment.","limitations":["Author-name correction only; it supplies no new efficacy or safety data.","Not an independent study or replication."]},{"id":"rp-39847301","title":"Study of the Pharmacological Activity Spectrum of the New Original NT-3 Mimetic Dipeptide GTS-302.","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-39847301","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39847301/","doi":"10.1134/s1607672924701242","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mice and rats","summary":"GTS-302 altered forced-swim, elevated-plus-maze and object-recognition outcomes in rodents, without changing hot-plate pain sensitivity in the reported tests.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-39847291","title":"Analgesic Activity of the Low Molecular Weight Neurotrophin-3 Dipeptide Mimetic GTS-301.","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-39847291","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39847291/","doi":"10.1134/s160767292460115x","year":2025,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats; acute experimental pain testing","summary":"GTS-301 increased rat tail-flick pain thresholds by about 20–30%, with a reported effect lasting at least 24 hours in this experiment. This endpoint is distinct from the GTS-302 hot-plate test.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-36375394","title":"LC-MS/MS determination of GTS-201, a dipeptide mimetic of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotransmitter metabolites with application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats.","compoundIds":["bdnf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-36375394","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36375394/","doi":"10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115125","year":2023,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat pharmacokinetics; plasma and brain LC-MS/MS","summary":"After intraperitoneal GTS-201 in rats, reported elimination half-lives were about 19.5 minutes in plasma and 87.5 minutes in brain. Relative brain tissue availability was 2.9%; this is not human oral bioavailability.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-35006488","title":"Preclinical Pharmacokinetics of GZK-111, a Dipeptide with Neuroprotective Activity.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-35006488","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35006488/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-022-05400-x","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats; intravenous and intragastric pharmacokinetics","summary":"GZK-111 underwent extensive conversion to CPG in rats. CPG persisted more than twice as long in plasma and reached higher concentrations than the parent compound.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-8706904","title":"Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine in rat brain.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-8706904","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8706904/","doi":"10.1016/0014-5793(96)00722-3","year":1996,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat brain extracts and rat behavioral experiments","summary":"Chromatographic and mass-spectrometric methods identified CPG in rat brain. Synthetic CPG also altered passive-avoidance performance in rats. Endogenous detection does not establish supplementation benefit.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-9358206","title":"The major metabolite of dipeptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 in rat brain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111","noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-9358206","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9358206/","doi":"10.1007/bf03189814","year":1997,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat metabolism and enzyme preparations","summary":"Rat-brain CPG increased approximately 2.5-fold one hour after GVS-111 administration. Enzyme experiments supported conversion to CPG; these findings do not prove that CPG accounts for every Noopept effect.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-28058675","title":"Neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine is an endogenous positive modulator of AMPA receptors.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-28058675","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28058675/","doi":"10.1134/s160767291606003x","year":2016,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat Purkinje-cell electrophysiology","summary":"CPG enhanced AMPA currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. A proposed downstream BDNF mechanism requires distinction from the measured electrophysiological response.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-36786983","title":"Neuroprotective Effect of the Neuropeptide Cycloprolylglycine Depends on AMPA- and TrkB-Receptor Activation.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-36786983","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36786983/","doi":"10.1134/s1607672922060047","year":2022,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Cultured-cell injury and receptor-blockade experiments","summary":"AMPA and Trk receptor blockers prevented the reported CPG neuroprotective effect in cultured-cell experiments. Pharmacological blockade supports pathway involvement, not a fully resolved mechanism.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-27021093","title":"Neuropeptide Cycloprolylglycine Exhibits Neuroprotective Activity after Systemic Administration to Rats with Modeled Incomplete Global Ischemia and in In Vitro Modeled Glutamate Neurotoxicity.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-27021093","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27021093/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-016-3241-5","year":2016,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat ischemia model and HT-22 cells","summary":"CPG improved selected neurological and locomotor measures after incomplete global ischemia in rats and protected HT-22 cells against glutamate toxicity.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-15662458","title":"Pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide normalizes long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices.","compoundIds":["cpg-gzk-111","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-15662458","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15662458/","doi":"10.1023/b:bebm.0000048374.18525.2e","year":2004,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat hippocampal slices","summary":"Pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide facilitated weakly induced long-term potentiation and countered ethanol-impaired potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. This separate piracetam-inspired dipeptide is not CPG.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-15837162","title":"Natural and hybrid (\"chimeric\") stable regulatory glyproline peptides.","compoundIds":["glyprolins","semax","selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-15837162","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15837162/","doi":"10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.10.001","year":2005,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Developer synthesis of glyprolin research","summary":"The developers described PGP-containing hybrid peptides as a way to combine regulatory activity with greater peptide stability. This historical framework does not transfer Semax or Selank outcomes to isolated PGP.","limitations":["Review of a research program, not an independent trial.","Specific peptide origin, metabolism and clinical claims require original-source confirmation."]},{"id":"rp-36553646","title":"Insight into Glyproline Peptides' Activity through the Modulation of the Inflammatory and Neurosignaling Genetic Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion.","compoundIds":["glyprolins","semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-36553646","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36553646/","doi":"10.3390/genes13122380","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; gene-expression assays","summary":"PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression response after cerebral ischemia in rats. Most measured genes remained unchanged with the shorter peptides, underscoring that a shared PGP motif does not imply equivalent effects.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-10745082","title":"A new endogenous differentiating factor (myelopeptide-4) for myeloid cells.","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-10745082","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10745082/","doi":"10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01344-2","year":2000,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Human leukemia cell lines; porcine marrow-derived peptide","summary":"MP-4 (FRPRIMTP), isolated from porcine marrow culture, altered differentiation markers and morphology in HL-60 and K-562 leukemia cell lines. This was not a leukemia treatment trial.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-16758623","title":"Induction of differentiation in leukemic cell strains with myelopeptide-4.","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-16758623","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16758623/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-006-0022-6","year":2005,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"HL-60, K-562 and THP-1 cell lines","summary":"MP-4 increased differentiation-associated antigens and mature-cell features in leukemia cell cultures, with phagocytosis also examined. The report extends laboratory characterization rather than demonstrating clinical efficacy.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-16699373","title":"Myelopeptide-2 recovers interleukin-2 synthesis and interleukin-2 receptor expression in human T lymphocytes depressed by tumor products or measles virus.","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-16699373","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16699373/","doi":"10.1097/01.cji.0000188366.84341.c3","year":2006,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Human T-cell cultures exposed to tumor-conditioned medium or measles virus","summary":"MP-2 (LVVYPW) restored IL-2 production and receptor expression in experimentally suppressed human T cells. Human-derived cells do not make this a human treatment trial.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-12170311","title":"Effect of myelopeptide-2 on the development of spontaneous and urethane-induced tumors in mice.","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-12170311","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12170311/","doi":"10.1023/a:1015164713174","year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mice; spontaneous and carcinogen-induced tumors","summary":"MP-2 altered the appearance and number of spontaneous and urethane-induced lung tumors in mice. Laboratory tumor outcomes do not establish cancer prevention or treatment in people.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-2102777","title":"Participation by opioids in the immunostimulatory activity of myelopeptides.","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-2102777","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2102777/","doi":null,"year":1990,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mice, marrow peptide fractions and chromatography","summary":"Antibody-stimulating material and beta-endorphin eluted in different chromatographic fractions. The original mixture’s opioid-related effects cannot be assigned to every defined MP-1–MP-6 peptide.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-32307407","title":"[The peptide analogue of neurotensin with antipsychotic and pro-cognitive effects: results of the pilot clinical trial].","compoundIds":["dilept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-32307407","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307407/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202012002122","year":2020,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"25 patients with schizotypal disorder","summary":"A 25-patient pilot reported symptom and cognitive changes in schizotypal disorder. Phenazepam was permitted and later added for insufficient response, limiting attribution to Dilept.","limitations":["Small pilot; no randomized blinded comparator established in the abstract.","Short observation and permitted/add-on phenazepam limit causal and safety conclusions."]},{"id":"rp-24006607","title":"[The study of procognitive effect of the potential antipsychotic, Dilept and its main metabolite, GZR-125 at the novel objects recognition test in rats].","compoundIds":["dilept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-24006607","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24006607/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats; experimental object recognition","summary":"Dilept and its metabolite GZR-125 were compared in rat novel-object recognition experiments, extending the neurotensin-mimetic program beyond the parent compound.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-24400381","title":"[Neurotensin NT (8- 13) dipeptide analog dilept increases the pain threshold and decreases the severity of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats].","compoundIds":["dilept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-24400381","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24400381/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats; experimental pain and morphine withdrawal","summary":"Dilept increased experimental pain thresholds and reduced morphine-withdrawal signs in rats. These findings are distinct from its small psychiatric pilot and occupational comparisons.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-31626171","title":"[Results of a clinical study of a new anxiolytic, a blocker of central cholecystokinin receptors].","compoundIds":["gb-115"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-31626171","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31626171/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201911908153","year":2019,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"31 adults with generalized anxiety disorder","summary":"A 31-patient, 21-day GAD pilot reported improvements in anxiety and selected cognitive measures. The abstract does not establish randomized blinded control or superiority to standard treatments.","limitations":["Uncontrolled pilot evidence; expectancy and repeated-testing effects remain possible.","Later 25-patient conference analyses may overlap and are not counted as independent replication."]},{"id":"rp-24130989","title":"Anxiolytic activity of dipeptide GB-115 after oral administration.","compoundIds":["gb-115"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-24130989","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24130989/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-013-2112-6","year":2013,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rodents; open-field and elevated-plus-maze experiments","summary":"Oral GB-115 changed anxiety-related behavior in rodents, with effects depending on strain and stress-response phenotype.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-23113301","title":"Role of the cholecystokinin system in anxiolytic activity of dipeptide GB-115.","compoundIds":["gb-115"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-23113301","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23113301/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-012-1842-1","year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rats and BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice","summary":"GB-115 countered some CCK-4-induced behavioral responses but not yohimbine-induced anxiety in C57Bl/6 mice, indicating model-dependent effects rather than universal anxiolysis.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-34855076","title":"Role of Amino Acid Arginine and Nitric Oxide in Mechanisms of Cytoprotective Effect of Non-Opiate Leu-Enkephalin Analogue In Vitro.","compoundIds":["nale"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-34855076","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855076/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-021-05374-2","year":2021,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Primary pulmonary fibroblast cultures","summary":"NALE and the C-terminal Gly comparator peptide G reduced oxidative-injury markers. NO-synthase inhibition did not remove protection, arguing against an essential role for terminal Arg or NO-synthase activation in this cell model.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-42053709","title":"Cytoprotective Effect of NOP Receptor Blockade in Primary Culture of Pulmonary Fibroblasts.","compoundIds":["nale"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-42053709","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42053709/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-026-06670-5","year":2026,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Primary pulmonary fibroblasts under oxidative stress","summary":"NALE retained cytoprotective effects during NOP-receptor blockade. Some combined measures improved further, so earlier proposals of NOP mediation remain unresolved rather than established.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-27265138","title":"Cytoprotective Effect of Peptide Sedatin, an Agonist of μ/δ-Opioid Receptors, on Primary Culture of Pulmonary Fibroblasts of Albino Rats under Conditions of Oxidative Stress.","compoundIds":["sedatin-analogues"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-27265138","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27265138/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-016-3340-3","year":2016,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Primary rat pulmonary fibroblasts","summary":"Sedatin preserved selected oxidative-stress and nuclear measures in rat pulmonary fibroblasts. Naloxone partially reduced these effects, supporting opioid involvement in this assay.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-19902098","title":"Protective effect of dermorphin analogue sedatin on indomethacin-induced injury to the gastric mucosa.","compoundIds":["sedatin-analogues"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-19902098","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19902098/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-009-0621-0","year":2009,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Mice; experimental gastric injury","summary":"Sedatin pretreatment reduced indomethacin-induced gastric injury in mice; the Arg-free comparator did not reproduce the same pattern.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-18642706","title":"Effect of synthetic dermorphin analogues on tissue homeostasis in the myocardium of newborn albino rats.","compoundIds":["sedatin-analogues"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-18642706","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18642706/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-007-0370-x","year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Newborn rats; myocardial tissue assays","summary":"Sedatin changed myocardial DNA-synthesis, nucleolar and oxidative measures in newborn rats. Its Arg-free analogue showed little effect in this experiment.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.","Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal."]},{"id":"rp-32585846","title":"Imunofan-RDKVYR Peptide-Stimulates Skin Cell Proliferation and Promotes Tissue Repair.","compoundIds":["imunofan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-32585846","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32585846/","doi":"10.3390/molecules25122884","year":2020,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Human skin-cell cultures and mice","summary":"RDKVYR increased proliferation in cultured skin cells and modestly improved ear-pinna repair in mice. The paper calls it Imunofan/Thymohexin; older RKDVYR records must not be silently merged with this sequence.","limitations":["Preclinical study, not a human wound-healing trial.","RDKVYR differs from the RKDVYR spelling in older Thymohexin literature; preparation equivalence is unresolved."]},{"id":"rp-30295186","title":"Novel Technologies for Dipeptide Drugs Design and their Implantation.","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics","cpg-gzk-111","noopept","dilept","gb-115"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-30295186","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30295186/","doi":"10.2174/1381612824666181008105641","year":2018,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Developer account of medicinal-chemistry programs","summary":"The developers distinguish drug-inspired peptide design (Noopept and Dilept) from mimicking peptide/protein turns (GB-115 and GK-2). This is a historical design framework, not evidence of a shared clinical effect.","limitations":["Developer review; claims require appraisal of each original study.","A shared design method does not establish equivalent biology or clinical benefit."]},{"id":"rp-ngf-bdnf-patent","title":"Dipeptide mimetics of NGF and BDNF neurotrophins — US9683014B2","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics","bdnf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-ngf-bdnf-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US9683014B2/en","doi":null,"year":2017,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Patent chemistry and preclinical examples","summary":"The patent enumerates NGF and BDNF analogue series. GK-1 interfered with GK-2 protection in a cell experiment. GSB-104 has conflicting survival descriptions, and GK-2f appears without clear structure mapping.","limitations":["Patent proposals are not established clinical uses.","Resolve code/structure ambiguities and assay-specific contradictions before interpreting activity."]},{"id":"rp-gts115-2017","title":"Design, synthesis, and neuroprotective effects of a dimeric dipeptide mimetic of the third loop of the nerve growth factor","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-gts115-2017","originalSource":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1068162017030050","doi":"10.1134/S1068162017030050","year":2017,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Cultured cells and rat ischemia/pain models","summary":"GTS-113 and GTS-115 were designed from NGF loop 3. GTS-115 showed cell protection and reduced infarct volume in a rat stroke model, but also induced hyperalgesia.","limitations":["Publisher abstract reviewed; full methods pending.","Animal efficacy and pain responses do not establish human benefit or safety."]},{"id":"rp-bdnf-patterns-2022","title":"Antidepressant-like Effects of BDNF and NGF Individual Loop Dipeptide Mimetics Depend on the Signal Transmission Patterns Associated with Trk","compoundIds":["ngf-mimetics","bdnf-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-bdnf-patterns-2022","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8950955/","doi":"10.3390/ph15030284","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rodent forced-swim tests; comparison with cell-signaling results","summary":"GSB-106 showed acute antidepressant-like activity; GSB-214 also became active with repeated administration. GTS-201 was inactive in this forced-swim comparison. Different signaling patterns did not yield interchangeable behavioral effects.","limitations":["Behavioral proxies are not a clinical diagnosis or treatment outcome.","Different schedules and models limit cross-compound comparisons."]},{"id":"rp-nt3-patent","title":"Dimeric dipeptide mimetics of neurotrophin-3 — RU2800369C9","compoundIds":["nt3-mimetics"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-nt3-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2800369C9/ru","doi":null,"year":2023,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Patent chemistry and preclinical examples","summary":"The patent describes the NT-3 mimetic series underlying GTS-301 and GTS-302. Patent examples may overlap with later publications and are not independent clinical evidence.","limitations":["Patent claims are not evidence of approved clinical uses.","Reconcile shared experiments and corrected publication records."]},{"id":"rp-myelopeptide-patent","title":"Myelopeptides and their therapeutic use — US6469137B1","compoundIds":["myelopeptides"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-myelopeptide-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6469137B1/en","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Cell assays and mouse experiments","summary":"MP-3, MP-4, MP-5 and MP-6 were described as marrow-culture isolates with nonuniform immune, differentiation and antiviral assay results. The patent does not establish that the mixture or every member shares these activities.","limitations":["Patent efficacy proposals are not clinical evidence.","Commercial product names require formulation-specific confirmation."]},{"id":"rp-sedatin-patent","title":"Peptide, preparation and pharmaceutical composition — US6248716B1","compoundIds":["sedatin-analogues"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-sedatin-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US6248716B1/en","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Patent chemistry and experimental examples","summary":"The Sedatin patent documents Arg–Tyr–D-Ala–Phe–Gly and related peptide chemistry. Related scaffold claims in RU2067000C1 do not establish that every possible A-number was synthesized or tested.","limitations":["No clinical benefit or regulatory approval inferred from patent grant."]},{"id":"rp-gb115-conference-2022","title":"Clinical effects of GB-115 in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder","compoundIds":["gb-115"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-gb115-conference-2022","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9564032/","doi":"10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.981","year":2022,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Conference abstract","reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"25 patients; uncontrolled conference report","summary":"A conference post-hoc analysis of 25 patients reported lower anxiety and fatigue scores over 21 days. Its relationship to the earlier pilot must be resolved before treating it as independent evidence.","limitations":["Conference abstract, not a full clinical report.","No placebo comparison; possible overlap with the 31-patient pilot."]},{"id":"rp-nale-2019","title":"Cytoprotective effect of non-opioid leu-enkephalin analogue in primary culture of pulmonary fibroblasts in oxidative stress","compoundIds":["nale"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-nale-2019","originalSource":"https://journals.eco-vector.com/kazanmedj/article/view/11018","doi":"10.17816/KMJ2019-153","year":2019,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Primary pulmonary fibroblasts","summary":"NALE reduced oxidative-stress and nucleolar changes in pulmonary fibroblasts. The paper explicitly gives Phe–D-Ala–Gly–Phe–Leu–Arg; its suggested NOP mechanism was a hypothesis.","limitations":["In-vitro surrogate outcomes, not clinical recovery.","Later receptor-blockade work qualifies the proposed mechanism."]},{"id":"rp-bestim-binding-2008","title":"Interaction of the synthetic immunomodulatory dipeptide bestim with murine macrophages and thymocytes","compoundIds":["bestim","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-bestim-binding-2008","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18365736/","doi":"10.1134/S1068162008010044","year":2008,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Murine macrophages, thymocytes and isolated membranes","summary":"Radiolabeled gamma-D-Glu-L-Trp bound mouse immune cells; unlabeled Thymogen competed for binding. This supports a shared binding interaction under assay conditions, not equivalent immunological outcomes in people.","limitations":["Cell-binding experiment, not a clinical trial.","Preserve gamma linkage and D/L stereochemistry; generic database synonyms may be misleading."]},{"id":"rp-gepon-patent","title":"Ezrin-derived peptides and pharmaceutical compositions — US9682140B2","compoundIds":["gepon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-gepon-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US9682140B2/en","doi":null,"year":2017,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Ezrin-related patent chemistry and experimental examples","summary":"The patent distinguishes HEP1/Gepon (TEKKRRETVEREKE), its shorter fragments and the modified HP-V2 sequence GEKKRRETVEREGG. Identity and patent proposals do not establish equivalent clinical effects.","limitations":["Modified sequences and mixtures must not inherit Gepon outcomes.","Clinical evidence appraisal remains pending."]},{"id":"rp-liberol-padalko-2003","title":"Use of the peptide bioregulator Liberol to restore human functional reserves under extreme exposures","compoundIds":["liberol"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-liberol-padalko-2003","originalSource":"https://www.dissercat.com/content/ispolzovanie-peptidnogo-bioregulyatora-liberola-dlya-vosstanovitelnoi-korrektsii-rezervnykh-","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Human occupational experiments; dissertation transcription","summary":"Padalko identifies Liberol as thyroliberin/TRH (pyroglutamyl-His-Pro-amide) and reports human hypoxia, motion-stress and performance experiments. Cohort structure and numerical results require the original scan.","limitations":["Original scan, formulation and allocation require verification.","Not a modern controlled trial or evidence supporting unsupervised altitude use."]},{"id":"rp-dermorphin-dissertation-2010","title":"Morphogenetic activity of dermorphin and its analogues in different cell populations","compoundIds":["sedatin-analogues"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/rp-dermorphin-dissertation-2010","originalSource":"https://earthpapers.net/morfogeneticheskaya-aktivnost-dermorfina-i-ego-analogov-v-razlichnyh-kletochnyh-populyatsiyah","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation transcription","reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected sequence table and tissue-response conclusions checked; original scan pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-05","population":"Rat tissue experiments; dissertation transcription","summary":"The dissertation transcription identifies A10, A17, A43 and Sedatin as distinct synthetic analogues. Gastric and corneal DNA-synthesis responses differed across the tested peptides, arguing against a uniform tissue effect.","limitations":["Original scan and underlying experiment overlap still require appraisal.","Working codes are not marketed product identities; tissue markers do not establish human regeneration."]},{"id":"hypoxen-review-2025","title":"A review of Hypoxen pharmacology and potential to enhance sports performance","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-review-2025","originalSource":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3887","doi":"10.1002/dta.3887","year":2025,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Review of historical, experimental and human literature","summary":"The review identifies a difficult-to-access Military Medical Academy literature from the 1980s–1990s and limited human evidence. It discusses several mitochondrial mechanisms rather than establishing a single oxygen-boosting effect.","limitations":["A literature review is not independent replication.","The authors report a lack of clinical trials meeting international standards; historical use does not establish effectiveness or safety."]},{"id":"hypoxen-athletes-2004","title":"Changes in bioenergetic functions and performance capacity of athletes after administration of polyphenolic antihypoxic agents","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-athletes-2004","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15150981/","doi":"10.1023/B:HUMP.0000021651.15516.73","year":2004,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Bibliographic metadata only","reviewScope":"PubMed citation checked; full text and results not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Athletes; sample and allocation not recovered","summary":"An indexed clinical-trial record connects the polyphenolic antihypoxant research to athlete bioenergetics. PubMed has no abstract; numerical performance claims are withheld pending original-text review.","limitations":["Clinical Trial indexing does not establish randomization or methodological quality.","Russian and English versions are one publication, not two studies."]},{"id":"hypoxen-lactate-2008","title":"Accelerated utilization of lactate under the effect of hypoxen after intensive exercise","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-lactate-2008","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19023968/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-008-0049-y","year":2008,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Exercise experiment plus mitochondrial assays; in-vivo sample not specified in accessible abstract","summary":"Hypoxen combined with energy-metabolism substrates was associated with higher lactate during maximal exercise, faster subsequent utilization and a lower recovery lactate/pyruvate ratio. The authors also describe an in-vitro NADH-oxidation pathway involving cytochrome c.","limitations":["Combination exposure cannot isolate Hypoxen’s contribution.","The abstract does not establish the in-vivo species, sample, allocation or safety. This is not presented as a verified human recovery trial."]},{"id":"hypoxen-mitochondria-2010","title":"The drug Hypoxen: a new inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration and dehydrogenases","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-mitochondria-2010","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20799641/","doi":"10.1134/S1062359010040035","year":2010,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Isolated rat liver mitochondria","summary":"Hypoxen reduced phosphorylating and uncoupled respiration, with substrate-dependent concentration thresholds. Malate, glutamate and succinate dehydrogenase activities decreased. This qualifies the claim that it uniformly increases mitochondrial respiration.","limitations":["Isolated organelles and experimental concentrations do not establish effects of oral use in humans.","The translation and Russian paper are the same experiment."]},{"id":"hypoxen-katp-2010","title":"Effect of Hypoxen on bioenergetic processes in mitochondria and ATP-sensitive potassium-channel activity","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-katp-2010","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21033347/","doi":"10.1134/S0006350910050076","year":2010,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Isolated rat heart and liver mitochondria","summary":"At low experimental concentrations, the authors report increased respiration, coupling, hydrogen-peroxide formation and potassium-associated mitochondrial swelling. ATP-related responses led them to propose involvement of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels.","limitations":["Concentration, substrate and tissue differ from the respiration-inhibition experiments.","Increased peroxide formation complicates a simple antioxidant narrative; these assays do not establish clinical benefit."]},{"id":"hypoxen-postoperative-2012","title":"Impact of Hypoxen therapy on postoperative course in gynecologic patients","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-postoperative-2012","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23156041/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"52 adjunct-Hypoxen patients and 339 routine-care controls after abdominal gynecologic surgery","summary":"The abstract reports changes in lipid-peroxidation and antioxidant measures and fewer patients with prolonged postoperative pain in the adjunct group (reported p<0.05).","limitations":["Very unequal group sizes; randomization, blinding and baseline comparability are not established.","No absolute pain-event counts in the abstract. Surgical findings do not establish sports, occupational or long-term safety benefits."]},{"id":"hypoxen-antimutagen-2002","title":"Antimutagenic Hypoxen activity in vivo","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-antimutagen-2002","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12227099/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"C57BL/6 mouse bone-marrow chromosome-aberration assay","summary":"Simultaneous injected Hypoxen reduced dioxidine-associated genotoxicity by a reported 35% over 24 hours. Five-day oral pretreatment did not reduce damage.","limitations":["Route- and timing-dependent results; the oral negative finding must be retained.","A mouse mutagen assay does not establish protection against industrial gases, benzene or cancer."]},{"id":"hypoxen-inflammation-2012","title":"Influence of Metaprot and Hypoxen on inflammatory-reaction development in an experiment","compoundIds":["hypoxen","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-inflammation-2012","originalSource":"https://journals.eco-vector.com/RCF/article/view/752","doi":"10.17816/RCF10463-66","year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation","summary":"Hypoxen and Metaprot showed weak anti-inflammatory activity alone but enhanced aspirin-associated effects. The publisher abstract identifies Hypoxen plus aspirin as the most effective combination tested.","limitations":["Animal inflammation endpoints are not human analgesic or performance outcomes.","The abstract wording does not establish a Hypoxen-plus-Bemitil performance regimen. Full arm definitions and safety require review."]},{"id":"hypoxen-bednov-2004","title":"Physiological mechanisms of chronic exposure to sulfur-containing gas in an experiment","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-bednov-2004","originalSource":"https://www.earthpapers.net/fiziologicheskie-mehanizmy-hronicheskogo-vozdeystviya-serosoderzhaschim-gazom-v-eksperimente","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Relevant conclusions and catalogue checked","reviewScope":"Online author-abstract reproduction reviewed; original experimental tables remain to be recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Rats exposed chronically to sulfur-containing gas standardized to 3 mg/m³ hydrogen sulfide","summary":"The author’s conclusions report lower lipid-peroxidation, hypoxia and endogenous-intoxication markers and a shorter recovery period with Olifen. The industrial-gas context concerns the Astrakhan program, but the intervention evidence here is animal work.","limitations":["Author-abstract transcription, not the full 143-page dissertation.","Mixed industrial gas is not equivalent to pure H₂S or benzene; no protective effect in exposed workers is established."]},{"id":"hypoxen-extreme-2005-patent","title":"Method of pharmacological correction of human work capacity in extreme situations","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-extreme-2005-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/EA005383B1/ru","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Patent text reviewed","reviewScope":"Claims, description, filing dates and prior-art citation reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Proposed phased occupational-pharmacology protocol; no comparative cohort reported","summary":"The patent organizes pharmacological support before exposure, during work and after work. It names Hypoxen, Sydnocarb, Mebix, Deltoran and ascorbate in the first phases, with symptom-dependent changes.","limitations":["A patent documents a proposal, not a validated regimen, implemented service-wide doctrine or controlled trial.","Its cited 1999 Novikov–Shustov Academy document remains an original-source acquisition target."]},{"id":"hypoxen-urine-2025","title":"Urinary metabolites indicative of Hypoxen administration monitored by LC–HRMS/MS","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/hypoxen-urine-2025","originalSource":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.3701","doi":"10.1002/dta.3701","year":2025,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Publisher methods and results reviewed","reviewScope":"Publisher analytical report reviewed; chemical assignments are reported at the authors’ stated certainty.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Exploratory post-administration urine analysis","summary":"The analytical study identified eight plausible Hypoxen-related urinary analytes. It provides markers for detecting administration, not evidence of improved endurance or clinical effectiveness.","limitations":["Tentative metabolite assignments and exploratory sampling limit interpretation.","Detection of use is distinct from proof of efficacy, safety or a doping-rule violation."]},{"id":"dalargin-receptors-1999","title":"Activity profiles of dalargin and its analogues in μ-, δ- and κ-opioid receptor selective bioassays","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-receptors-1999","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10516634/","doi":"10.1038/sj.bjp.0702825","year":1999,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Isolated preparations from guinea pig, hamster, mouse, rat and rabbit","summary":"Isolated-tissue assays showed that D-Ala configuration and other sequence modifications altered potency, peptidase resistance and receptor preference. The tested Dalargin profile favored μ activity; this does not settle receptor contributions in every tissue or disease model.","limitations":["Animal-tissue bioassays, not a human efficacy or safety trial.","Dalargin analogues are not interchangeable with the parent peptide."]},{"id":"dalargin-blast-hearing-2008","title":"Dalargin and electropuncture for acute hearing injury after mine blasts — RU2323019C1","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-blast-hearing-2008","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2323019C1/en","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"123 patients; Dalargin plus electropuncture, with middle-ear surgery described subsequently","summary":"The patent describes 123 patients with blast-related mixed hearing injury. Its tables report complete restoration in 22.3%, improvement in 34.7% and no effect in 43% following combined treatment. Tinnitus improvement is also reported.","limitations":["Patent case material does not establish randomized allocation, blinding or Dalargin monotherapy efficacy.","One narrative passage reverses the restoration/improvement percentages; the summary follows the results tables.","Mixed middle- and inner-ear injuries and associated procedures limit attribution."]},{"id":"dalargin-hypoxia-kalinin-2000","title":"Dalargin and liver function during acute hypoxia","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-hypoxia-kalinin-2000","originalSource":"https://www.dissercat.com/content/vliyanie-dalargina-na-funktsionalnoe-sostoyanie-pecheni-v-usloviyakh-ostroi-gipoksii","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Rats; pressure-chamber model reported as approximately 12,200 m","summary":"The dissertation transcription reports longer survival in severe hypobaric hypoxia at testing times through 168 hours after ordinary intravenous administration and through 336 hours with erythrocyte-carrier delivery. Liver and oxidative-stress markers varied by delivery method and time.","limitations":["Rat experiments do not establish human altitude protection or a seven-day clinical effect.","Original scan and survival tables remain to be reconciled; numerical survival values are withheld.","The early time point appears as 0.15 hours in the transcription; it is not safely interpretable as 15 minutes."]},{"id":"dalargin-stress-frantsuzova-2011","title":"Protective activity of Mildronate, Dalargin and Picamilon in experimental stress","compoundIds":["dalargin","picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-stress-frantsuzova-2011","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/issledovanie-protektornoy-aktivnosti-mildronata-dalargina-i-pikamilona-pri-eksperimentalnom-stresse","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Experimental animal stress models","summary":"The dissertation examines three separate pharmacological approaches to experimental stress, including behavior, gastric injury and nonspecific cellular immunity. The comparative program connects opioid-peptide research with Picamilon and Mildronate.","limitations":["Selected transcription reviewed; full tables and statistical appraisal remain pending.","Head-to-head comparison is not evidence of a three-drug combination or human stress treatment."]},{"id":"dalargin-resuscitation-1999","title":"Post-resuscitation hemostasis correction with Dalargin and Mildronate","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-resuscitation-1999","originalSource":"https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01000340136","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Experimental resuscitation research","summary":"The Russian State Library verifies a 1999 experimental dissertation abstract on Dalargin and Mildronate in post-resuscitation hemostasis. A linked digital abstract is listed; efficacy and synergy claims require original-table review.","limitations":["Catalog metadata establishes the document, not the effectiveness of treatment.","Animal resuscitation experiments cannot be generalized to healthy-user combinations."]},{"id":"dalargin-trauma-2023","title":"Dalargin and oxidative stress in severe combined trauma: a prospective clinical study","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-trauma-2023","originalSource":"https://intensive-care.ru/index.php/acc/article/view/484","doi":"10.21320/1818-474X-2023-4-185-196","year":2023,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"104 severe combined-trauma patients","summary":"Among 104 patients (38 Dalargin, 66 controls), the authors reported lower oxidative-stress markers and fewer ARDS/acute kidney injury events. Mortality and infectious complications were comparable; antioxidant activity remained below normal. Hospitalization was shorter among survivors receiving Dalargin.","limitations":["Unequal groups; randomized allocation and blinding not established in this appraisal.","Biomarker changes do not prove improved survival; survivor-only length of stay requires caution."]},{"id":"dalargin-reperfusion-2002","title":"Receptor specificity of the antiarrhythmic effect of Dalargin and DADLE during myocardial reperfusion","compoundIds":["dalargin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dalargin-reperfusion-2002","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12124638/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected text reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Experimental myocardial reperfusion","summary":"The experimental report describes prevention of ventricular arrhythmias when Dalargin or DADLE was given before coronary reperfusion. It investigates opioid-receptor involvement rather than establishing a clinical antiarrhythmic treatment.","limitations":["Preclinical model; no human treatment benefit established.","DADLE and Dalargin are distinct peptides."]},{"id":"cortexin-ms-2009","title":"Effect of Cortexin on neuroplasticity in multiple sclerosis","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cortexin-ms-2009","originalSource":"https://umedp.ru/articles/vliyanie_korteksina_na_neyroplastichnost_pri_rasseyannom_skleroze.html","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Full article reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"20 adults with relapsing-remitting MS in stable remission; 7 men and 13 women, ages 27–43","summary":"EDSS did not change significantly. Beck depression scores fell from 17.6±1.3 to 12.9±1.4 and EQ-5D rose from 0.41±0.07 to 0.73±0.03 (reported p<0.05). These are uncontrolled symptom and quality-of-life observations, not evidence of remyelination.","limitations":["Open prospective study without a control group, randomization or blinding.","Participants were already in remission; stable EDSS does not demonstrate prevention of progression.","No adverse events were observed in this small sample; safety and disease modification are not established."]},{"id":"bemitil-ms-2006-patent","title":"Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its application","compoundIds":["bemitil","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-ms-2006-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2267319C2/en","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Clinical example and patent dates checked","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Patent reports 10 MS cases and a separate 10-person chronic-fatigue group; one MS case described","summary":"Example 5 describes a 47-year-old woman with MS receiving Bemitil alongside piracetam, pentoxifylline, B vitamins and massage. The patent reports improvements in strength, coordination, cognition, mood and sleep. It supplies neither a controlled MS trial nor complete results for all ten MS cases.","limitations":["Patent assertions, not a peer-reviewed efficacy trial; multiple simultaneous interventions prevent attribution.","The described baseline brain MRI had no pathological changes, making a claim of MRI remission uninterpretable.","Animal MPTP, glutamate and haloperidol experiments are not experimental autoimmune demyelination models."]},{"id":"bemitil-sle-1999","title":"The effect of bemetil on production of DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-sle-1999","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10572751/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"61 people with SLE; four groups of 15, 15, 15 and 16; eight-week comparison","summary":"The abstract reports reduced anti-DNA antibodies and improvements in SLEDAI-1/ECLAM disease-activity measures in Bemitil-containing treatment groups. Background treatment included prednisolone, with or without cyclophosphamide. Numerical effect sizes are not available in the abstract.","limitations":["SLE is a different disease; these findings do not establish efficacy in MS.","Allocation and blinding cannot be established from the abstract; concomitant therapy complicates attribution.","Likely related to the 1997 dissertation and 2000 patent: do not count these as independent replication."]},{"id":"bemitil-sle-2000-patent","title":"Method of treating systemic lupus erythematosus","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-sle-2000-patent","originalSource":"https://patent.su/?p=15414","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Patent text reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"61 SLE patients treated at the Institute of Rheumatology, 1993–1997","summary":"The patent describes four treatment groups using glucocorticoids with or without cyclophosphamide and Bemitil. It reports improvements in selected clinical and laboratory signs and anti-DNA antibodies in the Bemitil groups. This appears to describe the same research program as the 1999 paper.","limitations":["Patent reproduction; allocation concealment and blinding are not established. Treatment choice also reflected disease severity.","Numerous outcomes and unequal follow-up periods prevent a simple comparative relapse-rate interpretation.","Not an MS study or independent confirmation of the 1999 SLE report."]},{"id":"bemitil-neuromuscular-1993","title":"Bioenergetic disturbances and their correction in neuromuscular diseases","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-neuromuscular-1993","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/bioenergeticheskie-narusheniya-i-ih-korrektsiya-pri-nervno-myshechnyh-zabolevaniyah","doi":null,"year":1993,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Author metadata and relevant text reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Neuromuscular disease research program, including hereditary muscular dystrophies","summary":"The dissertation describes bioenergetic and enzyme-marker changes during treatment, including Bemitil comparisons. It extends the neuromuscular research context of the 1991 and 1992 publications; biochemical changes alone do not establish sustained functional benefit.","limitations":["Author is Lyudmila Alekseevna Saikova; attribution to Pustozerov as dissertation author is incorrect.","OCR reproduction; original scan and cohort overlap with the earlier papers require reconciliation.","Neuromuscular disorders are not MS; heterogeneous treatments and uncontrolled observations limit inference."]},{"id":"bemitil-tcell-2009","title":"Inhibitory effect of 2-substituted benzimidazoles on lymphocyte mitogenesis is associated with AhR-dependent mechanisms","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-tcell-2009","originalSource":"https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/molekulyarnye-i-kletochnye-osnovy-immunoregulyatsii-immunodiagnostiki-i-immunokorrektsii-eksperimentalnye-modeli-3.pdf","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract and table text reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Healthy-donor T cells stimulated with anti-CD3; benzimidazoles and TCDD interaction experiment","summary":"At the reported Bemitil concentration, the table gives only 3±3% inhibition of mitogenesis. The combination with TCDD differed from the Bliss-model expectation. This supports an experimental interaction question, not a claim that Bemitil strongly suppresses human immunity.","limitations":["Conference abstract and indexed table excerpt, not a full clinical study.","AhR involvement is a proposed mechanism; direct receptor binding and clinical immunosuppression were not demonstrated.","No MS patients, demyelination outcome or clinical benefit assessment."]},{"id":"ms-fatigue-cytoflavin-2015","title":"Efficacy of Cytoflavin in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ms-fatigue-cytoflavin-2015","originalSource":"https://umj.com.ua/en/publication-85168-efektivnist-preparatu-citoflavin-u-likuvanni-paciyentiv-iz-rozsiyanim-sklerozom-i-vtomoyu","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and results reviewed","reviewScope":"Source text reviewed at the access level stated; no independent verification of patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"62 screened; 53 with fatigue allocated to Cytoflavin (20) or conventional therapy (33)","summary":"The Cytoflavin group’s MFIS score fell from 45.1±4.5 to 29±4.2 (reported within-group p<0.05). The comparator regimen included pentoxifylline, piracetam, meldonium and B vitamins. The result cannot be attributed to either piracetam or meldonium.","limitations":["Unequal groups; randomization and blinding are not established.","62 is the screened population, not the number allocated to treatment groups.","A within-group change is not a demonstrated between-group effect; fatigue improvement is not disease modification."]},{"id":"cortexin-ms-2025","title":"Neuropeptide immunocorrection in patients with multiple sclerosis","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cortexin-ms-2025","originalSource":"https://zenodo.org/api/records/15635394/files/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,%20%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.pdf/content","doi":"10.5281/zenodo.15635394","year":2025,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Full article read; motor table visually checked","reviewScope":"Methods, results, tables and references reviewed. Randomization, blinding and allocation procedures are not described; this is not classified as a randomized trial.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"63 adults with MS, ages 18–59: 33 standard therapy plus Cortexin; 30 standard therapy alone","summary":"After three courses, the authors report upper-limb motor-score gains of 1.4 versus 0.8 points and lower-limb gains of 1.8 versus 0.9, with reported p<0.05. The proportion described as having reduced work capacity fell from 71.7% to 31.1% with adjunct Cortexin, versus 75.5% to 53.1% in controls. These are reported functional signals, not evidence of disease modification.","limitations":["Small comparison with unclear allocation, baseline comparability, concomitant therapy and assessment timing; no placebo or blinding described.","Motor scale, variance and statistical methods are insufficiently specified. Percentages lack underlying counts; immune-marker claims have no numerical table.","No longitudinal MRI lesion, relapse-rate or EDSS progression outcomes are reported. Safety reporting is insufficient; this does not establish an MS treatment or replacement for disease-modifying therapy.","A same-title 2021 Artykova–Rakhmatov report exists; cohort overlap remains unresolved and is not counted as independent replication."]},{"id":"adk-chlodantane-2019-patent","title":"Chlorobenzoylaminoadamantane formulation for physical performance at high and low temperatures","compoundIds":["chlodantane","bromantane","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-chlodantane-2019-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2704126C2/en","doi":null,"year":2019,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected animal experiments and formulation description reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Male mice; treadmill tests at +40°C and −5°C","summary":"The patent reports longer treadmill endurance with the Chlodantane formulation under heat and cold. In heat, the selected comparison was 56.23 ± 5.36 versus 27.69 ± 1.31 minutes in controls. Ladasten showed a heat signal at the higher tested exposure but no significant cold-endurance benefit.","limitations":["Patent-reported animal results are not an independently replicated clinical trial or evidence of safe heat/cold exposure.","The response was non-linear; formulation-specific effects cannot be assigned to every Chlodantane product.","Small groups and inconsistent comparator sample reporting require original-table appraisal."]},{"id":"adk-cyclontane-2018-patent","title":"Cyclontane and sodium oxybate pharmaceutical composition for desynchronosis","compoundIds":["cyclontane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-cyclontane-2018-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2674342C2/en","doi":null,"year":2018,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected methods and sleep-result passages reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Rodent circadian-disruption experiments; 18-hour light/dark schedule","summary":"The combination was investigated for activity rhythms, performance, operant learning and EEG sleep. REM duration exceeded the untreated desynchronosis group, but REM latency remained prolonged relative to baseline: recovery was incomplete.","limitations":["Combination findings cannot establish Cyclontane’s independent effect; patent evidence does not establish human efficacy or safety.","No clinical sleep benefit or safe self-use regimen follows from these experiments."]},{"id":"adk-attention-2022","title":"Comparative study of the effects of adamantane derivatives on the behavior of CD-1 mice with different phenotype of attention stability","compoundIds":["cyclontane","bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-attention-2022","originalSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360314349_Comparative_study_of_the_effects_of_adamantane_derivatives_on_the_behavior_of_CD-1_mice_with_different_phenotype_of_attention_stability","doi":"10.37489/2587-7836-2022-1-3-8","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract, identity passage and selected methods reviewed","reviewScope":"Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"CD-1 mice separated by baseline attention phenotype; three administrations","summary":"Cyclantane, Ladasten and memantine partially restored attention in the low-attention subgroup, but worsened attention in the initially high-attention subgroup by 40–47% relative to controls. Exploratory and locomotor measures did not change in parallel.","limitations":["Phenotype-dependent mouse behavior is not evidence for human ADHD treatment or general cognitive enhancement.","Dose, route and repeated-testing effects limit extrapolation; the names Cyclantane and Cyclontane refer here to ADK-638."]},{"id":"adk-camphane-2023","title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Pharmacological Activity of Fatty Aromatic Amides and Amines with a Framework Moiety and Their Non-Covalent Complexes","compoundIds":["chlodantane","bromantane","adk-918","camphane-chlorobenzamide"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-camphane-2023","originalSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372746067_Comparative_Evaluation_of_the_Pharmacological_Activity_of_Fatty_Aromatic_Amides_and_Amines_with_a_Framework_Moiety_and_Their_Non-Covalent_Complexes","doi":"10.1007/s11094-023-02915-z","year":2023,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Institute abstract and selected author-uploaded full-text passages checked, including the 7/14-day schedule and baseline-imbalance discussion; complete tables not independently appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Mouse pharmacology experiments","summary":"The camphane chlorobenzamide candidate increased treadmill performance by 23.22–25.20% after 14 days of administration. Baseline group differences complicate interpretation; the text describes convergence toward control running times. Complexation of Chlodantane, Bromantane and ADK-918 neutralized their actoprotective effects in the tested preparations; the new derivatives were classified as moderately toxic.","limitations":["Abstract-level animal findings do not establish human performance benefits or improved clinical safety.","An effect at a 14-day assessment does not prove a benefit persisted for 14 days after one dose.","The Russian and English versions are one publication, not independent replication."]},{"id":"adk-camphane-2019","title":"Synthesis of New Camphane-Type Amides: Potential Synthetic Adaptogenes","compoundIds":["chlodantane","adk-918","adk-957","camphane-chlorobenzamide"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-camphane-2019","originalSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332634907_Synthesis_of_New_Camphane-Type_Amides_Potential_Synthetic_Adaptogenes","doi":"10.1134/S1070363219030058","year":2019,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Author-uploaded paper’s accessible chemistry/background passages checked; earlier pharmacology not independently recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Chemical synthesis and characterization; background pharmacology citations","summary":"The study reports synthesis and characterization of camphane analogues and links their design to Chlodantane and related adamantanes. ADK-957 appears as a chlorophenoxyacetamide background lead; cited cold-protection activity is not a new clinical result in this chemistry paper.","limitations":["Chemical characterization and a potential-adaptogen label do not demonstrate pharmacological efficacy.","ADK-957’s original cold-exposure experiment and detailed safety data remain acquisition targets."]},{"id":"adk-immune-dissertation","title":"Role of neurotropic adamantane-containing compounds in the regulation of immunity","compoundIds":["kemantane","bromantane","chlodantane","adk-918","adk-963","adk-613"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-immune-dissertation","originalSource":"https://www.medical-diss.com/medicina/rol-neyrotropnyh-adamantansoderzhaschih-soedineniy-v-regulyatsii-immuniteta","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation; OCR reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Multiple mouse strains and laboratory immune assays","summary":"The program reports preparation-dependent antibody-forming-cell, T-cell and post-irradiation colony responses. ADK-910 showed a strong humoral response without increasing the delayed-hypersensitivity endpoint; immune stimulation was not uniform across assays.","limitations":["OCR transcription requires comparison with the original; author/date and full tables are not entered as verified metadata.","Immune and colony assays do not demonstrate better health, infection prevention or long-term stem-cell expansion in people."]},{"id":"adk-cyp-1996","title":"Influence of hereditary and environmental factors on cytochrome P450 metabolic activity and drug effects","compoundIds":["bromantane","chlodantane","adk-918","adk-559","adk-591","adk-676","adk-677","adk-790","adk-828","adk-829"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-cyp-1996","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/vliyanie-nasledstvennyh-i-sredovyh-faktorov-na-metaboliziruyuschuyu-aktivnost-sistemy-tsitohroma-r-450-i-formirovanie-eff","doi":null,"year":1996,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation; OCR reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Mouse hepatic-enzyme screening and sensitized guinea-pig anaphylaxis experiments","summary":"ADK-559/591/676/677 weakly inhibited hepatic monooxygenases; ADK-709/790/828/829/910/918 induced P450. The author also reports fewer anaphylaxis deaths with ADK-828 and ADK-829 in guinea pigs. Different controls and OCR table ambiguities prevent a reliable cross-compound ranking.","limitations":["Original structures and tables require checking against the scan; transcription errors are possible.","Enzyme induction does not establish detoxification benefits or predict safe human drug combinations.","Animal anaphylaxis results are not evidence for treating allergy in people; proposed adjunct uses were development suggestions."]},{"id":"adk-thermoprotective-ester-patent","title":"Para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid adamant-2-ylaminoethyl ester hydrochloride with claimed thermoprotective and psychostimulant activities","compoundIds":["adamantylaminoethyl-chlorophenoxyacetate"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-thermoprotective-ester-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/SU1771186A1/en","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Patent identity, title, inventors and dates checked; quantitative pharmacology not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Patent-described experimental compound","summary":"The patent identifies a distinct aminoethyl ester and claims thermoprotective and psychostimulant activity. It is not ADK-957’s amide and is not Chlodantane.","limitations":["Patent claims are not verified clinical findings; experimental magnitude and independent replication remain unassessed."]},{"id":"adk-cyclontane-original-patent","title":"Original Cyclontane / ADK-638 patent trail","compoundIds":["cyclontane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-cyclontane-original-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2196575C2/en","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Prior-art citation followed from the 2018 patent; original retrieval unsuccessful.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Original experiments not independently recovered for this entry","summary":"The later patent cites this earlier Cyclontane development record. Original behavioral and toxicity comparisons require direct verification before numerical claims are reproduced.","limitations":["Bibliographic lead only; neither potency ratios nor toxicity estimates from secondary accounts are treated as verified here."]},{"id":"adk-original-1989-patent","title":"Original Chlodantane and ADK-918 certificate: environmental resistance and immunostimulation","compoundIds":["chlodantane","adk-918","bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-original-1989-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/SU1646256A1/en","doi":null,"year":1996,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"The abstract claims protection during overheating, hypobaric hypoxia and water deprivation, and improved rat operant activity under fatigue. Filing dates to 13 July 1989; publication was 10 June 1996.","limitations":["Only the patent abstract and metadata were recovered; the two experimental tables remain unavailable.","Abstract toxicity figures lack adequate species/route context here and are not used to rank safety."]},{"id":"adk-phenoxyacetamides-2018","title":"Phenoxyacetamide structural analogues of Chlodantane and ADK-918","compoundIds":["chlodantane","adk-918"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-phenoxyacetamides-2018","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2660654C1/en","doi":null,"year":2018,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"The patent explicitly identifies its two adamantane-containing phenoxyacetamides as structural analogues of ADK-910 and ADK-918. This documents a later medicinal-chemistry branch, not demonstrated clinical superiority.","limitations":["Chemistry and preclinical observations do not establish human efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"adk-adaptogens-i-2016","title":"Potential synthetic adaptogens I: new N-[(adamantan-1-yl)methyl]aniline derivatives","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-adaptogens-i-2016","originalSource":"https://journals.rcsi.science/1066-5285/article/view/238241/en_US","doi":"10.1007/s11172-016-1458-0","year":2016,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"The authors prepared more conformationally flexible Bromantane analogues and studied how reaction conditions affected products and yields.","limitations":["Chemistry and preclinical observations do not establish human efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"adk-adaptogens-ii-2017","title":"Potential Synthetic Adaptogens II: synthesis and pharmacological activity of conformationally labile Bromantane analogues","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-adaptogens-ii-2017","originalSource":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11094-017-1531-5","doi":"10.1007/s11094-017-1531-5","year":2017,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"Bibliographic record for the N-[(adamantan-1-yl)methyl]-4-bromoaniline series. Compound-specific pharmacological results await full-text appraisal.","limitations":["Chemistry and preclinical observations do not establish human efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"adk-adaptogens-iv-2017","title":"Potential Synthetic Adaptogens IV: synthesis and study of basicity of new N-[(adamantan-1-yl)methyl]aniline derivatives","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-adaptogens-iv-2017","originalSource":"https://www.pleiades.online/contents/orgchem/orgchem5_17v53cont.pdf","doi":null,"year":2017,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"Publisher contents identify the basicity study. Brain penetration and clinical activity cannot be inferred from basicity measurements.","limitations":["Chemistry and preclinical observations do not establish human efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"adk-adaptogens-v-2019","title":"Potential Synthetic Adaptogens V: synthesis of cage monoamines by the Schwenk–Papa reaction","compoundIds":["bromantane","chlodantane","camphane-chlorobenzamide"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-adaptogens-v-2019","originalSource":"https://sciencejournals.ru/issues/orgkhim/2019/vol_55/iss_11/OrgKhim_1911017Novakov/OrgKhim_1911017Novakov-site.html","doi":"10.1134/S051474921911017X","year":2019,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"Camphor oximes yielded cage amines; norcamphor and adamantanone oximes also produced alcohol by-products. These intermediates support camphane/norcamphane replacements for adamantane scaffolds. This is synthesis research, not an efficacy trial.","limitations":["Chemistry and preclinical observations do not establish human efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"adk-camphane-anilines-2024","title":"Psychotropic activity of N-(camphan-2-yl)anilines: new structural analogues of Bromantane","compoundIds":["bromantane","camphane-aniline-4e"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/adk-camphane-anilines-2024","originalSource":"https://medj.rucml.ru/journal/4e432d504841524d41434f4c4f47592d41525449434c452d323032342d31322d342d302d3239352d333038","doi":"10.19163/2307-9266-2024-12-4-295-308","year":2024,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source identity and selected abstract or text passages checked; complete methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Preclinical research; no human efficacy established","summary":"The Russian abstract identifies para-ethylphenyl compound 4e as a lead with anxiolytic-like activity and signals in novel-object recognition and extrapolation-escape tests in rodents.","limitations":["Russian abstract and bibliography checked, not the complete experimental tables.","This record follows the Russian 4e designation; cross-language compound numbering needs reconciliation against the structures. No human benefit or superiority is established."]},{"id":"gaps-ogp-1582415","title":"Histone H4-related osteogenic growth peptide (OGP): a novel circulating stimulator of osteoblastic activity.","compoundIds":["ogp"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-ogp-1582415","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1582415/","doi":"10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05238.x","year":1992,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Original publication metadata and indexed abstract checked; full methods and tables not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Osteoblast cultures and rats","summary":"Synthetic 14-amino-acid OGP increased osteoblast proliferation and alkaline-phosphatase activity in culture and increased bone mass in injected rats.","limitations":["Preclinical endpoints do not establish fracture prevention or benefit in people.","The full-length peptide must be distinguished from its 10–14 fragment and tissue mixtures."]},{"id":"gaps-ogp-35604006","title":"Osteogenic growth peptide is a potent anti-inflammatory and bone preserving hormone via cannabinoid receptor type 2.","compoundIds":["ogp"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-ogp-35604006","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35604006/","doi":"10.7554/eLife.65834","year":2022,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Original publication metadata and indexed abstract checked; full methods and tables not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Mouse models, cell assays including human osteoblasts, and observational human serum measurements","summary":"The authors reported bone and inflammatory effects that disappeared after genetic or pharmacological disruption of CB2. Circulating OGP declined with age in the women sampled; this was not a treatment trial.","limitations":["Mouse treatment and cultured human cells do not demonstrate human treatment efficacy.","The human serum association cannot establish causation.","Full-length OGP and the active fragment must be distinguished in each experimental method."]},{"id":"gaps-tactivin-8931749","title":"Clinical and immunologic effects of T-activin therapy in early stage melanoma patients.","compoundIds":["tactivin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-tactivin-8931749","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8931749/","doi":null,"year":1996,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Original publication metadata and indexed abstract checked; full methods and tables not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"17 melanoma patients: 8 surgery plus T-activin; 9 surgery-only controls","summary":"NK-cell measurements increased with T-activin, including in patients whose disease progressed. Disease-free intervals were similar; the reported survival difference was not statistically significant.","limitations":["Very small adjunctive comparison; random allocation and blinding are not established by the abstract.","Immune-marker changes did not correlate with clinical course and should not be presented as proven cancer benefit."]},{"id":"gaps-16307056","title":"Effects of iEW synthetic peptide isomers on bone marrow colony-forming capacity in vivo.","compoundIds":["stemokin","thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-16307056","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16307056/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-005-0487-8","year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract reviewed","reviewScope":"Original publication metadata and indexed abstract checked; full methods and tables not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-03","population":"Mice; splenic colony-forming, CD34-positive-cell and T-cell assays","summary":"Experiments with peptide isomers and neuraminidase linked differing colony-forming responses to the T-cell microenvironment. The authors proposed shared CD34-associated surface interactions.","limitations":["Mechanistic interpretation does not establish CD34 as a directly bound receptor.","Related-isomer experiments do not prove clinical effects of either marketed preparation.","Colony formation is not proof of long-term self-renewing stem-cell expansion."]},{"id":"noopept-18697252","title":"A comparative study of noopept and piracetam in the treatment of mild and moderate cognitive impairment in patients with organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin","compoundIds":["noopept","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-18697252","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18697252/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Metadata only","reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; complete article not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Clinical population; enrollment and allocation not verified","summary":"Clinical publication located; results are not summarized because the indexed record provides no abstract.","limitations":["No effect size, participant count or safety conclusion is inferred from the title.","The 2008/2009 comparison and related EEG report may overlap; not counted as independent replication."]},{"id":"noopept-19234797","title":"Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin","compoundIds":["noopept","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-19234797","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19234797/","doi":"10.1007/s11055-009-9128-4","year":2009,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Metadata only","reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; complete article not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Clinical population; enrollment and allocation not verified","summary":"Clinical publication located; results are not summarized because the indexed record provides no abstract.","limitations":["No effect size, participant count or safety conclusion is inferred from the title.","The 2008/2009 comparison and related EEG report may overlap; not counted as independent replication."]},{"id":"noopept-19938275","title":"Efficacy of noopept in discirculatory encephalopathy","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-19938275","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19938275/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Metadata only","reviewScope":"Indexed citation checked; complete article not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Clinical population; enrollment and allocation not verified","summary":"Clinical publication located; results are not summarized because the indexed record provides no abstract.","limitations":["Full design, comparator, outcomes and harms remain unverified."]},{"id":"piracetam-stroke-review-2012","title":"Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/piracetam-stroke-review-2012","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22972044/","doi":"10.1002/14651858.CD000419.pub3","year":2012,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract and reference list","reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and included-trial list checked. The current Cochrane page dates the same DOI to 2022 but still reports a May 2011 search cutoff; this is not evidence of a newly searched trial set.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Three trials, 1,002 patients; one trial supplied 93% of the data","summary":"The review found insufficient evidence on dependence. A nonsignificant early-mortality trend was sensitive to baseline stroke-severity imbalance.","limitations":["Condition-specific historical review, not a conclusion about healthy-person cognition.","Harms were not adequately reported; absence of reporting is not evidence of safety.","Trials in this review must not be counted again as independent review participants."]},{"id":"piracetam-7865703","title":"Drug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairment","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/piracetam-7865703","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7865703/","doi":"10.1017/s1041610294001729","year":1994,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract","reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed abstract checked; complete trial methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"162 adults aged 55 or older with age-associated memory impairment; 54 per arm; 135 completed","summary":"Three-month randomized, double-blind trial compared two piracetam groups with placebo alongside memory training. Reported benefits depended on baseline performance and training timing.","limitations":["Memory training is a co-intervention; this is not a drug-only comparison.","27 participants did not complete; reasons and handling require full text."]},{"id":"piracetam-9316679","title":"Effect of piracetam on recovery and rehabilitation after stroke: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/piracetam-9316679","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9316679/","doi":"10.1097/00002826-199408000-00003","year":1994,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract","reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed abstract checked; complete trial methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"158 post-stroke rehabilitation patients; 137 assessed after treatment and 88 at 24 weeks","summary":"A 12-week placebo comparison reported an aphasia signal but no demonstrated improvement in activities of daily living. Persistence at 24 weeks was unresolved.","limitations":["Substantial loss to later follow-up limits interpretation.","Aphasia findings require confirmation and do not establish healthy-person cognitive enhancement."]},{"id":"bromantane-avedisova-2009","title":"Ladasten in neurasthenia and somatogenic asthenia: safety and therapeutic efficacy","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bromantane-avedisova-2009","originalSource":"https://con-med.ru/magazines/psikhicheskie_rasstroystva_v_obshchey_meditsine/psikhicheskie_rasstroystva_v_obshchey_meditsine-01-2009/bezopasnost_i_terapevticheskaya_effektivnost_preparata_ladasten_u_bolnykh_s_nevrasteniey_i_somatogen/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods, results and harms narrative","reviewScope":"Publisher methods, results and harms narrative checked; image tables not independently transcribed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"40 patients: 20 per diagnosis, randomized within diagnosis to active treatment or placebo (10 per cell)","summary":"Single-blind, stratified randomized comparison reported symptom improvement over 28 days. Mild restlessness during treatment and transient dizziness after withdrawal were reported.","limitations":["Four small groups; multiple symptom outcomes.","Seven-day post-treatment observation cannot establish long-term dependence or safety.","Overlap with other 2009 Ladasten reports remains unresolved; do not sum cohorts."]},{"id":"etomerzol-antioxidant-2003","title":"Etomerzol as an antioxidant agent","compoundIds":["etomerzol"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/etomerzol-antioxidant-2003","originalSource":"https://pbmc.ibmc.msk.ru/ru/article-ru/PBMC-2003-49-5-434/","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract and metadata","reviewScope":"Publisher Russian abstract and citation checked; complete PDF methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Rat acute-hypoxia experiments and in-vitro oxidation assays","summary":"The original report describes effects on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems in rats, alongside laboratory oxidation assays.","limitations":["Experimental antioxidant signals do not establish human efficacy, endurance or safety.","Animal and isolated-system findings must remain separate from clinical research."]},{"id":"bromitil-krasnykh-1995","title":"Pharmacokinetics of adamantane-derived actoprotectors: Bromitil experiments","compoundIds":["bromitil","bromantane","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bromitil-krasnykh-1995","originalSource":"https://www.dissercat.com/content/farmakokinetika-aktoprotektorov-proizvodnykh-adamantana","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation transcription","reviewDepth":"Contents and reproduced conclusions","reviewScope":"Third-party transcription of original dissertation contents and conclusions checked; complete 162-page dissertation not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Experimental pharmacokinetic program; rat studies","summary":"The dissertation contents and reproduced conclusions identify a Bromitil pharmacokinetic section. The formulation is discussed as combined Bromantane and Bemitil.","limitations":["Transcription is not a verified original scan.","Pharmacokinetic interaction does not demonstrate clinical synergy or combination safety.","Exact formulation and experiment-level denominators require the original methods."]},{"id":"selank-26356395","title":"Optimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with selank","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/selank-26356395","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26356395/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20151156133-40","year":2015,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract","reviewScope":"Indexed abstract checked; allocation, blinding and full outcome tables not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"70 patients: 40 Selank plus phenazepam; 30 phenazepam alone","summary":"The authors report earlier symptom improvement and fewer unwanted effects with adjunctive Selank. Both groups received phenazepam.","limitations":["Does not isolate Selank monotherapy.","Allocation and blinding unresolved; a combination comparison is not general evidence of safety."]},{"id":"picamilon-2025-cohort","title":"Picamilon in stage I and II chronic cerebral ischemia: open comparative study","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/picamilon-2025-cohort","originalSource":"https://consilium.orscience.ru/2075-1753/article/view/678425/ru_RU","doi":"10.26442/20751753.2025.2.203195","year":2025,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and results","reviewScope":"Publisher methods and results checked; participant-level reconciliation with 2024 reports remains unresolved.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"100 enrolled; 94 in per-protocol efficacy analysis; stage I and II groups initially 50 each","summary":"Open study reported cognitive and questionnaire changes during active treatment. Six participants did not complete; efficacy used the per-protocol population.","limitations":["No untreated or placebo group.","Shared investigators, protocols and cohort characteristics suggest possible overlap with the 2024 reports; this is an inference, not confirmed participant identity.","Do not add 44, 50 and 100 as independent participants."]},{"id":"kim-combinations-2004","title":"Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and Sydnocarb","compoundIds":["pirabel","piracetam","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kim-combinations-2004","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/modifikatsiya-nootropnogo-deystviya-piratsetama-fenibutom-bemetilom-i-sidnokarbom","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation transcription","reviewDepth":"Selected experiment methods","reviewScope":"Selected methods and experimental sections of a third-party transcription checked; original 122-page thesis not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table","summary":"The transcribed author’s abstract describes human hypoxia, visuomotor training and pharmacokinetic comparisons, alongside animal work.","limitations":["Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication.","OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal.","Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy."]},{"id":"picamilon-swimmers-2011","title":"Picamilon and cerebral blood flow in maladapted swimmers with different systemic hemodynamic types","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/picamilon-swimmers-2011","originalSource":"https://med-click.ru/uploads/files/docs/vliyanie-pikamilona-na-parametry-tserebralnogo-krovotoka-dizadaptirovannyh-plovtsov-s-raznymi-tipami-sistemnoy-gemodinamiki.pdf","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected methods; denominator discrepancy","reviewScope":"Journal-page reproduction checked for identity, population and allocation passage. Table-level denominator reconciliation incomplete.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"48 male swimmers aged 10–12 reported overall; subgroup denominator reconciliation remains open","summary":"Four-week report evaluated cerebral and systemic hemodynamics and biochemical measures in young swimmers. The methods describe control, placebo and active-treatment comparisons.","limitations":["The allocation passage lists groups of six while the overall sample is 48; do not infer a simple 16/16/16 split.","Blinding, outcome multiplicity and overlap with other swimmer reports remain unresolved.","Pediatric hemodynamic outcomes do not establish adult cognitive or occupational benefit."]},{"id":"tissue-cerluten-report","title":"Cerluten: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["cerluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-cerluten-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-tserluten/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"85 patients: 48 adjunctive Cerluten; 37 conventional-care controls. Mixed neurological diagnoses.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes attention-test and selected EEG improvements during 10–20 days of adjunctive treatment.","limitations":["Random allocation and blinding are not documented. EEG assessment selected more severely affected patients; the findings cannot establish stroke recovery or benefit in healthy people.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-sigumir-report","title":"Sigumir: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["sigumir"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-sigumir-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-sigumir/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"64 patients: 33 adjunctive Sigumir; 31 controls. Knee osteoarthritis, spinal degeneration or osteoporosis.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes symptom changes over 30–45 days, without substantial radiographic improvement.","limitations":["Reported symptom percentages are difficult to reconcile with the small diagnostic subgroups. Allocation and blinding are unclear. Symptom relief does not establish cartilage regeneration.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-svetinorm-report","title":"Svetinorm: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["svetinorm"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-svetinorm-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-svetinorm/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"85 patients: 47 adjunctive Svetinorm; 38 controls. Chronic hepatitis or care following radiation/chemotherapy.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes symptoms and liver laboratory markers. Its significance markers compare results with baseline; ALT also improved with conventional care.","limitations":["A within-group change is not proof of superiority over controls. Mixed diagnoses, co-treatments and incomplete allocation reporting limit interpretation.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-ventfort-report","title":"Ventfort: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["ventfort"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-ventfort-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-ventfort/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"49 patients: 27 adjunctive Ventfort; 22 controls; ages 52–84, atherosclerosis or senile purpura.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes lipid and capillary-fragility outcomes during 10–15 days of adjunctive care.","limitations":["The table contains inconsistent sex subtotals. Lipid-table significance is relative to baseline; it does not establish fewer cardiovascular events.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-suprefort-report","title":"Suprefort: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["suprefort"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-suprefort-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-suprefort/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"59 patients: pancreatitis 12 treated/8 controls; type-2 diabetes 22 treated/17 controls.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes digestive-enzyme trends and glucose outcomes. The two-hour glucose comparison is marked significant against controls; fasting changes are marked against baseline.","limitations":["Random allocation is asserted for the pancreatitis comparison without a method. Changing glucose-lowering co-treatment complicates attribution. This is not evidence for stopping diabetes medication.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-vladonix-report","title":"Vladonix: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["vladonix"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-vladonix-report","originalSource":"https://www.peptidy.kz/publications/klinicheskie-ispytaniya-preparata-vladoniks/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"76 patients: 42 adjunctive Vladonix; 34 controls. Prior low-dose radiation exposure or radiation/chemotherapy.","summary":"The 2005–2006 report describes lymphocyte and immunoglobulin measurements after 15–20 days. Table significance is relative to baseline.","limitations":["Sex counts differ between prose and table. Immune biomarkers do not establish protection from radiation, fewer infections or improved cancer outcomes.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-endoluten-report","title":"Endoluten: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["endoluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-endoluten-report","originalSource":"https://zdravushka.com.ua/ru/products/endoluten","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"163 patients: 99 adjunctive Endoluten; 64 controls across four diagnostic subgroups.","summary":"The report describes 15–30-day treatment, endocrine and immune markers, and symptoms. Randomization is asserted without its method.","limitations":["Subgroups must not be pooled into one efficacy result. This oral-preparation report cannot inherit long-term Epithalamin mortality findings. The linked page commercially reproduces the report.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-chelohart-report","title":"Chelohart: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["chelohart"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-chelohart-report","originalSource":"https://zdravushka.com.ua/ru/products/chelohart","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"32 angina patients: 22 adjunctive Chelohart; 10 controls.","summary":"The report describes 30-day treatment and exercise-test outcomes.","limitations":["A larger numerical improvement is not necessarily a significant between-group difference. Allocation, blinding and complete adverse-event collection need verification from original study documentation.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-glandokort-report","title":"Glandokort: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["glandokort"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-glandokort-report","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=25","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English compilation, PDF pages 25 onward; selected report text/tables checked. Russian original not reconciled.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"36 patients described; 26 controls separately stated. Enrollment denominator unresolved.","summary":"Adrenal/stress report with hormone measurements.","limitations":["Resolve enrollment and diagnostic criteria before pooling participants. Hormone-marker changes cannot establish a treatment for nonspecific fatigue.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-gotratix-report","title":"Gotratix: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["gotratix"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-gotratix-report","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=29","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English compilation, PDF pages 29 onward; selected report text/tables checked. Russian original not reconciled.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Table: 22 treated, 17 controls; reconcile with original enrollment.","summary":"Grip/jump improved within-group; step/flexibility findings were nonsignificant.","limitations":["Training effects and unclear allocation prevent a causal performance conclusion. Do not substitute within-group significance for a between-group treatment effect.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-pielotax-report","title":"Pielotax: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["pielotax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-pielotax-report","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=43","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English compilation, PDF pages 43 onward; selected report text/tables checked. Russian original not reconciled.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Gouty nephropathy: 27 treated, 15 controls.","summary":"Randomization asserted; renal laboratory outcomes reported.","limitations":["Sequence generation, concealment and long-term outcomes remain unresolved. Laboratory-marker changes do not establish prevention of kidney failure.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-taxorest-report","title":"Taxorest: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation","compoundIds":["taxorest"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-taxorest-report","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=63","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report — commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English compilation, PDF pages 63 onward; selected report text/tables checked. Russian original not reconciled.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"52 smokers with bronchitis: 31 treated, 21 controls.","summary":"Thirty-day adjunctive report with respiratory measurements.","limitations":["Allocation and blinding are not established. Within-group improvement cannot establish superiority or protection against smoking-related disease.","Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.","Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven."]},{"id":"tissue-sigumir-22708467","title":"Application of bioregulating therapy in complex treatment of temporomandibular joint diseases in people of elderly and senile age","compoundIds":["sigumir"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/tissue-sigumir-22708467","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22708467/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed citation and abstract checked; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"62 older patients with temporomandibular joint diseases","summary":"The indexed abstract describes adjunctive Sigumir in older patients with temporomandibular joint disease. Full clinical appraisal remains pending.","limitations":["The abstract does not establish allocation, blinding, arm sizes or an effect estimate. Full methods remain to be acquired.","This is a distinct joint-disease report, not replication of every claim in the earlier institute report."]},{"id":"gazprom-congress-2001","title":"Program of Age-Related Pathology Prevention and Professional Longevity Extension among Gazprom Personnel","compoundIds":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gazprom-congress-2001","originalSource":"https://khavinson.info/publications","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":"Conference citation in author bibliography","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Author bibliography checked; abstract text not obtained.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Gazprom personnel; abstract-level participant details unavailable","summary":"The author bibliography lists a Vancouver congress abstract in Gerontology 47, Supplement 1, pages 453-454. This confirms a publication trail, not clinical efficacy.","limitations":["Conference abstract and original protocol not recovered.","A bibliographic listing does not verify intervention identity, allocation or outcomes."]},{"id":"gazprom-program-report","title":"Программа продления активного профессионального долголетия работников ОАО «Газпром» — Program for extending active professional longevity of Gazprom employees","compoundIds":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gazprom-program-report","originalSource":"https://vitual.ru/knowledge/opyt-kompaniy/gazprom/","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Program report / commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Accessible Russian narrative checked. Image-based tables and original program documentation require independent appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Gazprom occupational program; analyzed subgroups and denominators unresolved","summary":"The reproduced report describes 11,192 employees reached during March-November 2000. It claims 2.3-fold lower overall morbidity and 2.7-fold lower seasonal infectious morbidity. These are report-level claims, not independently established treatment effects.","limitations":["Commercial reproduction; original signed report and underlying data not obtained.","Outcome-specific denominators, allocation, confounding, adverse events and exact formulations need verification.","Program reach is not the number contributing to every outcome; no modern synthetic peptide inherits these results."]},{"id":"gazprom-cherkashin-2003","title":"Эффективность применения пептидных биорегуляторов у лиц разного возраста в условиях Крайнего Севера — Effectiveness of peptide bioregulators in people of different ages under Far North conditions","compoundIds":["thymalin","epithalamin","cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gazprom-cherkashin-2003","originalSource":"https://t.dissercat.com/content/effektivnost-primeneniya-peptidnykh-bioregulyatorov-u-lits-raznogo-vozrasta-v-usloviyakh-kra","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":"Dissertation record and indexed excerpts","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Bibliographic metadata and search-indexed dissertation excerpts checked; host retrieval failed and original thesis remains an acquisition target.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Far North clinical research associated with Gazprom employees and families; exact cohort allocation unresolved","summary":"The dissertation trail links examinations of Gazprom employees and family members to the program approved in February 2000. Indexed recommendations name sequential Thymalin, Epithalamin and Cortexin for a disease-specific setting; they do not establish a universal occupational regimen.","limitations":["Full 203-page dissertation has not been obtained.","Search-indexed excerpts are not a substitute for original methods and tables.","Named sequential therapy for dyscirculatory encephalopathy does not identify treatment for every Gazprom employee.","Overlap with the broader program and other clinical cohorts remains unresolved."]},{"id":"gaps-32058926","title":"Novel platform for the preparation of synthetic orally active peptidomimetics with hemoregulating activity. II. Hemosuppressor activity of 2,5-diketopiperazine-based cyclopeptides.","compoundIds":["thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-32058926","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32058926/","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106185","year":2020,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"The later platform paper studies suppressive cyclic derivatives. Opposing experimental effects do not establish a shared receptor or clinical interchangeability.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-27457274","title":"Chemical Platform for the Preparation of Synthetic Orally Active Peptidomimetics with Hemoregulating Activity.","compoundIds":["thymogen","stemokin","awe18"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-27457274","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5095862/","doi":"10.1002/cmdc.201600157","year":2016,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Full primary text checked: compound 3 is the alanine cyclic scaffold later discussed as AWE18 in the 2023 platform review. Experimental comparisons concern mice and irradiated marrow; supporting raw data not independently reanalyzed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Intact mice, donor marrow and irradiated recipient-mouse colony assays","summary":"Five cyclic analogues, numbered 3–7, were synthesized; three showed activity in experimental hematopoietic assays. Normal-marrow stimulation and post-irradiation recovery differ. Oral activity is not a pharmacokinetic measurement.","limitations":["AWE18 is a later development label; do not generalize the activity of other numbered analogues to it. No human trial is reported.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-25946838","title":"[Tripeptides slow down aging process in renal cell culture].","compoundIds":["edl","cartalax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-25946838","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946838/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"AED and EDL altered proliferation and aging-associated markers in renal cultures. DNA-interaction models are computational hypotheses, not direct proof of the proposed mechanism in humans.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-19400266","title":"The effects of the EW--peptide optical and chemical isomers on the hemopoietic stem cells in intact and irradiated mice.","compoundIds":["thymogen","thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-19400266","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19400266/","doi":"10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_199","year":2009,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata only checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Follow-up record on optical and chemical isomers. No abstract was recovered; overlap with earlier experiments remains unresolved.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-18856212","title":"Thymodepressin inhibits migration of CD34+ cells from bone marrow in normal and granulocyte CSF-stimulated hemopoiesis.","compoundIds":["thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-18856212","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18856212/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-007-0442-y","year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Mouse CD34-positive cell distribution and adhesion-marker changes suggest altered trafficking. They do not identify a direct molecular receptor or demonstrate human stem-cell expansion.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-17276896","title":"The effects of the EW dipeptide optical and chemical isomers on the CFU-S population in intact and irradiated mice.","compoundIds":["thymogen","thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-17276896","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276896/","doi":"10.1016/j.intimp.2006.11.010","year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Optical configuration, peptide linkage and administration before or after irradiation affected colony-forming responses. Normal marrow and injury recovery are different endpoints.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-16984110","title":"Effects of structural and \"mixed\" isomers of Glu-Trp dipeptide on normal hemopoietic stem cells.","compoundIds":["thymogen","thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-16984110","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16984110/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-006-0141-0","year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Glu–Trp isomers produced different colony-assay effects depending on stereochemistry and bond position. Results cannot be reduced to a universal L-stimulates/D-suppresses rule.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-16080625","title":"[Thymodepressin protects murine bone marrow CFU-S from the hyperthermic damage].","compoundIds":["thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-16080625","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16080625/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Experiments found differing heat responses in normal marrow precursors and tumor model cells. Heating cells to 43°C does not demonstrate whole-body heat tolerance or occupational protection.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-12677657","title":"[Immunogenic peptide neogen stimulates postradiation recovery thrombopoiesis].","compoundIds":["stemokin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-12677657","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12677657/","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Neogen was investigated for platelet and bleeding-time recovery after irradiation in mice. Animal recovery endpoints do not establish clinical hematologic benefit.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-11550064","title":"Synthetic peptide thymodepressin promoted take of transplanted hemopoietic precursor cells in the bone marrow of irradiated mice.","compoundIds":["thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-11550064","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550064/","doi":"10.1023/a:1017948620568","year":2001,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"A mouse transplantation experiment measured donor-cell colony formation following pretreatment and irradiation. The proposed marrow-microenvironment mechanism remains a hypothesis.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-10907411","title":"[The synthetic peptide D-(iEW) (thymodepressin) protects bone marrow CFU-S from ionizing radiation exposure].","compoundIds":["thymodepressin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-10907411","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10907411/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Pre-irradiation treatment reduced the cycling fraction of marrow colony-forming cells and was associated with later colony recovery. Timing and model are essential to interpretation.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-9406227","title":"Studies of the mechanism of the anticonvulsant effect of delta-sleep-inducing peptide in conditions of increased oxygen tension.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-9406227","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9406227/","doi":"10.1007/bf02461934","year":1997,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Hyperbaric-oxygen experiments investigated convulsive onset and subsequent sleep–wake behavior. This English report may overlap the 1996 Russian publication; it must not be counted automatically as independent replication.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-7951900","title":"[Radiation protective effect of low molecular weight thymus preparations].","compoundIds":["vilosen","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-7951900","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7951900/","doi":null,"year":1994,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"The abstract discusses low-molecular-weight thymic preparations in radiation injury; it does not provide enough methods to establish a human controlled study.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-8293106","title":"[Radioprotective effect of synthetic immunomodulators on hemopoietic CFU-S].","compoundIds":["thymohexin","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-8293106","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8293106/","doi":null,"year":1993,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Synthetic peptides were studied using hematopoietic colony assays after irradiation. The indexed abstract gives Thymohexin as Arg–Lys–Asp–Val–Tyr–Arg; the conflicting Asn/RKNVYR rendering requires checking against original chemistry.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-7980063","title":"[A cytomorphological basis for the correction of radiation-induced immunodeficiencies and hematopoietic depression using thymus and bone marrow peptides].","compoundIds":["haemalin","thymohaemin","thymalin","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-7980063","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7980063/","doi":null,"year":1993,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"A mixed report describes 100 patients and 160 experimental animals across several preparations. These totals must not be assigned to any single peptide; allocation and preparation-specific effects require the full report.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-1300740","title":"[The effect of the synthetic immunomodulator thymogen on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in rats].","compoundIds":["thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-1300740","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1300740/","doi":null,"year":1992,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"A long-duration radionuclide experiment in female rats reported differences in tumor occurrence. It does not establish cancer prevention or treatment in people.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-1947025","title":"[Correction with thymic and bone marrow peptides of radiation injuries of immuno- and hemopoiesis].","compoundIds":["haemalin","thymohaemin","thymalin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-1947025","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1947025/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Thymus and marrow preparations were investigated in irradiated animals. The abstract describes recovery of immune and blood-forming measures.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-2014661","title":"[The correction of secondary radiation-induced immunodeficiencies].","compoundIds":["haemalin","thymalin","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-2014661","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2014661/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Historical review of secondary radiation-associated immune impairment. Discussion of candidate preparations is not a separate controlled trial.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-2629662","title":"[The cytomorphological characteristics of hemopoiesis and of the organs of immunogenesis in exposure to thymus and bone marrow peptides during hematopoietic depression].","compoundIds":["haemalin","thymohaemin","thymalin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-2629662","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2629662/","doi":null,"year":1989,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"In experimental hematopoietic depression, thymic, marrow and combined preparations produced differing recovery patterns. This is animal evidence, not demonstrated clinical recovery.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-6610599","title":"[Effect of polypeptides isolated from the bone marrow on immunity and hemostasis].","compoundIds":["haemalin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-6610599","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6610599/","doi":null,"year":1984,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata only checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.","summary":"Early marrow-polypeptide immunity and hemostasis record. No abstract was available; experimental details remain unrecovered.","limitations":["Full methods, preparation identity and risk of bias require appraisal.","Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count."]},{"id":"gaps-cp88-2024","title":"Novel Peptidomimetic Cyclo-{E(I)-E(W)}Na (CP-88) with Hematopoietic Activity Sustained in Invasive and Oral Administration: Experimental and Preclinical Evaluation","compoundIds":["cp-88","stemokin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-cp88-2024","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11679558/","doi":"10.3390/ijms252413385","year":2024,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original full text retrieved from Europe PMC; experimental scope and interpretation checked. Supplementary methods and independent replication remain review targets.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Source-specific experimental population","summary":"Mouse and laboratory experiments report colony-forming activity, CD34-positive-cell changes and NF-κB reporter activation. These do not establish long-term stem-cell self-renewal, direct Toll-like-receptor binding or a causal NF-κB mechanism. Oral experimental activity does not establish human pharmacokinetics; preclinical safety extrapolations are not safe human doses.","limitations":["Independent replication and full risk-of-bias appraisal remain unresolved.","No personalized treatment or safety conclusion follows from this record."]},{"id":"gaps-platform-review-2023","title":"Advancement from Small Peptide Pharmaceuticals to Orally Active Piperazine-2,5-dion-Based Cyclopeptides","compoundIds":["stemokin","thymodepressin","awe18","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-platform-review-2023","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10487935/","doi":"10.3390/ijms241713534","year":2023,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Review full text retrieved via Europe PMC. Primary compound-specific studies require separate appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Source-specific experimental population","summary":"Development-group review connecting small peptides with cyclic peptidomimetics, including AWE18. AWE18 and CP-88 are separate candidates. Review descriptions of oral activity are not independent clinical trials.","limitations":["Independent replication and full risk-of-bias appraisal remain unresolved.","No personalized treatment or safety conclusion follows from this record."]},{"id":"gaps-stemokin-2015","title":"Stemokin in treatment and prevention of pyoderma in military personnel","compoundIds":["stemokin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-stemokin-2015","originalSource":"https://www.dermatology.ru/abstracts/34972/35104","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian conference abstract read. Full dissertation and participant-overlap audit remain pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Source-specific experimental population","summary":"The report compares adjunctive treatment in groups of 39 and 37, and prevention in groups of 40 and 36. Reported recovery was 74.36% versus 21.62%; reported infection incidence was 17.5% versus 58.3% during follow-up up to 12 months. Allocation and blinding are unclear. The 2011 dissertation appears to report overlapping groups; neither publications nor the two investigations establish 152 unique participants.","limitations":["Independent replication and full risk-of-bias appraisal remain unresolved.","No personalized treatment or safety conclusion follows from this record."]},{"id":"gaps-bonomarlot-2011","title":"Bonomarlot: institute clinical report","compoundIds":["bonomarlot"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/gaps-bonomarlot-2011","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=4","doi":null,"year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Originating-institute report; commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English reproduction, pages 4-7, checked. Russian original and complete methods remain review targets.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"26 women with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia","summary":"Institute report of 26 women with nutritional iron-deficiency anemia, divided 15/11. Both groups received conventional care. Reported hemoglobin was higher with adjunctive Bonomarlot; this does not establish stem-cell regeneration or benefit in other conditions.","limitations":["Small adjunctive comparison; allocation and blinding unclear.","Reported percentages and table footnotes require reconciliation with the Russian original.","Commercial reproduction is not independent replication or peer review."]},{"id":"dsip-3622582","title":"Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on 24-hour sleep-wake behaviour in severe chronic insomnia.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3622582","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3622582/","doi":"10.1159/000116143","year":1987,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"14 middle-aged patients with chronic insomnia","summary":"A small double-blind, placebo-controlled report found better nighttime sleep and daytime performance during seven treatment nights.","limitations":["Small sample and short follow-up; allocation and complete methods require appraisal."]},{"id":"dsip-3583493","title":"Study of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving sleep on short-term administration to chronic insomniacs.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3583493","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3583493/","doi":null,"year":1987,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Patients with chronic insomnia; double-blind crossover","summary":"Reported improvements were of little clinical significance. Apparent stage-2/NREM differences were already present at baseline; slow-wave and REM sleep were unchanged.","limitations":["Baseline differences complicate interpretation; sample size is not provided in the indexed abstract."]},{"id":"dsip-1299794","title":"Effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide on sleep of chronic insomniac patients. A double-blind study.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-1299794","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1299794/","doi":"10.1159/000118919","year":1992,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"16 patients; double-blind matched-pairs parallel groups","summary":"Some objective measures favored DSIP, but effects were weak and partly attributable to placebo-group changes. Subjective sleep quality did not improve; authors judged substantial short-term benefit unlikely.","limitations":["Small, brief study; selected statistically significant endpoints do not establish a meaningful overall benefit."]},{"id":"dsip-8553617","title":"[Ratio of neuromediator amino acids in a comparative analysis of the stress protective effects of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam].","compoundIds":["dsip","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-8553617","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8553617/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rats exposed to one-hour restricted movement","summary":"Combined DSIP and piracetam administration was associated with stronger stress-related effects on the balance of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids than individual compounds.","limitations":["Biochemical animal endpoints; no evidence of human cognitive or occupational benefit. Full data are needed to assess additivity versus synergy."]},{"id":"dsip-10395980","title":"Metabolic features of the adaptive effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam under hyperoxic conditions.","compoundIds":["dsip","piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-10395980","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10395980/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 0.3 MPa for two hours","summary":"The combination enhanced reported protection alongside changes in neurotransmitter amino acids, membrane ATPase activity and lipid-peroxidation products.","limitations":["Hyperoxia is excess oxygen, not oxygen deprivation. These animal findings do not establish a human diving, sleep or performance regimen."]},{"id":"dsip-7779981","title":"[Proteolytic processes in the rat brain and serum in hypokinesia and the adaptive effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide].","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-7779981","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7779981/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rat brain and serum under hypokinesia","summary":"DSIP changed proteolytic enzyme activity and was reported to prevent lysosomal-membrane permeability disturbances during prolonged restricted movement.","limitations":["Proposed preadaptation through regulatory-peptide metabolism is a mechanistic interpretation, not a demonstrated human effect."]},{"id":"dsip-8829679","title":"[The mechanism of the anticonvulsive effect of the delta sleep-inducing peptide under conditions of elevated oxygen pressure].","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-8829679","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8829679/","doi":null,"year":1996,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rats under elevated oxygen pressure","summary":"The authors reported seizure protection accompanied by higher cortical GABA and homocarnosine and lower glutamate and aspartate.","limitations":["Oxygen-toxicity model; not evidence for treating human epilepsy or oxygen deprivation."]},{"id":"dsip-3730559","title":"[Active analog of the inactive \"sleep peptide\"].","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3730559","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3730559/","doi":"10.1007/bf00839580","year":1986,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rabbits; central and intravenous analogue administration","summary":"The D-Trp¹ analogue increased slow-wave sleep under the reported conditions; central administration also raised body temperature.","limitations":["Modified peptide, not ordinary DSIP. Route, narrow effective range and species constrain extrapolation."]},{"id":"dsip-3754970","title":"Structure-activity relationship in the effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) on rat sleep.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3754970","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3754970/","doi":"10.1016/0091-3057(86)90432-6","year":1986,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rats; intracerebroventricular administration","summary":"Ordinary DSIP did not increase sleep. D-Trp¹ and D-Tyr¹ analogues promoted sleep, while a shortened D-Trp¹ fragment produced arousal.","limitations":["Structure and experimental timing matter. Central animal administration cannot be transferred to commercial DSIP products."]},{"id":"dsip-3788358","title":"[Peptidergic modulation of sleep: a comparative study of analogs of the peptide DSIP].","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3788358","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3788358/","doi":null,"year":1986,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rabbits and rats; implanted electrodes and cannulas","summary":"Full-length modified analogues increased sleep; the shortened fragment reduced slow-wave sleep in rats but had no effect in rabbits.","limitations":["Potential overlap with related 1986 experiments needs full-text comparison; not automatically independent replication."]},{"id":"dsip-11525128","title":"[Hypnogenic properties of DSIP peptide analogs: structural-functional relationship].","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-11525128","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11525128/","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Rabbits; DSIP and 13 synthetic analogues","summary":"Ordinary DSIP and most analogues had no significant effect. N-MeAla² and Pro² analogues increased slow-wave sleep, whereas β-Ala² suppressed it.","limitations":["Intracerebroventricular animal experiment. The English translation is the same publication, not another study."]},{"id":"dsip-265572","title":"Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-265572","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/265572/","doi":"10.1073/pnas.74.3.1282","year":1977,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"58 rabbits including controls; peptide characterization","summary":"The Basel group characterized the nine-amino-acid sequence and reported delta/spindle EEG enhancement with synthetic DSIP in its assay.","limitations":["Historical rabbit assay, not clinical validation. Later studies produced inconsistent sleep findings."]},{"id":"dsip-6328354","title":"Successful treatment of withdrawal symptoms with delta sleep-inducing peptide, a neuropeptide with potential agonistic activity on opiate receptors.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-6328354","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6328354/","doi":"10.1159/000118012","year":1983,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"67 withdrawal patients enrolled; 49 evaluable","summary":"An uncontrolled report described improvement in 48 of 49 evaluable patients; 27% of enrolled patients were lost or unsuitable for evaluation.","limitations":["No control group and substantial exclusion/loss prevent causal conclusions. Not a basis for self-treatment of withdrawal."]},{"id":"dsip-3550726","title":"Delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): an update.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-3550726","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3550726/","doi":"10.1016/0196-9781(86)90148-8","year":1986,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Historical animal and human literature","summary":"Reviews sleep and non-sleep research, including pain, withdrawal and DSIP-like material. Physiological roles and mechanisms were unresolved.","limitations":["Historical synthesis, not a new clinical cohort or current comprehensive safety review."]},{"id":"dsip-16539679","title":"Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle.","compoundIds":["dsip"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/dsip-16539679","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16539679/","doi":"10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x","year":2006,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-01","population":"Critical historical and experimental synthesis","summary":"The authors questioned the identity and physiological role of endogenous DSIP and distinguished the parent peptide from active analogues and DSIP-like immunoreactivity.","limitations":["This is the authors’ 2006 assessment, not a claim that a modern exhaustive receptor or gene search has been completed."]},{"id":"trek-18383733","title":"Functional and metabolic changes of healthy volunteers after cold exposure and administration of meteoadaptogen Trekrezan","compoundIds":["trekrezan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-18383733","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18383733/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"75 healthy men aged 20–24; cold chamber experiment","summary":"The abstract describes 40 minutes at −10°C with airflow of 2.5 m/s. Pretreatment was associated with normalization of physical-activity and metabolic measures affected by cold.","limitations":["Allocation, blinding, group sizes and adverse-event reporting cannot be established from the abstract.","Possible overlap with the 2007 cold report is unresolved; do not count these as independent replication.","PubMed lists pages 62–67; some later bibliographies give 56–61."]},{"id":"trek-19024000","title":"Metabolic effects of Trekrezan during adaptation of rats to intermittent hypoxic hypoxia","compoundIds":["trekrezan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-19024000","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19024000/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-008-0010-0","year":2008,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats undergoing intermittent hypoxic training","summary":"Trekrezan was associated with stronger adaptive metabolic changes in brain, heart and liver during a three-day hypoxic-training experiment.","limitations":["Animal metabolic endpoints do not demonstrate protection from human altitude illness or occupational hypoxia."]},{"id":"trek-17369940","title":"Efficiency of Trekrezan in experimental bronchopneumonia in rats","compoundIds":["trekrezan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-17369940","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17369940/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-006-0328-4","year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats with experimental acute bronchopneumonia","summary":"The abstract reports altered lymphocyte immune measures, lower lactate and higher ATP and pyruvate in lung tissue and blood lymphocytes.","limitations":["Preclinical disease model; no human pneumonia benefit established. Program overlap with later dissertation and review is possible."]},{"id":"trek-zhumasheva-2009","title":"Pharmacology of the immunomodulator Trekrezan","compoundIds":["trekrezan","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-zhumasheva-2009","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/farmakologiya-immunomodulyatora-trekrezana","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Selected experimental passages","reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Experimental immune models, including bronchopulmonary inflammation in rats","summary":"The dissertation transcription compares Trekrezan, Metaprot and Polyoxidonium, including combinations. Trekrezan plus Metaprot produced larger changes in selected energy-metabolism and immune endpoints than either alone.","limitations":["Author’s abstract/transcription is not a completed appraisal of the original thesis.","This is animal combination research, not a human regimen or independent replication of the same program."]},{"id":"trek-review-2014","title":"Pharmacology of Trekrezan, a new immune modulator and adaptogen","compoundIds":["trekrezan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-review-2014","originalSource":"https://journals.rcsi.science/RCF/article/view/737","doi":"10.17816/RCF12212-27","year":2014,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Review of experimental pharmacology","summary":"Reviews immune, inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms, including Trekrezan/Metaprot combinations in rat models.","limitations":["Review and originating-group synthesis; not a new human trial."]},{"id":"trek-voronkov-2007","title":"Trekrezan: founder of a new class of adaptogens and immunomodulators","compoundIds":["trekrezan"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/trek-voronkov-2007","originalSource":"https://chem.folium.ru/index.php/chem/article/view/1792","doi":"10.30906/0023-1134-2007-41-1-3-7","year":2007,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Historical pharmacology review","summary":"A chemistry and development anchor covering immune, stress and tissue-repair research branches.","limitations":["Broad therapeutic proposals in a review are not established indications or independently appraised clinical findings."]},{"id":"bin-29171487","title":"[Evaluation of efficiency and safety of adding neuromultivit to basic therapy of vertebrogenic radiculopathy].","compoundIds":["binavit"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bin-29171487","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29171487/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201711710138-43","year":2017,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"100 patients with L5–S1 vertebrogenic radiculopathy","summary":"An open randomized trial reports greater improvement in pain and disability measures when Neuromultivit was added to basic therapy.","limitations":["Open treatment and background therapy limit attribution. Short-term symptom improvement is not direct proof of nerve regeneration.","Neuromultivit is not Binavit; formulation, route and co-interventions require separate assessment."]},{"id":"bin-23185205","title":"Dexamethasone and vitamin B(12) synergistically promote peripheral nerve regeneration in rats by upregulating the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor.","compoundIds":["binavit"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bin-23185205","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23185205/","doi":"10.5114/aoms.2012.31623","year":2012,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"96 male Wistar rats with sciatic-nerve injury","summary":"B12 and dexamethasone experiments report functional, electrophysiological and myelinated-fiber changes alongside increased BDNF expression.","limitations":["Animal combination research does not establish human nerve repair or a Binavit effect. This international study supplies mechanistic context, not Soviet provenance."]},{"id":"bin-13616672","title":"[Effect of phenatine, vitamin B1, mixture of phenate and vitamin B1 and dibazole on regeneration of the peripheral nerves].","compoundIds":["binavit"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bin-13616672","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13616672/","doi":null,"year":1958,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Population and experimental design not established from the indexed citation","summary":"A 1958 publication links thiamine-containing interventions with peripheral-nerve regeneration research.","limitations":["No abstract was available. Outcomes, model and effect sizes cannot be inferred from the title."]},{"id":"bin-session-1959","title":"Second scientific session of the Institute of Vitaminology, Ministry of Health of the USSR","compoundIds":["binavit"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bin-session-1959","originalSource":"https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/62132","doi":null,"year":1959,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher session summary checked; original patient-level report not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"A session summary describes 50 patients with severed arm nerves","summary":"The historical report describes earlier and more complete functional recovery with cobalamin than with other stimulatory treatments.","limitations":["Conference-session account, not a fully appraised controlled trial. Allocation, comparator details and denominators per group are unavailable here.","This predates the Binavit product and cannot establish its effectiveness."]},{"id":"bin-review-2024","title":"B vitamins and diseases of the peripheral nervous system","compoundIds":["binavit"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bin-review-2024","originalSource":"https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2024/5/1199772982024051075","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412405175","year":2024,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher citation, abstract and bibliography checked; underlying studies not all appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Review of peripheral-nerve disease and B-vitamin literature","summary":"Maps deficiency, neurotropic-vitamin mechanisms and clinical literature across formulations.","limitations":["A narrative review is not a new trial. Cited mechanisms and formulations cannot be treated as direct Binavit evidence.","Underlying clinical papers and independence of cohorts require appraisal."]},{"id":"b300-elistratov-2012","title":"Development and study of antihypoxant-based psychoenergizing formulations for human physical and mental performance","compoundIds":["b-300"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/b300-elistratov-2012","originalSource":"https://medical-diss.com/medicina/razrabotka-i-izuchenie-psihoenergiziruyuschih-retseptur-na-osnove-antigipoksantov-dlya-povysheniya-fizicheskoy-i-umstvenn","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":"Dissertation / transcribed abstract","reviewDepth":"Selected experimental sections","reviewScope":"Relevant Russian transcription sections checked; complete original thesis not recovered.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Healthy-volunteer fatigue, operator and environmental experiments","summary":"Reports performance changes across several experimental settings.","limitations":["Mental-fatigue, escalation and environmental experiments are separate analyses within one program.","Small groups, repeated testing and historical controls; original thesis and complete tables remain acquisition targets.","Higher activation with worse accuracy at higher exposure must not be represented as universal performance improvement."]},{"id":"actv-35771887","title":"Actovegin in the management of patients after ischemic stroke: A systematic review.","compoundIds":["actovegin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/actv-35771887","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35771887/","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0270497","year":2022,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain incomplete.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Five controlled studies after ischemic stroke; one randomized trial and four observational studies","summary":"The review found uncertain benefit and no consistent evidence of improved survival, disability, daily activities or quality of life. It flagged potential harm and called for better trials.","limitations":["Heterogeneous evidence precluded meta-analysis. This review includes ARTEMIDA and is not an independent additional trial."]},{"id":"actv-28432265","title":"ARTEMIDA Trial (A Randomized Trial of Efficacy, 12 Months International Double-Blind Actovegin): A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Actovegin in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment.","compoundIds":["actovegin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/actv-28432265","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28432265/","doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.116.014321","year":2017,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain incomplete.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"503 patients aged 60 or older after ischemic stroke; ARTEMIDA","summary":"The trial reported a cognitive-scale benefit at six months. Recurrent ischemic stroke was numerically more frequent with Actovegin, without a statistically significant difference.","limitations":["Clinical importance and replication remain unresolved. The safety imbalance cannot establish causation or be dismissed as proof of safety. Disease-specific results do not establish healthy-person enhancement."]},{"id":"actv-19470838","title":"Treatment of symptomatic polyneuropathy with actovegin in type 2 diabetic patients.","compoundIds":["actovegin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/actv-19470838","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19470838/","doi":"10.2337/dc09-0545","year":2009,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain incomplete.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"567 treated participants with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic polyneuropathy","summary":"Neuropathic symptoms improved versus placebo. The vibration-threshold coprimary analysis over time did not reach statistical significance, although the final-visit comparison did.","limitations":["Endpoint timing matters; these findings do not establish general nerve regeneration or benefit in healthy people. No difference in adverse-event incidence was reported during this trial."]},{"id":"cbl-18214294","title":"Comparison of behavioral effects of cortexin and cerebrolysin injected into brain ventricles.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin","cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-18214294","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18214294/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-007-0150-7","year":2007,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Wistar rats; direct injection into brain ventricles","summary":"Kirov-associated comparison reports behavioral activation with both Cortexin and Cerebrolysin.","limitations":["Experimental administration and animal behavior do not establish clinical superiority, equivalence or a human treatment protocol."]},{"id":"cbl-26017115","title":"Peptide profiling of Internet-obtained Cerebrolysin using high performance liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization ion trap and ultra high performance liquid chromatography - ion mobility - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-26017115","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26017115/","doi":"10.1002/dta.1817","year":2015,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"An Internet-obtained preparation sample","summary":"Mass spectrometry identified 638 peptides, mainly from structural proteins; named classical neurotrophic-factor fragments were not detected.","limitations":["One sample and a particular analytical method cannot characterize every batch. Non-detection is not proof of universal absence."]},{"id":"cbl-26564102","title":"Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-26564102","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26564102/","doi":"10.1161/strokeaha.115.009416","year":2016,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Stroke patients receiving standardized rehabilitation; CARS trial","summary":"The exploratory trial reports better upper-limb motor recovery at day 90.","limitations":["Authors call for a larger confirmatory trial. Rehabilitation and timing define the setting; this is not evidence of healthy-person enhancement."]},{"id":"cbl-26934986","title":"Cerebrolysin combined with rehabilitation promotes motor recovery in patients with severe motor impairment after stroke.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-26934986","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26934986/","doi":"10.1186/s12883-016-0553-z","year":2016,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"70 subacute stroke patients randomized 35 per group","summary":"No significant overall between-group motor difference was found; a severe-impairment subgroup showed a favorable signal.","limitations":["Subgroup findings should not replace the overall result or be generalized to all stroke patients."]},{"id":"cbl-28139626","title":"[Effect of cerebrolysin on remyelination processes in multiple sclerosis patients in stage of relapse regression].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-28139626","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28139626/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201611612148-53","year":2016,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"40 patients during regression of a multiple-sclerosis relapse after steroid treatment","summary":"No between-group EDSS difference was reported; selected functional and neurophysiological measures differed.","limitations":["Short follow-up, attrition and a very small MRI subset limit interpretation. Surrogate changes do not establish remyelination."]},{"id":"cbl-28707130","title":"Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in motor function recovery after stroke: a meta-analysis of the CARS trials.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-28707130","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707130/","doi":"10.1007/s10072-017-3037-z","year":2017,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"442 participants in the pooled CARS-1 and CARS-2 analysis","summary":"Individual-participant analysis reports a favorable motor-recovery result during early rehabilitation.","limitations":["Reanalysis of existing trials, not a new independent cohort. Do not add these participants to CARS counts."]},{"id":"cbl-31626174","title":"[An analysis of the peptide composition of a 'light' peptide fraction of cerebrolysin].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-31626174","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31626174/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201911908175","year":2019,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Light peptide fraction analyzed by mass spectrometry and sequence annotation","summary":"The authors report 14,635 peptide sequences corresponding to 1,643 porcine proteins, with proposed human signaling targets.","limitations":["Sequence matching and computational target proposals are not demonstrated binding, exposure or clinical efficacy. Counts are method-dependent."]},{"id":"cbl-31710397","title":"Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-31710397","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31710397/","doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd008900.pub3","year":2019,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Six vascular-dementia trials; 597 participants","summary":"Cochrane found possible cognitive and global-function signals but a weak, very low-certainty evidence base.","limitations":["High risk of bias, heterogeneity and potentially clinically small effects. No quality-of-life or caregiver-burden data; industry support where funding was reported."]},{"id":"cbl-31897941","title":"Efficacy and safety of cerebrolysin in neurorecovery after moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: results from the CAPTAIN II trial.","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-31897941","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31897941/","doi":"10.1007/s10072-019-04181-y","year":2020,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"142 enrolled; 139 analyzed after moderate–severe traumatic brain injury","summary":"CAPTAIN II reports improvement in a multidimensional outcome at 90 days with adjunctive treatment.","limitations":["Single-center trial; a composite benefit does not establish benefit on every outcome. Secondary CAPTAIN reports reuse this cohort."]},{"id":"cbl-31994517","title":"[Cerebrolysin peptides as mood stabilizers].","compoundIds":["cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cbl-31994517","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31994517/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201911912169","year":2019,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatics","summary":"The paper proposes mood-related mechanisms from enkephalin-related peptides and predicted signaling interactions.","limitations":["Despite its title, this is not a clinical mood-stabilization trial. Computational mechanisms require experimental validation."]},{"id":"ss-10741256","title":"Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug Semax in optic nerve disease","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-10741256","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10741256/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Three groups: two Semax administration routes and a control; sample size not established here","summary":"Adjunctive treatment study reports changes in visual function in optic-nerve disease.","limitations":["Background treatment complicates attribution.","Allocation, blinding and numerical treatment effects require full-text review."]},{"id":"ss-29798983","title":"The efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-29798983","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29798983/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20181183261-68","year":2018,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"110 stroke patients; early/late rehabilitation groups with and without Semax","summary":"The report links treatment and rehabilitation timing to plasma BDNF and functional outcomes.","limitations":["Randomization and blinding are not established by the abstract.","BDNF association does not prove mediation; rehabilitation timing is a separate influence.","Disease-specific findings do not establish healthy-person enhancement."]},{"id":"ss-30225715","title":"Effects of Semax on the Default Mode Network of the Brain","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-30225715","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30225715/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-018-4234-3","year":2018,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"24 healthy volunteers: 14 Semax, 10 placebo","summary":"Resting-state imaging detected a difference in a frontal default-mode-network component.","limitations":["Small imaging experiment; connectivity is not a validated memory or attention benefit.","Cohort independence from later work by the same group has not been established."]},{"id":"ss-32342318","title":"Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects","compoundIds":["semax","selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-32342318","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342318/","doi":"10.1134/S001249662001007X","year":2020,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"52 healthy participants; separate Semax, Selank and placebo conditions","summary":"Imaging analysis reports differences in amygdala–temporal connectivity.","limitations":["This compares separate interventions; it is not a Semax-plus-Selank combination trial.","No demonstrated cognitive-performance gain follows from the imaging endpoint.","Potential overlap with earlier imaging publications remains to be checked."]},{"id":"ss-18454096","title":"Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of Selank in generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-18454096","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18454096/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":"Abstract and selected reprint methods; source discrepancy","reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and branded-site abridged PDF methods checked. The PDF explicitly states it is shortened; it is not the complete original article.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"62 patients; treatment-arm counts conflict between indexed abstract (30/32) and abridged reprint (42/20)","summary":"The authors report similar anxiety changes with the two treatments and assess serum enkephalin metabolism.","limitations":["Original journal version needed to resolve treatment-arm discrepancy. Diagnostic groups (30 anxiety, 32 neurasthenia) must not be substituted for treatment groups.","Allocation concealment and blinding remain unresolved.","Active-comparator similarity does not establish noninferiority or long-term safety."]},{"id":"ss-25176261","title":"A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of Selank and phenazepam in anxiety disorders","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-25176261","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25176261/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"60 patients with anxiety/phobic or somatoform disorders","summary":"An active-comparator report describes anxiety and quality-of-life changes.","limitations":["Random allocation and blinding are not established from the abstract.","Short follow-up and a small comparison cannot establish long-term safety or general cognitive enhancement."]},{"id":"ss-11443939","title":"Semax and Selank inhibit enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum","compoundIds":["semax","selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-11443939","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11443939/","doi":"10.1023/a:1011373002885","year":2001,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Human-serum enzyme assays","summary":"Both peptides and certain fragments inhibited peptide-degrading enzymes in laboratory assays.","limitations":["Human-derived serum does not make this a patient trial.","Assay concentrations and enzyme effects do not establish a clinical mechanism or benefit."]},{"id":"ss-14969422","title":"Selank and short peptides of the tuftsin family in regulation of adaptive behavior in stress","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-14969422","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14969422/","doi":"10.1023/a:1025988519919","year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rat and mouse conflict-stress models; tuftsin-family peptides and fragments","summary":"The experiments compare behavior across structurally related peptides and emotional-reactivity groups.","limitations":["Animal adaptation findings do not establish protection during human occupational stress.","The 2002 Russian citation and this 2003 English record should not be counted as independent replications without comparison."]},{"id":"ss-26924987","title":"Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-26924987","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26924987/","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2016.00031","year":2016,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher text: identity, animal methods and scope checked. Full independent analysis not completed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"30 male Wistar rats; Selank, GABA and control groups; frontal-cortex gene-expression assays","summary":"The study reports changes in neurotransmission-related gene expression after Selank.","limitations":["Samples were pooled by group and time point; this limits inference about individual variability.","Gene-expression similarity does not demonstrate a benzodiazepine-equivalent clinical action."]},{"id":"ss-30255741","title":"Peptide-based Anxiolytics: Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity","compoundIds":["selank"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-30255741","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30255741/","doi":null,"year":2018,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Radioligand binding and isolated brain-cell membrane assays","summary":"The authors examine GABA-binding modulation as a possible mechanistic explanation.","limitations":["Receptor-binding results are laboratory evidence, not proof of clinical efficacy.","Interactions in an assay do not establish safe combinations with other drugs."]},{"id":"ss-34201112","title":"Brain Protein Expression Profile of Semax in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/ss-34201112","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201112/","doi":"10.3390/ijms22126179","year":2021,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model","summary":"Protein profiling connects experimental ischemia research with inflammation and recovery-related signaling.","limitations":["Animal molecular endpoints do not demonstrate clinical stroke efficacy.","Related transcriptomic and protein studies are not automatically independent replication."]},{"id":"kh-18306698","title":"Effect of vilon on the immunity status and coagulation hemostasis in patients of different age with diabetes mellitus","compoundIds":["vilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-18306698","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18306698/","doi":null,"year":2007,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Type-1 diabetes patients receiving adjunctive care","summary":"Reports immune and coagulation changes during adjunctive Vilon treatment.","limitations":["Enrollment and allocation are not established by the abstract; do not infer an insulin-replacement treatment.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-17152731","title":"Effect of thymomimetic vilon on blood coagulation system and fibrinolisis in diabetes mellitus type 1 patients of different age","compoundIds":["vilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-17152731","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152731/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Type-1 diabetes patients of different ages","summary":"Reports coagulation and fibrinolysis changes; responses varied with age and disease severity.","limitations":["Possible overlap with the 2007 diabetes publication; do not add their cohorts together.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-22448364","title":"Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people","compoundIds":["pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-22448364","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22448364/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-011-1354-4","year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"30 healthy older people and 33 older people with type-2 diabetes","summary":"Reports glucose, insulin and insulin-resistance measures in older patients, including comparison with patients not receiving Pancragen.","limitations":["The 30 healthy participants are not established as a randomized treatment-control arm; treated subgroup sizes, blinding and allocation require full methods.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-25946840","title":"Impact of tetrapeptide pancragen on endocrine function of the pancreas in old monkeys","compoundIds":["pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-25946840","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25946840/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Old female rhesus monkeys; younger comparison animals","summary":"Reports glucose-clearance and insulin/C-peptide changes after treatment, with some changes persisting after withdrawal.","limitations":["Non-human primates; no human efficacy or safety conclusion follows.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-28509500","title":"Correction of impaired glucose tolerance using tetrapeptide (Pancragen) in old female rhesus monkeys","compoundIds":["pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-28509500","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509500/","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Nine old rhesus monkeys: five Pancragen, four glimepiride","summary":"Compared glucose and endocrine responses with glimepiride; the groups showed different insulin/C-peptide patterns.","limitations":["Very small animal comparison; not a head-to-head human diabetes trial.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-23486591","title":"Effects of pancragen on the differentiation of pancreatic cells during their ageing","compoundIds":["pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-23486591","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23486591/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-013-1987-6","year":2013,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Pancreatic cell cultures","summary":"Investigates differentiation-marker expression in aging cultures. Molecular changes are a mechanistic hypothesis, not demonstrated organ restoration.","limitations":["Cultured cells are not clinical participants.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-22708445","title":"Analysis of some parameters of biological age and adaptation possibilities of workers of locomotive brigades","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-22708445","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22708445/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Locomotive-brigade workers","summary":"Reports biological-age and adaptation indicators after short-term Pinealon use.","limitations":["Sample size, comparator and allocation are not established by the abstract; surrogate measures do not establish accident reduction.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-18546825","title":"Investigation of antihypoxic properties of short peptides","compoundIds":["pinealon","vesugen","vilon","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-18546825","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18546825/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Experimental hypobaric/prenatal hypoxia models","summary":"The comparative report describes antihypoxic activity, with the largest effect for Pinealon in the tested model.","limitations":["Model-specific ranking cannot be transferred to humans or occupational exposure protection.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-18546826","title":"Biological activity of regulatory peptides in model experiments in vitro","compoundIds":["pinealon","vesugen","vilon","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-18546826","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18546826/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Lipoprotein, erythrocyte and neuronal model experiments","summary":"The peptides did not behave as direct antioxidants. Effects on lipid peroxidation, membrane stability and neuronal survival differed by peptide.","limitations":["Do not recast these model findings as a universal antioxidant or anti-aging effect.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-25051774","title":"The efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in lower limbs chronic arterial insufficiency treatment in old and elderly people","compoundIds":["vesugen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-25051774","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051774/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Abstract: 41 patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction","summary":"Indexed title refers to lower-limb arterial insufficiency, but the abstract describes penile blood-flow measurements before and after Vezugen monotherapy. The mismatch is preserved pending original-paper review.","limitations":["Do not count this record as two distinct 41-patient cohorts. A separate postoperative lower-limb cohort requires its own original citation; no comparator is described in this abstract.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-17152728","title":"The tissue-specific effect of synthetic peptides-biologic regulators in organotypic tissues culture in young and old rats","compoundIds":["cardiogen","bronchogen","prostamax","pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-17152728","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152728/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":"Journal publication","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked. Full original paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Heart, lung, prostate and pancreatic explants from young and old rats","summary":"Reports tissue-specific growth responses to the corresponding synthetic peptides in organotypic cultures.","limitations":["Ex vivo animal tissue, not a human clinical study or evidence that an extract and peptide are interchangeable.","Full methods, adverse-event reporting and independent replication remain to be appraised."]},{"id":"kh-report-vesugen","title":"Vesugen — originating-institute clinical report","compoundIds":["vesugen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-report-vesugen","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=101","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report / commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Relevant report text checked in the 125-page PDF edition; not the reported unlocated 152-page edition.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"40 atherosclerosis patients: 25 adjunctive product, 15 conventional-care controls","summary":"Human report located; design quality and independent confirmation remain unresolved.","limitations":["Commercially distributed institute report; independent peer review, randomization and blinding not established.","Product composition is not independently characterized here; do not equate a marketed formulation with a purified experimental sequence.","Reported absence of harms does not establish safety."]},{"id":"kh-report-crystagen","title":"Crystagen — originating-institute clinical report","compoundIds":["crystagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-report-crystagen","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=109","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report / commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Relevant report text checked in the 125-page PDF edition; not the reported unlocated 152-page edition.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"40 treated patients after radiation exposure; comparator size not transcribed","summary":"Human report located; design quality and independent confirmation remain unresolved.","limitations":["Commercially distributed institute report; independent peer review, randomization and blinding not established.","Product composition is not independently characterized here; do not equate a marketed formulation with a purified experimental sequence.","Reported absence of harms does not establish safety."]},{"id":"kh-report-ovagen","title":"Ovagen — originating-institute clinical report","compoundIds":["ovagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-report-ovagen","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=113","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report / commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Relevant report text checked in the 125-page PDF edition; not the reported unlocated 152-page edition.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"40 treated hepatitis/post-chemotherapy patients and 34 controls","summary":"Human report located; design quality and independent confirmation remain unresolved.","limitations":["Commercially distributed institute report; independent peer review, randomization and blinding not established.","Product composition is not independently characterized here; do not equate a marketed formulation with a purified experimental sequence.","Reported absence of harms does not establish safety."]},{"id":"kh-report-chonluten","title":"Chonluten — originating-institute clinical report","compoundIds":["chonluten"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/kh-report-chonluten","originalSource":"https://peptideproduct.eu/upload/ebook/brochure_clinical_researches_citomaxes_citogens_english.pdf#page=123","doi":null,"year":null,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":"Institute report / commercial reproduction","reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Relevant report text checked in the 125-page PDF edition; not the reported unlocated 152-page edition.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"23 treated bronchitis patients and 19 controls","summary":"Human report located; design quality and independent confirmation remain unresolved.","limitations":["Commercially distributed institute report; independent peer review, randomization and blinding not established.","Product composition is not independently characterized here; do not equate a marketed formulation with a purified experimental sequence.","Reported absence of harms does not establish safety."]},{"id":"pir-826948","title":"Increase in the power of human memory in normal man through the use of drugs","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-826948","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/826948/","doi":"10.1007/bf00426834","year":1976,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Healthy volunteers; enrollment not specified in the abstract","summary":"The double-blind verbal-learning experiment reported no effect at seven days and an improvement at fourteen days. This describes one experiment, not a universal onset schedule.","limitations":["Historical, task-specific study; full allocation and effect-size appraisal pending.","Does not establish broad cognitive enhancement or occupational safety."]},{"id":"pir-3835497","title":"Quantitative EEG and neuropsychological effects of piracetam and of the association piracetam-lecithin in healthy volunteers","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-3835497","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3835497/","doi":"10.1159/000118228","year":1985,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Healthy volunteers in placebo-controlled single-dose experiments","summary":"EEG changes were observed, but the tested neuropsychological measures did not improve. Electrophysiological activity is not synonymous with better cognition.","limitations":["Acute exposure cannot settle questions about repeated use.","Individual variability and statistical methodology affected EEG interpretation."]},{"id":"pir-38878641","title":"Cognitive effects of piracetam in adults with memory impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-38878641","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38878641/","doi":"10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108358","year":2024,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"18 studies; 886 adults with memory impairment","summary":"The 2024 meta-analysis did not establish a statistically significant pooled memory benefit: SMD 0.75, 95% CI −0.19 to 1.69; p=0.12; I²=96%.","limitations":["Very high heterogeneity limits a single pooled interpretation.","Clinical memory impairment is not a healthy-operator population; this review is not an additional trial."]},{"id":"pir-aging-1976","title":"Piracetam-induced improvement of mental performance: a controlled study on normally aging individuals","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-aging-1976","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/785952/","doi":"10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00107.x","year":1976,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Citation and abstract checked; full methods not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"18 aging, non-deteriorated participants","summary":"Double-blind within-person crossover comparison using two four-week periods and perceptual-motor tasks. Kept separate from the young-volunteer verbal-learning experiment.","limitations":["Small historical study.","Full endpoint results, sequence effects and washout require original-paper appraisal."]},{"id":"pir-eeg-1999","title":"Single-dose piracetam effects on global complexity measures of human spontaneous multichannel EEG","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-eeg-1999","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10555876/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed title and abstract excerpt checked; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"12 healthy volunteers","summary":"The study examined resting multichannel EEG complexity after single-dose conditions and placebo. It is an electrophysiology record, not evidence of improved operational performance.","limitations":["Very small sample; surrogate electrical endpoint.","Full methods and authorship metadata require complete-paper appraisal."]},{"id":"pir-meta-2002","title":"Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis","compoundIds":["piracetam"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pir-meta-2002","originalSource":"https://mediatum.ub.tum.de/doc/1218619/1218619.pdf","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"University-hosted PDF: title page, abstract and study-selection methods checked; full risk-of-bias reassessment pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"19 double-blind placebo comparisons in older patients with cognitive impairment","summary":"Reported a favorable pooled clinical global impression of change. This differs from the memory-specific outcome in the 2024 analysis.","limitations":["Several authors were affiliated with UCB; the search included the manufacturer’s document database.","Older diagnostic definitions and outcome measures varied.","A review is not independent replication of its underlying trials."]},{"id":"pic-2707413","title":"The new cerebrovascular preparation pikamilon","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-2707413","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2707413/","doi":null,"year":1989,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Conscious cats","summary":"Early cerebrovascular experiments reported changes in cerebral blood flow and experimentally disturbed vascular responses.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-11109535","title":"Effects of pikamilon on the brain water-electrolyte balance and in models of responses to the noise and vibration exposure, and their combination with motion sickness","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-11109535","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11109535/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Awake rabbits","summary":"Noise, vibration and combined motion-sickness models were assessed using brain impedance measures. The authors reported attenuation of water–electrolyte disturbances. This was not a study in sailors.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-15786959","title":"Gabaergic mechanism of cerebrovascular and neuroprotective effects of afobazole and picamilon","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-15786959","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15786959/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats","summary":"Receptor-blockade experiments found different effects of bicuculline and picrotoxin on Picamilon-associated cerebrovascular responses. This does not establish direct receptor binding.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-16845932","title":"The effect of hypokinesia on depression and on the central GABA-A receptor complexes in the rat brain","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-16845932","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16845932/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats after 15-day hypokinesia","summary":"Behavioral and receptor measurements suggested a tendency toward recovery with Picamilon or piracetam. Animal behavioral endpoints are not clinical depression or maritime performance outcomes.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-20821973","title":"Effect of nootropes on quantitative changes in the rat cerebral cortex GABA(A) receptor complexes under experimental hypokinesia conditions","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-20821973","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20821973/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats under different hypokinesia/recovery schedules","summary":"Shorter schedules showed no visible receptor-count change; the longer schedule showed a tendency toward restoration with Picamilon. Findings were schedule-dependent.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-19803364","title":"Effects of aminalon, fenibut, and picamilon on the typological parameters of cerebral hemodynamics in swimmers with dysadaptation syndrome","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-19803364","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19803364/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Swimmers with dysadaptation syndrome","summary":"Four-week comparisons of Aminalon, Phenibut and Picamilon assessed cerebral circulation after warm-up. Responses varied by hemodynamic subtype; the Picamilon hypokinetic subgroup was an exception to the reported venous-outflow pattern.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-20359966","title":"Determination of picamilon concentration in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-20359966","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20359966/","doi":"10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.013","year":2010,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Human plasma and healthy volunteers","summary":"Validated an LC-MS/MS assay and applied it to human pharmacokinetics. Plasma detection does not establish brain delivery or cognitive benefit.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-36668678","title":"Picamilon, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue and marketed nootropic, is inactive against 50 biological targets","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-36668678","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36668678/","doi":"10.1111/bcpt.13836","year":2023,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"50 biological targets; computational and in-vitro screening","summary":"Picamilon showed weak or no binding at 10 μM across the tested panel. This does not exclude other targets, metabolites or effects at other concentrations.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"pic-39113452","title":"Integrative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of outpatient use of Picamilon","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-39113452","originalSource":"https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2024/7/1199772982024071119","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2024124071119","year":2024,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods, results and harms narrative","reviewScope":"Publisher full-text methods, outcome tables and harms narrative checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"44 stage I patients: 23 oral-only and 21 sequential parenteral/oral; 60 days of treatment","summary":"Both active-treatment groups reported cognitive and sleep-questionnaire changes. All 44 completed treatment. Without an inactive comparator, change cannot establish drug efficacy.","limitations":["Open comparison of two active schedules; no placebo or untreated group.","Questionnaire sleep outcomes are not measured sleep stages.","Possible overlap with the 2025 report remains unresolved; do not sum cohorts.","Biomarker change does not demonstrate fewer cardiovascular events."]},{"id":"pic-39269299","title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of Picamilon in patients with progressive chronic cerebral ischemia","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-39269299","originalSource":"https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2024/8/1199772982024081071","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412408171","year":2024,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and outcomes","reviewScope":"Publisher methods and outcome descriptions checked; no untreated comparator.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"50 stage II patients (5 men, 45 women); 70-day active treatment and 45-day follow-up","summary":"An open cohort reported changes in cognition, sleep questionnaires and vascular measures. No untreated comparator is described; this cannot establish benefit in healthy mariners.","limitations":["Uncontrolled treatment cohort; expectation, repeated testing and concomitant care can affect outcomes.","Questionnaire improvement is not evidence about wearable sleep stages.","Strong similarities to the 2025 stage II group warrant overlap checks before any pooling."]},{"id":"pic-14558352","title":"Preclinical prognosis of pyracetam and picamilon safety based on acute toxicity data","compoundIds":["picamilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pic-14558352","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14558352/","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-30","population":"Rats; acute toxicity comparison","summary":"Compared acute toxicity and functional/behavioral measures with piracetam. Acute animal toxicity cannot establish a safe human dose or combination regimen.","limitations":["Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.","These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.","Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts."]},{"id":"acto-19491814","title":"Ladasten, the new drug with psychostimulant and anxiolytic actions in treatment of neurasthenia (results of the comparative clinical study with placebo)]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-19491814","originalSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26262370_Ladasten_the_new_drug_with_psychostimulant_and_anxiolytic_actions_in_treatment_of_neurasthenia_results_of_the_comparative_clinical_study_with_placebo","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods, attrition and selected tables","reviewScope":"Original article text reproduced on ResearchGate checked, including randomization and attrition passages; independent statistical reanalysis not performed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"30 patients with neurasthenia; 15 per arm","summary":"Single-blind randomized placebo comparison reported symptom improvement. All active-treatment patients completed; only seven placebo participants completed. Missing values were handled using last observation carried forward.","limitations":["Differential attrition and last-observation-carried-forward analysis can bias estimates.","Small single-blind comparison with 28-day treatment and one-week follow-up.","No long-term absence-of-dependence conclusion follows.","Overlap with related 2009 reports remains unresolved."]},{"id":"acto-20559263","title":"Treatment of asthenic disorders in patients with psychoautonomic syndrome: results of a multicenter study on efficacy and safety of ladasten]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-20559263","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20559263/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"728 analyzable patients with psychoautonomic syndrome in 28 Russian centers","summary":"Reports symptom and quality-of-life improvements during 28 days of Ladasten treatment and follow-up. The abstract reports adverse events in 3% and discontinuation in 0.8%.","limitations":["No concurrent comparator is described in the abstract; improvement alone does not establish causality.","PMID 21322821 has the same title, cohort and abstract: treat it as a related report of this cohort, not independent replication.","Short follow-up and incomplete ascertainment cannot rule out uncommon or long-term harms."]},{"id":"acto-19642584","title":"Effect of ladasten on the psychophysiological parameters of healthy volunteers]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-19642584","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19642584/","doi":null,"year":2009,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Healthy volunteers in a laboratory mental-fatigue setting; sample size not in abstract","summary":"The authors report psychophysiological changes during mental fatigue, with larger effects in stress-labile participants.","limitations":["Allocation, blinding, enrollment and outcome definitions require the original paper.","This fatigued setting differs from the neutral principal-performance findings in the 2000 rested-volunteer study."]},{"id":"acto-8087458","title":"Experimental rationale for the use of drugs to increase the resistance of the human body to the combined action of carbon monoxide and hyperthermia]","compoundIds":["bemitil","bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-8087458","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8087458/","doi":null,"year":1993,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Volunteers exposed to a combined heat and gas model; enrollment not given","summary":"Compared placebo, Bemitil, Bromantane and their combination. The abstract favors Bromantane-containing groups under the experimental exposure.","limitations":["The title identifies carbon monoxide, while the English abstract says carbon dioxide: the original Russian methods are needed to resolve this inconsistency.","Randomization, blinding and effect sizes are not established by the abstract.","Not evidence that toxic or heat exposure is safe, or a substitute for exposure controls."]},{"id":"acto-25365868","title":"Possibilities of the pharmacological correction of adaptive reactions of human organism in short-term moving from middle to high altitude]","compoundIds":["bemitil","bromantane","hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-25365868","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25365868/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Volunteers moving from 1,670 m to 3,750 m after 15 days at middle altitude","summary":"A Metaprot–Ladasten combination was compared with hypoxen and placebo. The abstract reports earlier changes in exercise tolerance and metabolic and blood measures.","limitations":["No single-component arms are described, so the study cannot isolate contributions or establish synergy.","Enrollment and allocation details require full-text review.","Not a validated altitude-illness prevention strategy."]},{"id":"acto-7793100","title":"Study of heat-protective effects of bromantane at various levels of overheating","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-7793100","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7793100/","doi":null,"year":1995,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract; ambiguous heat-tolerance wording","reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Overheating and exercise-in-heat models; population needs original-methods confirmation","summary":"The abstract describes model-dependent heat responses, including narrowed heat-tolerance ranges alongside favorable dynamometry and hemodynamic findings under a different heat-load setting.","limitations":["Duplicate catalogue entry consolidated; this is one publication.","Mixed heat-tolerance wording requires original-language full-text appraisal.","No general claim of protection from heat injury or occupational exposure follows."]},{"id":"acto-9929819","title":"The effect of bromantane on the physical work capacity of laboratory animals]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-9929819","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9929819/","doi":null,"year":1998,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Mice and rats in swimming, treadmill and repeated-load experiments","summary":"Reports sustained physical-performance changes and less mitochondrial alteration following repeated extreme exercise.","limitations":["Animal endurance endpoints do not establish human benefit.","Comparisons with phenamine do not establish general superiority or safety."]},{"id":"acto-10934588","title":"Effects of bromantane and sidnocarb on long-term operant conditioning and its vegetative correlates in rats]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-10934588","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10934588/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rats performing a five-hour learned operant task","summary":"Bromantane and sydnocarb changed operant performance differently. Bromantane was associated with fewer errors and fewer total responses.","limitations":["An aversively motivated rat task is not a human watchkeeping or workplace-safety trial."]},{"id":"acto-8312546","title":"A quantitative pharmaco-electroencephalographic analysis of the action of bromantane]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-8312546","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8312546/","doi":null,"year":1993,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Freely behaving rats with recordings from several brain regions","summary":"Quantitative EEG analysis describes prolonged, biphasic changes after Bromantane.","limitations":["EEG pattern changes are not proof of improved cognition or occupational safety."]},{"id":"acto-15500036","title":"Ladasten induces the expression of genes regulating dopamine biosynthesis in various structures of rat brain]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-15500036","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15500036/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat striatum and hypothalamus","summary":"Reports changes in tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA-decarboxylase gene expression alongside dopamine and L-DOPA measurements.","limitations":["Rat gene-expression findings do not establish lasting dopamine enhancement in humans.","Brain-region and time-dependent results should not be reduced to a single mechanism."]},{"id":"acto-15341058","title":"The effect of ladasten on the activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinases and the phosphorylation of proteins in brain cells of rats]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-15341058","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15341058/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat brain protein fractions","summary":"Examines cAMP-dependent kinase activity and phosphorylation during the early period after Ladasten exposure.","limitations":["A biochemical experiment does not establish clinical benefit."]},{"id":"acto-15188752","title":"Effect of ladasten on the proteinase C activity in the rat brain cells]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-15188752","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15188752/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat brain cells / protein fractions","summary":"Examines calcium-dependent signaling and protein kinase C activity after Ladasten.","limitations":["Mechanistic pathway findings need confirmation in human therapeutic settings."]},{"id":"acto-15856951","title":"DNA macroarray analysis of gene expression changes in rat brain after single administration of 2-aminoadamantane compound]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-15856951","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15856951/","doi":null,"year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat brain cDNA-array study with RT-PCR follow-up","summary":"Reports altered expression of a subset of genes related to signaling, cytoskeleton, synaptic proteins and metabolism.","limitations":["Exploratory gene-expression changes are not demonstrated human neuroplasticity or treatment effects."]},{"id":"acto-22235395","title":"Time course of histone deacetylase 1 and acetylated H3 and H4 histones in the brain of rats treated with ladasten","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-22235395","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22235395/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-011-1201-7","year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat striatum, hippocampus and hypothalamus","summary":"Reports changes in HDAC1 and acetylated histones after a single Ladasten exposure.","limitations":["This does not establish beneficial or persistent epigenetic changes in humans."]},{"id":"acto-12596534","title":"Effect of ladasten on proliferative activity and apoptosis in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes ]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-12596534","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12596534/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Activated human peripheral-blood T lymphocytes in culture","summary":"Studies proliferation and resistance to chemically induced apoptosis in cultured T cells.","limitations":["Human-derived cells are not a clinical trial; culture concentrations do not establish therapeutic exposure or immune benefit."]},{"id":"acto-10513335","title":"The effect of bromantane on the erythro- and leukocytic profile of the peripheral blood in rats]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-10513335","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10513335/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rats during chronic Bromantane exposure","summary":"Reports exposure-dependent blood changes; higher exposures produced hematologic alterations and liver and spleen findings.","limitations":["Preclinical harm evidence cannot be converted directly into a human risk estimate.","This record is included alongside favorable experiments to avoid a benefits-only selection."]},{"id":"acto-11348840","title":"Effects of bromantan on offspring maturation and development of reflexes","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-11348840","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11348840/","doi":"10.1016/s0892-0362(01)00119-2","year":2001,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Offspring of female rats treated before mating","summary":"Reports differences in litter size, early survival, growth and behavioral-development measures across exposure groups.","limitations":["Mixed developmental findings do not establish reproductive safety.","Do not translate animal exposure levels into human use guidance."]},{"id":"acto-10222828","title":"Adamantane derivatives enhancing body's resistance to emergencies]","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-10222828","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10222828/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Experimental adamantane-development program and animal stress models","summary":"Summarizes screening of adamantane derivatives and distinguishes Bromantane from the chemically different Chlodantane.","limitations":["A development-program summary is not an independent human trial.","Historical claims about specific military deployments need their own contemporary documentation."]},{"id":"acto-3381606","title":"Use of the new psychotropic preparation Bemitil in treating asthenic disorders","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-3381606","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3381606/","doi":null,"year":1988,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"130 patients with asthenic conditions related to neuropsychiatric disturbances","summary":"Compared Bemitil with piracetam and pyrithioxine. The authors report earlier and greater changes in asthenic symptoms with Bemitil.","limitations":["Randomization, blinding, arm sizes and effect estimates are not established from the abstract.","Historical diagnostic categories do not necessarily correspond to current diagnoses."]},{"id":"acto-3770166","title":"Pharmacokinetics and the clinical effect of Bemitil after a single administration","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-3770166","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3770166/","doi":null,"year":1986,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patients with asthenic states","summary":"Plasma kinetic curves differed between clinical-response patterns after a test administration.","limitations":["Correlation is not a validated rule for selecting treatment or predicting an individual response.","Abstract gives no sample size; full methodology remains pending."]},{"id":"acto-1679400","title":"The role of Bemitil pharmacokinetics in realizing its therapeutic efficacy","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-1679400","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1679400/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patients with asthenoneurotic disturbances, including monotherapy and phenazepam combination contexts","summary":"Reports correlations between selected pharmacokinetic parameters and overall clinical response.","limitations":["Does not validate a safe combination, dosing schedule or general interaction rule.","Sample size and underlying statistical analyses need full-text review."]},{"id":"acto-12227091","title":"Effect of bemethyl on the glutathione system in the rat liver in acute hypoxia","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-12227091","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12227091/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rats in a pressure-chamber hypoxia model","summary":"Reports preservation of glutathione-related measures and enzyme activities. Actinomycin D inhibition experiments implicate an RNA-dependent process.","limitations":["Actinomycin D inhibits transcription; this does not by itself isolate a specific protein-synthesis pathway.","Liver biochemical measures in rats do not establish treatment of human liver disease or altitude safety."]},{"id":"acto-16282998","title":"Bemithyl potentiates the antioxidant effect of intermittent hypoxic training","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-16282998","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16282998/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-005-0442-8","year":2005,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rats undergoing repeated pressure-chamber hypoxia","summary":"Reports changes in brain metabolism and resistance to hypoxia after combined intermittent exposure and Bemitil.","limitations":["Animal conditioning results do not establish human altitude or exercise benefits."]},{"id":"acto-34445727","title":"Investigation of Bemethyl Biotransformation Pathways by Combination of LC–MS/HRMS and In Silico Methods","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-34445727","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8396642/","doi":"10.3390/ijms22169021","year":2021,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat urine, mass spectrometry and computational metabolism / docking models","summary":"Identifies nine metabolites with six molecular formulas in rat urine and proposes biotransformation pathways involving glutathione conjugation.","limitations":["Rat metabolite identification and docking do not establish human efficacy, detoxification benefit or clinical interactions.","Full-text host was located; this entry was appraised from the indexed abstract."]},{"id":"acto-hearing-patent","title":"Bemitil for prevention of occupational hearing loss — patent RU2017483C1","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-hearing-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2017483C1/ru","doi":null,"year":1994,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Patent text and dates checked. The numerical comparison is attributed to the patent, not independently verified patient data.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"148 workers aged 22–24 exposed to aircraft-engine noise","summary":"The patent reports hearing loss at one year in 8/25 placebo recipients, 7/39 receiving a standard multi-agent regimen, and 5/84 receiving Bemitil. Filed 9 November 1989; published 15 August 1994.","limitations":["Random allocation, blinding, exposure comparability and attrition are not established by the patent.","Patent claims are not equivalent to a peer-reviewed clinical trial or confirmed prevention.","This does not replace hearing protection or occupational exposure controls."]},{"id":"acto-ladasten-patent","title":"Anxiolytic use of the known Bromantane molecule — RU2175229C2","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-ladasten-patent","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2175229C2/ru","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original patent text checked, including identity and references to the earlier certificates.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patent describing a new proposed use of an existing molecule","summary":"Identifies Ladasten as the known Bromantane molecule and cites earlier psychostimulant certificate 860446 and immunostimulant patent 1826906.","limitations":["A new-use patent is not evidence of clinical effectiveness or regulatory status.","The earlier certificates are cited here; their original priority documents remain archival targets."]},{"id":"acto-1664607","title":"Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of Bemitil in neuromuscular diseases","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-1664607","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1664607/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"21 patients with neuromuscular diseases","summary":"Examined lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte-membrane permeability during Bemitil treatment.","limitations":["Clinical-trial indexing does not establish randomization or a concurrent control.","Biochemical changes do not establish durable functional improvement.","Possible cohort overlap with the 1992 report needs full-text checking."]},{"id":"acto-1441389","title":"Use of Bemitil in patients with progressive muscular dystrophies","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-1441389","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1441389/","doi":null,"year":1992,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"22 patients with progressive myodystrophy","summary":"Reports changes in lipid peroxidation and discusses glucose metabolism in patients receiving Bemitil.","limitations":["The abstract does not establish a randomized comparison or durable disease-modifying benefit.","The 1991 and 1992 publications may share patients; they are not assumed to be independent replications."]},{"id":"acto-12455377","title":"Effect of bemethyl on glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes of diseased human liver","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-12455377","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12455377/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Hepatocyte measurements from patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis","summary":"Reports changes in glycogen content and composition versus basic therapy. Structural liver abnormalities persisted and metabolic indices did not normalize.","limitations":["Biochemical measures are not survival, fibrosis reversal or confirmed clinical recovery.","Allocation, sample size and clinical endpoints need the full paper."]},{"id":"acto-12227093","title":"Bemethyl and cytochrome P450: rat liver and human lymphocytes","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-12227093","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12227093/","doi":null,"year":2002,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat liver after administration; human lymphocytes in vitro","summary":"Reports mixed-type hepatic enzyme induction in rats and concentration-dependent enzyme-activity changes in cultured human lymphocytes.","limitations":["The indexed English title says human liver, but the abstract identifies rat liver and human cells in vitro.","This raises an interaction-research question, not a validated list of human drug interactions."]},{"id":"acto-16579058","title":"Effect of bemithyl on sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in rats","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/acto-16579058","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16579058/","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Male rats in short and prolonged administration experiments","summary":"Short exposure and a 60-day course produced opposite directions of change; prolonged exposure reduced sexual activity and the spermatogenesis index.","limitations":["Animal results cannot quantify human fertility risk.","This is adverse-effect evidence, not a rationale for a fertility regimen."]},{"id":"bio-28423258","title":"OPTIMIZATION OF REPARATIVE OSTEOGENESIS JAWS ON AGING (PRECLINICAL STUDIES)","compoundIds":["cartalax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-28423258","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28423258/","doi":null,"year":2016,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Old rats with standardized mandibular bone defects","summary":"Cartalax given before surgery was associated with more advanced bone remodeling at 60–120 days than control or treatment starting at surgery. Early healing was similar to control.","limitations":["Jaw-bone repair is not articular-cartilage regeneration.","Animal findings do not establish human osteoarthritis benefit; formulation characterization and group sizes need full-text review."]},{"id":"bio-37176122","title":"Peptide Regulation of Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation","compoundIds":["cartalax","pcc"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-37176122","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10179481/","doi":"10.3390/ijms24098415","year":2023,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Full-text XML checked, including PCC/AED discussion and references 7, 9, 68–70. Trial documents were not supplied by this review.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Review of stem-cell differentiation and cartilage research","summary":"Describes the cartilage polypeptide complex PCC and its AED component. The authors reported a Russian Phase II osteoarthritis program in 2023. They connect MSC and fibroblast findings to a cartilage-repair hypothesis.","limitations":["The reported trial concerns PCC, not a trial of isolated Cartalax.","Trial identifier, protocol, enrollment and published human outcomes have not been recovered. Phase II is an attributed 2023 statement, not verified current status."]},{"id":"bio-27259496","title":"Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro","compoundIds":["cartalax","vilon","vesugen","ked","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-27259496","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27259496/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-016-3370-x","year":2016,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Aging skin-fibroblast cultures; KE, KED, AED and AEDG","summary":"The peptides altered proliferation, remodeling and aging-associated protein markers. AED and AEDG also reduced caspase-dependent apoptosis in this model.","limitations":["Cultured skin cells, not a human cartilage or longevity trial.","Changes in Ki-67, CD98hc, MMP-9 and caspase-3 do not establish tissue repair in patients."]},{"id":"bio-32399807","title":"Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides","compoundIds":["cartalax","vilon","vesugen","ked"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-32399807","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32399807/","doi":"10.1007/s11033-020-05506-3","year":2020,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Human embryonic bone-marrow MSC line FetMSCs, aged in culture","summary":"AED, KED and KE changed expression of selected aging-related genes. Effects depended on peptide and culture-aging model; KED affected TNKS2 in opposite directions across models.","limitations":["Human-derived cells are not human clinical participants.","Gene-expression changes do not establish improved cartilage repair, slower aging or safety."]},{"id":"bio-24003726","title":"Peptide bioregulators: the new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results","compoundIds":["thymalin","thymogen","vilon","epithalamin","prostatilen","cortexin","retinalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-24003726","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24003726/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Originating group’s clinical and gerontology literature","summary":"Summarizes clinical work on seven named peptide preparations. Useful for tracing original Russian reports and distinguishing tissue extracts from short peptides.","limitations":["Review by investigators in the originating program; not independent replication.","Clinical findings must be traced to the exact preparation and original study."]},{"id":"bio-31228385","title":"Polypeptide vessel complex and its role in physiology function regulation in aging pathology","compoundIds":["vasolin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-31228385","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31228385/","doi":null,"year":2019,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Animal models of vascular and age-associated pathology","summary":"Reviews calf-vessel extract Slavinorm/Vasolin, including lipid metabolism, hemostasis and vessel-wall repair.","limitations":["This record concerns the tissue extract, not isolated KED/Vesugen.","Animal findings and a narrative review do not establish human vascular benefit."]},{"id":"bio-32362099","title":"The influence of polypeptide liver complex and tetrapeptide KEDA on organism physiological function in norm and age-related pathology","compoundIds":["ventvil","livagen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-32362099","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32362099/","doi":null,"year":2020,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Animal and in-vitro liver pathology models","summary":"Reviews liver polypeptide complex Ventvil and KEDA/Livagen in experimental fibrosis and hepatitis, with immune and antioxidant outcomes.","limitations":["Extract and tetrapeptide are separate interventions.","This is a review of experimental models, not a clinical hepatitis treatment trial."]},{"id":"bio-36611900","title":"Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype of Cardiovascular System Cells and Inflammaging: Perspectives of Peptide Regulation","compoundIds":["cardiogen","vesugen","ked"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-36611900","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9818427/","doi":"10.3390/cells12010106","year":2023,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Full-text XML checked, including AEDR discussion and patent reference 123.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Cardiovascular senescence, cell models and animal research","summary":"Discusses KED and AEDR. The reported AEDR rat-infarction benefit cites US patent 7,662,789 as reference 123; it is not presented here as a newly recovered peer-reviewed animal trial.","limitations":["Claims about AEDR detection in heart complex are review-reported; original analytical evidence remains a recovery target.","Patent examples and experimental biomarkers do not establish clinical cardiovascular protection."]},{"id":"bio-29124531","title":"Identification of Peptide AEDG in the Polypeptide Complex of the Pineal Gland","compoundIds":["epitalon","epithalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-29124531","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29124531/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-017-3922-8","year":2017,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Pineal polypeptide-complex composition","summary":"Mass spectrometry/HPLC and selective reaction monitoring identified AEDG in the pineal complex. This supplies a molecular link to the synthetic tetrapeptide.","limitations":["Detection in an extract does not prove that this peptide accounts for all extract effects.","Composition analysis does not establish clinical equivalence."]},{"id":"bio-27909961","title":"Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression","compoundIds":["cartalax","vilon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-27909961","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27909961/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-016-3596-7","year":2016,"evidenceType":"computational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Docking models of 19 short peptides interacting with DNA","summary":"Constructs DNA–peptide models, including AED and KE, to explore sequence-dependent binding and gene-regulation hypotheses.","limitations":["Docking predictions are not clinical efficacy or demonstrated delivery to human tissues.","Other peptides in the panel require sequence-specific mapping before attribution."]},{"id":"bio-14523363","title":"Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life","compoundIds":["thymalin","epithalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-14523363","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523363/","doi":null,"year":2003,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"266 older people followed for 6–8 years","summary":"The investigators reported differences in illness and mortality across extract-treatment groups and controls. This is research on Thymalin and Epithalamin, including their combination.","limitations":["Allocation, attrition, baseline balance and outcome ascertainment require full-text appraisal.","Do not transfer these outcomes to Vilon, Thymogen or synthetic Epitalon; independent replication is not established here."]},{"id":"bio-15452611","title":"Effect of peptide preparation epithalamin on circadian rhythm of epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people","compoundIds":["epithalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-15452611","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15452611/","doi":"10.1023/b:bebm.0000035139.31138.bf","year":2004,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Older adults; plasma melatonin before and after treatment","summary":"Reported changes in nighttime melatonin that differed according to baseline pineal activity.","limitations":["Before/after hormone measurements do not establish sleep-stage or clinical sleep benefit.","The preparation is Epithalamin, not isolated AEDG."]},{"id":"bio-17426848","title":"Geroprotective effect of epithalamine (pineal gland peptide preparation) in elderly subjects with accelerated aging","compoundIds":["epithalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-17426848","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17426848/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-006-0365-z","year":2006,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Older patients with coronary disease and accelerated cardiovascular aging; 12-year follow-up","summary":"The abstract describes a randomized comparison and reports favorable long-term cardiovascular and mortality outcomes with the pineal extract.","limitations":["Allocation methods, follow-up completeness and absolute event counts require full-text appraisal.","Potential overlap with later follow-up reports must be checked; this is not an Epitalon trial."]},{"id":"bio-1823682","title":"The use of prostatilen in treating patients with chronic prostatitis","compoundIds":["prostatilen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-1823682","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1823682/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"307 men with chronic prostatitis","summary":"An early tissue-derived prostate-preparation report describes symptom, laboratory and urodynamic changes after treatment, with follow-up at 4–6 months.","limitations":["The abstract does not establish a randomized concurrent control.","Reported tolerability cannot establish long-term safety; findings do not apply to Prostamax."]},{"id":"bio-1823683","title":"The use of prostatilen in treating patients with prostatic diseases","compoundIds":["prostatilen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-1823683","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1823683/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"37 patients with chronic prostatitis and 15 with prostatic adenoma","summary":"Describes changes in symptoms, urinary measures and reproductive-function measures with Prostatilen.","limitations":["Small mixed clinical groups; control methods and adverse-event ascertainment unclear from the abstract.","The tissue extract is not the synthetic peptide Prostamax."]},{"id":"bio-32366071","title":"Peptide bioregulators: delivery and efficacy","compoundIds":["retinalamin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-32366071","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32366071/","doi":"10.17116/oftalma202013602156","year":2020,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Open-angle glaucoma; 498 patients (eyes), as worded in the abstract","summary":"Compares administration routes of Retinalamin. Visual acuity did not change significantly; retinal-sensitivity results varied by disease stage and follow-up.","limitations":["All compared groups received active preparation; this does not isolate benefit versus no Retinalamin.","Patient/eye unit wording should be checked in full text. Findings do not establish benefit for Normophthal."]},{"id":"bio-15537099","title":"Influence of cortexin on memory and attention","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-15537099","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15537099/","doi":null,"year":2004,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Military Medical Journal review of memory and attention research","summary":"Traces Cortexin development at the Military Medical Academy in 1986 and discusses clinical cognition findings and proposed mechanisms.","limitations":["Historical review, not a new clinical trial.","Original reports and protocols require separate appraisal."]},{"id":"bio-10356917","title":"Cortexin effectiveness in circulatory encephalopathy","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-10356917","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10356917/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"76 patients with dyscirculatory encephalopathy: 45 adjunctive Cortexin, 31 standard care","summary":"Reports neurological and cognitive changes with nasal-electrophoresis delivery alongside standard care.","limitations":["The abstract does not establish randomization or blinding.","Delivery route and clinical population differ from other Cortexin reports."]},{"id":"bio-24874316","title":"Clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomic characteristics of the neuroprotection with low doses of cortexin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-24874316","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24874316/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"ESCORT; 272 acute ischemic-stroke patients","summary":"Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of repeated Cortexin, one course followed by placebo, and placebo. Authors reported functional and pharmacoeconomic benefits.","limitations":["Read alongside the independent 2023 Cochrane assessment; favorable scales do not establish mortality benefit.","Related ESCORT publications describe the same trial and must not be counted as independent replications."]},{"id":"bio-37818733","title":"Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin","cerebrolysin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-37818733","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37818733/","doi":"10.1002/14651858.cd007026.pub7","year":2023,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Cochrane review: 7 RCTs, including one Cortexin trial with 272 participants","summary":"The pooled mortality analysis of Cerebrolysin or Cortexin found probably little or no difference (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65–1.41; 6 trials, 1,689 participants).","limitations":["The pooled estimate is not Cortexin-only.","The potential increase in nonfatal serious adverse events concerned Cerebrolysin and should not automatically be assigned to Cortexin."]},{"id":"bio-27845314","title":"Efficacy of cortexin in acute and recovery periodes of hemispheric ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-27845314","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27845314/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201611610138-42","year":2016,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"90 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke","summary":"Compares one course, repeated courses and basic therapy, using neurological, mobility and cognitive scales. Authors reported greater improvement with repeated treatment.","limitations":["Blinding and allocation safeguards are not established by the abstract.","Natural recovery and co-treatment complicate interpretation."]},{"id":"bio-39269301","title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment in young patients","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-39269301","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39269301/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412408192","year":2024,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"30 post-stroke adults aged 18–45","summary":"Open prospective report of cognition and quality-of-life changes during follow-up.","limitations":["No randomized untreated comparator described.","Recovery over time cannot be separated reliably from a treatment effect."]},{"id":"bio-41524350","title":"Therapeutic equivalence of intravenous and intramuscular dosage forms of Cortexin in ischemic strokes","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-41524350","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41524350/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202512512160","year":2025,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"490 stroke patients: 246 IV-first, 244 IM; double-dummy active comparison","summary":"Compares routes of active Cortexin administration. Both groups received active drug; the placebo injections maintained masking.","limitations":["This is an active-route equivalence comparison, not evidence of benefit versus no Cortexin.","Noninferiority margin and full analysis require review; publication year is 2025 despite later indexing."]},{"id":"bio-23667876","title":"Effects of neuroprotector cortexin on the dynamics of neuroendocrine system parameters in patients with organic emotionally labile (asthenic) disorders","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-23667876","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23667876/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-013-2083-7","year":2013,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patients with organic emotionally labile/asthenic disorders","summary":"Reports endocrine changes alongside clinical improvement when Cortexin was added to standard treatment.","limitations":["Abstract-level record does not adequately describe allocation, blinding or sample size.","Hormone changes do not validate general stress resilience or healthy-person enhancement."]},{"id":"bio-28617383","title":"Сlinical and physiological characteristics and therapy asthenic disorders in adolescents girls","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-28617383","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28617383/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20171174168-70","year":2017,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"75 adolescent girls aged 14–17 with neurasthenia","summary":"Reports symptom and EEG changes during treatment; healthy peers supplied a physiological reference.","limitations":["Healthy reference participants are not a randomized treatment control.","Population-specific observations do not establish adult occupational benefit."]},{"id":"bio-32593245","title":"Working ability of elderly university teachers under the combined influence of breathing exercises and peptide bioregulator «Cortexin»","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-32593245","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32593245/","doi":null,"year":2020,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Older university teachers; breathing exercises plus Cortexin versus pharmacological treatment alone","summary":"Reports functional-state and professional-performance changes with combined treatment.","limitations":["The added breathing intervention prevents attribution of the reported difference to Cortexin alone.","Group sizes and allocation require full-text recovery."]},{"id":"bio-35175707","title":"Determination of the prevalence of postcovid syndrome and assessment of the effectiveness of the drug Cortexin in the treatment of neurological disorders in patients with postcovid syndrome. Results of the multicenter clinical and epidemiological observational program CORTEX","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-35175707","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35175707/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202212201184","year":2022,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"CORTEX post-COVID program; 979 patients","summary":"Observational follow-up recorded fatigue, cognitive and other post-COVID complaints and changes during treatment.","limitations":["No randomized untreated control is described.","Symptom recovery and confounding remain plausible explanations; questionnaires are not wearable sleep stages."]},{"id":"bio-38147380","title":"Results of a multicenter observational program to evaluate the effectiveness of complex therapy of patients with chronic cerebrovascular pathology with cognitive impairment with Cortexin and Neuromexol (CORNELia study)","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-38147380","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38147380/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202312312134","year":2023,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"CORNELia; 801 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and cognitive impairment","summary":"Reports clinical changes with Cortexin plus Neuromexol; biomarkers were assessed in smaller comparison subgroups.","limitations":["Combination treatment does not isolate Cortexin’s contribution.","The biomarker subset is not the full cohort; observational findings do not establish causality."]},{"id":"bio-41782536","title":"Efficacy and safety of Cortexin as additional therapy in patients with depressive disorder","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-41782536","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41782536/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202612602192","year":2026,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"98 patients with depression; 48 adjunctive Cortexin and 50 antidepressant-only, 28 days","summary":"Reports differences in depression, social-function and adverse-effect ratings between treatment groups.","limitations":["Randomization and masking are not established in the accessible abstract.","Short adjunctive study; not evidence for self-treatment or replacing standard psychiatric care."]},{"id":"bio-22027605","title":"Efficacy of cortexin in the treatment of memory disorders in children","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-22027605","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027605/","doi":"10.1007/s11055-013-9721-4","year":2011,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"60 children with memory disorders","summary":"Compared Cortexin with encephabol and reported changes on neuropsychological and neurophysiological measures.","limitations":["Active comparator; allocation and masking unclear from the abstract.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-23250594","title":"The changes in the brain's electrical activity in children with cerebral palsy during the complex rehabilitation","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-23250594","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23250594/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"105 children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy","summary":"Three rehabilitation groups compared microcurrent treatment, microcurrent plus Cortexin, and standard care; functional and EEG changes were reported.","limitations":["Co-interventions and unclear allocation limit attribution.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-29053119","title":"Peptidergic nootropic therapy in cerebral palsy associated with epilepsy","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-29053119","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29053119/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20171179137-42","year":2017,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"84 children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy","summary":"Adjunctive Cortexin with antiseizure medicines was associated with varied motor and seizure outcomes; one seizure aggravation was reported.","limitations":["No randomized untreated comparator described; do not infer seizure safety.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-29652302","title":"Results of a multicenter study on the efficacy of cortexin in treatment of cognitive dysfunction in children","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-29652302","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29652302/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro20181183127-31","year":2018,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"635 children aged 3–7 across four diagnostic groups","summary":"Reports before/after attention, memory and thinking changes across ADHD, speech-delay, perinatal-injury and asthenic/neurotic groups.","limitations":["No untreated control described; diverse conditions must not be treated as one effect.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-31851172","title":"Potential of peptidergic nootropic therapy in developmental dysphasia in children","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-31851172","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31851172/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201911911147","year":2019,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"54 children aged 3–4 with developmental dysphasia","summary":"Randomized comparison with no drug treatment reported speech and parent-questionnaire changes over two months.","limitations":["No masking described; parental ratings and speech-development advice are relevant co-interventions.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-33244956","title":"Developmental dysphasia in children: a comparison of the effectiveness of two modes of peptidergic nootropic therapy","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-33244956","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33244956/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202012010138","year":2020,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"94 children with developmental dysphasia","summary":"Compares one course, two courses and no medication over two months; reports vocabulary and phrase-use changes.","limitations":["Allocation and masking unclear; overlap with earlier reports needs checking.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-32323940","title":"Treatment of contusion of moderate severity in children in outpatient clinics","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-32323940","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32323940/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202012003129","year":2020,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"74 children aged 6–13 with moderate brain contusion","summary":"Standard care with or without Cortexin was compared over 30 days; clinical and EEG changes were reported.","limitations":["Allocation and masking unclear; recovery from injury is an important confounder.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-33728849","title":"Executive functions disorders in children with dyslexia","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-33728849","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33728849/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202112102138","year":2021,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"60 children with dyslexia; 60 healthy reference children","summary":"Thirty treated patients received Cortexin and thirty encephabol; reading, attention and memory changes were reported.","limitations":["Healthy reference children are not an untreated dyslexia control; no established masking.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-39731376","title":"The effectiveness of rehabilitation measures using the drug Cortexin in children with neuropsychiatric pathology","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-39731376","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39731376/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro202412412186","year":2024,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Infants with hypoxic neurological pathology; denominators unresolved","summary":"Reports adjunctive rehabilitation and EEG outcomes during one-year follow-up.","limitations":["Abstract totals and subgroup counts are inconsistent; no clean cohort total or effect estimate is entered.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-31626167","title":"Cognitive disturbances in children with chronic tics and their treatment","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-31626167","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31626167/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201911908124","year":2019,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"50 children with chronic motor tics; separate transient-tic and healthy reference groups","summary":"Compared phenibut with phenibut plus Cortexin and reported symptom/cognitive differences.","limitations":["Combination research, not an isolated Cortexin effect; no masked randomized comparison established.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-33834730","title":"Cortexin administration due to improvement of cognitive and behavioral disorders in children and teenagers with epilepsy","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-33834730","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33834730/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2021121031127","year":2021,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"86 children and adolescents with epilepsy","summary":"Adjunctive treatment report describes cognitive and electrophysiological changes; absence of seizure aggravation was reported in 95%.","limitations":["That observation is not proof of seizure safety; no randomized untreated comparator described.","Pediatric clinical findings do not establish enhancement or safety in healthy adults."]},{"id":"bio-26033601","title":"Peptide Regulation of Cells Renewal Processes in Kidney Tissue Cultures from Young and Old Animals","compoundIds":["cartalax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-26033601","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26033601/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-015-2906-9","year":2015,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Kidney explants from young and old rats","summary":"Compared kidney polypeptide complex with T-31/AED and T-35/EDL. The short peptides changed proliferation and apoptosis markers, with smaller effects than the complex.","limitations":["Kidney tissue culture is not a cartilage model or a human renal-treatment trial.","The stronger extract response illustrates why mixture effects cannot simply be assigned to one peptide."]},{"id":"bio-30791821","title":"Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells","compoundIds":["cartalax","vesugen","ked","vilon","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-30791821","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30791821/","doi":"10.1177/2058738419828613","year":2019,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Human periodontal-ligament stem-cell cultures","summary":"Examined AED, KED, KE, AEDG and their mixture. Increased neuronal-marker expression was reported for KED and the mixture.","limitations":["Mixture results cannot be assigned to AED alone.","Marker expression is not proof of functional neuronal repair or a human clinical benefit."]},{"id":"bio-organ-identification-2020","title":"Identification of short peptides in the composition of polypeptide complexes isolated from animal organs","compoundIds":["cartalax","pcc","vesugen","ked","vasolin","pinealon","cortexin","chonluten","bronchogen","pancragen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-organ-identification-2020","originalSource":"https://khavinson.info/assets/files/russ/2020-zhurkovich.pdf","doi":"10.31857/S004213242002012X","year":2020,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Author-hosted Russian PDF: citation and indexed abstract checked; full analytical validation and product-batch equivalence not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Animal-organ polypeptide complexes analyzed by UHPLC–MS","summary":"Reports KED in vessel complex, AED in cartilage, EDG and AEDL in bronchial mucosa, EDR in brain and KEDW in pancreas. This strengthens sequence-level links in the research program.","limitations":["Molecular detection does not prove identical pharmacology or clinical equivalence.","The paper’s discussion of clinical work is not an independent clinical trial."]},{"id":"bio-thymus-identification-2021","title":"Identification of short peptides: optimization of target therapeutic properties of the thymus medicine","compoundIds":["thymalin","vilon","thymogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-thymus-identification-2021","originalSource":"https://molmedjournal.ru/ru/node/4115","doi":"10.29296/24999490-2021-03-05","year":2021,"evidenceType":"analytical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher English abstract and reference list checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Thymalin composition by UHPLC–MS","summary":"Identifies KE and EDP as minor components of Thymalin and cites earlier detection of EW. KE maps to Vilon; EW maps to Thymogen in the short-peptide catalogue.","limitations":["EW identification is cited earlier work, not a new EW experiment in this report.","Presence in the extract does not assign all extract benefits to individual sequences."]},{"id":"bio-aed-patent-2007","title":"AED bone/cartilage composition and reported knee-osteoarthritis comparison — RU2299741C1","compoundIds":["cartalax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-aed-patent-2007","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/RU2299741C1/en","doi":null,"year":2007,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original patent text and translated examples checked; filed 2006, published 2007.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patent example 5: 29 patients aged 52–72; 12 saline controls","summary":"The patent states randomized allocation and reports pain/mobility changes, but no significant radiographic change. It also contains animal toxicity and cartilage-explant examples.","limitations":["Patent-reported comparison, not a recovered peer-reviewed clinical trial.","Allocation methods, masking, subgroup denominators and independent replication remain unresolved.","This AED example is not the PCC Phase II program reported in 2023."]},{"id":"bio-aedr-patent-2010","title":"Peptide substance restoring myocardium function — US7662789B2","compoundIds":["cardiogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bio-aedr-patent-2010","originalSource":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US7662789B2/en","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"patent","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Patent identity and its citation as reference 123 in the review checked; detailed experimental appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"AEDR patent; myocardial experiments cited by the cardiovascular review","summary":"Original patent behind the rat-infarction claim in the 2023 cardiovascular review. Kept separate from clinical evidence and peer-reviewed primary experiments.","limitations":["Patent claims are not independent validation.","No human cardiovascular benefit is established by this source."]},{"id":"phenotropil-bobkov-1983","title":"Pharmacological characteristics of a new phenyl analog of piracetam—4-phenylpiracetam","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-bobkov-1983","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6403074/","doi":null,"year":1983,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Primary bibliographic record and abstract checked; complete methods appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Experimental comparative pharmacology","summary":"The abstract describes operant-behavior, amnesia and other neuropharmacological findings for 4-phenylpiracetam compared with related compounds.","limitations":["Preclinical findings do not establish effects in cosmonauts or healthy workers.","Original full text and compound-specific methods remain to be recovered."]},{"id":"phenotropil-tartu-1987","title":"Pharmacological characterization of Carphedon","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-tartu-1987","originalSource":"https://dspace.ut.ee/bitstreams/54ed331b-175c-4be1-84e1-1d60f554d20c/download","doi":null,"year":1987,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"University-hosted proceedings and OCR of pp. 101–103 checked, including the synthesis attribution, temperature comparison and references. Local PDF download timed out.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat/mouse experiments; animal swimming at 2°C, 25°C and 45°C","summary":"This conference report attributes synthesis to Perecalin’s group at the Herzen Leningrad Pedagogical Institute. It reports longer swimming at 2°C and 25°C, but shorter swimming at 45°C.","limitations":["A short conference report, not a human occupational trial.","OCR checked; original experimental datasets, group sizes and bias assessment remain incomplete.","Unchanged motor stimulation during three weeks of administration is not proof of absent human tolerance or dependence."]},{"id":"phenotropil-stroke-2006","title":"Experience using Phenotropil in outpatients during early recovery after ischemic stroke","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-stroke-2006","originalSource":"https://phenotropil.ru/upload/articles/Л.В.%20Багирь_Опыт%20применения%20Фенотропила%20при%20лечении%20амбулаторных%20больных%20в%20раннем%20восстановительном%20периоде%20ишемического%20инсульта.pdf","doi":null,"year":2006,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original article reprint, title page and indexed methods/results checked; numerical outcomes not independently reanalyzed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"120 post-stroke outpatients; two active-treatment groups","summary":"The report describes before/after changes in cognitive and functional measures. It also reports worse subjective tolerability in the higher-exposure group.","limitations":["No untreated/placebo group in the described comparison.","Recovery over time and other care limit causal attribution.","Patient outcomes do not establish healthy-person performance enhancement."]},{"id":"phenotropil-epilepsy-2014","title":"The efficacy of add-on treatment with phenotropil in adult patients with locally-induced epilepsy","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-epilepsy-2014","originalSource":"https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova-2/2014/11-2/031997-729820141134","doi":"10.17116/jnevro201411411227-31","year":2014,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and attrition narrative","reviewScope":"Publisher full-text methods and discontinuation passage checked; independent outcome-table reanalysis not performed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"90 adults with resistant focal epilepsy; three groups of 30, adjunctive to unchanged antiepileptic therapy","summary":"Three-month randomized, double-blind comparison with placebo. The paper reports 32 discontinuations due to adverse events: 12 in each active group and 8 with placebo.","limitations":["Substantial adverse-event attrition limits interpretation; a favorable abstract is not a complete safety account.","Allocation concealment and missing-data analysis require further appraisal.","Adjunctive epilepsy treatment does not establish efficacy or safety in healthy users."]},{"id":"phenotropil-triumph-2014","title":"Treatment of asthenic syndrome in chronic brain ischemia: TRIUMPH observational program","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-triumph-2014","originalSource":"https://www.mediasphera.ru/issues/zhurnal-nevrologii-i-psikhiatrii-im-s-s-korsakova/2014/12/031997-729820141219","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2014114121104-111","year":2014,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and analysis-population narrative","reviewScope":"Publisher methods and analysis-population passage checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"2,029 participants; 1,170 analyzed; 859 excluded for protocol completion/documentation problems","summary":"The observational program reported improved asthenia scores. Treatment duration was selected by physicians, not randomly assigned.","limitations":["Large exclusion from analysis creates potential selection bias.","No untreated control; within-person improvement cannot establish causation.","This program is not a randomized trial and cannot establish long-term safety."]},{"id":"phenotropil-ms-2010","title":"Experience using Phenotropil in combined treatment of multiple sclerosis","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-ms-2010","originalSource":"https://medi.ru/info/12177/","doi":null,"year":2010,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original study text in a medical-portal reprint checked; publication edition not independently matched.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"39 patients with relapsing or secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis","summary":"The report examines asthenia, mood and quality-of-life measures during adjunctive treatment. Most participants also received disease-modifying therapy.","limitations":["Uncontrolled adjunctive design; treatment contributions cannot be separated.","The host labels the reprint as Atmosfera, No. 4, 2010; earlier reprints circulate and edition matching remains open."]},{"id":"phenotropil-stereoisomers-2011","title":"Investigation into Stereoselective Pharmacological Activity of Phenotropil","compoundIds":["phenotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/phenotropil-stereoisomers-2011","originalSource":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00742.x","doi":"10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00742.x","year":2011,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Primary bibliographic record and abstract checked; complete methods appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Preclinical comparison of racemate and R/S enantiomers","summary":"The study compares the pharmacological activity of different stereochemical forms, emphasizing why results for an isolated enantiomer should not automatically be assigned to the racemate.","limitations":["Animal findings are not a human efficacy comparison.","Do not equate all phenylpiracetam derivatives or enantiomer products."]},{"id":"noopept-meteo-2007","title":"Meteoadaptogenic properties of peptide drugs in healthy volunteers","compoundIds":["noopept","cortexin","dilept","vinpotropil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-meteo-2007","originalSource":"https://ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/download/964/918","doi":null,"year":2007,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Methods and selected tables; encoding limits","reviewScope":"Publisher PDF methods and selected tables checked. Cyrillic text encoding limits numerical transcription; full table-level verification remains incomplete.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"127 healthy men aged 20–24 across a three-day environmental program; active groups reported as 10–20, placebo 8–10 per stage","summary":"Cold, heat and simulated altitude experiments compared four preparations, placebo and historical no-drug measurements. Effects varied by compound and endpoint.","limitations":["Random allocation and blinding not established; historical controls and baseline differences limit attribution.","Exact arm-by-environment denominators remain unresolved; 127 is the program total, not Noopept enrollment.","Experimental intranasal peptide preparations are not equivalent to marketed oral products.","No validated protection from heat illness, operational accidents or long-term harm.","Possible overlap with the Academy report; do not count as independent replication."]},{"id":"noopept-academy-2007","title":"Meteoadaptogenic properties of nootrop drugs","compoundIds":["noopept","cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-academy-2007","originalSource":"https://journals.eco-vector.com/1682-7392/article/view/710758","doi":"10.17816/brmma710758","year":2007,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"bibliographic-record","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher metadata and Russian abstract checked. A related manufacturer-hosted PDF is indexed, but direct download timed out; the PDF contents were not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Healthy men aged 20–24; −10°C, +45°C and hypoxia (reported pO₂ 109.9 mmHg)","summary":"The Academy abstract describes stressor-specific functional-state findings across four compounds, including Noopept. It emphasizes mental work capacity and heat/high-altitude adaptation.","limitations":["The current publisher record says 2007, issue 4, pp. 61–66; later bibliographies cite 2008. Original issue verification remains open.","This abstract differs from the Eksp Klin Farmakol summary, including the Cortexin/cold account. Differences are preserved pending table-level review.","Possible cohort overlap with the 2007 paper; not independent replication."]},{"id":"noopept-eeg-2008","title":"Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristic of noopept in patients with mild cognitive impairment of posttraumatic and vascular origin","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-eeg-2008","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19008801/","doi":null,"year":2008,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary-paper record and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Patients with traumatic or vascular brain disease and cognitive/asthenic symptoms","summary":"The authors report EEG spectral changes during Noopept treatment, with differences between vascular and posttraumatic groups.","limitations":["Clinical-trial indexing does not establish random allocation or a controlled design; design remains unclassified here.","EEG changes are not proof of meaningful cognitive improvement or healthy-worker benefit."]},{"id":"noopept-ngf-bdnf-2008","title":"Noopept stimulates the expression of NGF and BDNF in rat hippocampus","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-ngf-bdnf-2008","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19240853/","doi":"10.1007/s10517-008-0297-x","year":2008,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary-paper record and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rats; acute and repeated administration, regional mRNA measurements","summary":"The investigators measured hippocampal NGF and BDNF expression and found increases under the studied conditions. Cortical responses differed.","limitations":["mRNA measurements in rats do not establish brain neurotrophin changes in humans.","This does not demonstrate dementia prevention, occupational protection or lasting cognitive benefit."]},{"id":"noopept-hif-2016","title":"Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Action of Substituted Pro-Gly Dipeptide Noopept","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-hif-2016","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4837574/","doi":null,"year":2016,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Primary article abstract and indexed full-text discussion checked; no independent replication appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"HEK293 cell reporter assays, chemical hypoxia mimic and molecular docking","summary":"Noopept increased HIF-1 reporter activity in this experimental system. Docking suggested a possible interaction with prolyl hydroxylase 2.","limitations":["Docking is a mechanistic proposal, not demonstrated target engagement in humans.","Cell reporter activity cannot establish protection against heat, hypoxia or occupational injury."]},{"id":"noopept-cell-2000","title":"Neuroprotective properties of nootropic dipeptide GVS-111 in in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation, glutamate toxicity and oxidative stress","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-cell-2000","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11177296/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"in-vitro","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary-paper record and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Cultured cerebellar granule cells; experimental injury models","summary":"GVS-111 showed protective effects in oxygen/glucose deprivation and glutamate/oxidative-stress models; piracetam did not attenuate glutamate toxicity in this experiment.","limitations":["Cell survival is not human clinical neuroprotection.","The assay-specific piracetam comparison is not a clinical superiority result."]},{"id":"noopept-choline-2001","title":"Behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of the choline-positive effect of nootropic dipeptide acylproline (GVS-111)","compoundIds":["noopept"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-choline-2001","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11548439/","doi":null,"year":2001,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary-paper record and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Animal learning models and isolated Helix snail neurons","summary":"Behavioral and electrophysiological findings suggested involvement of muscarinic and nicotinic signaling in the response to GVS-111.","limitations":["Mixed animal and isolated-neuron experiments; no human cholinergic mechanism demonstrated.","These findings do not support personal supplement combinations."]},{"id":"noopept-hypoxia-1998","title":"Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats","compoundIds":["noopept","semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/noopept-hypoxia-1998","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9606516/","doi":null,"year":1998,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary abstract identified; full author list and methods remain pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Rat hypoxia / cerebral-ischemia memory models","summary":"The indexed abstract identifies GVS-111 among nootropics investigated in hypoxia/ischemia-associated memory impairment.","limitations":["Original results and compound-specific effects require full-paper extraction.","Not a human occupational trial."]},{"id":"antihypoxants-meteo-2009","title":"Meteoadaptogenic properties of antihypoxants","compoundIds":["hypoxen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/antihypoxants-meteo-2009","originalSource":"https://ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/view/744","doi":"10.30906/0869-2092-2009-72-6-36-41","year":2009,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Russian primary-publisher abstract and DOI checked; full text not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-04","population":"Healthy men aged 20–24; Tabai chamber heat, cold and hypobaric hypoxia","summary":"The healthy-volunteer chamber comparison reports environment-dependent effects. Hypoxen was associated with psychological and psychomotor responses during heat exposure; benefits were not uniform across the four agents and three environments.","limitations":["Noopept was not one of the tested drugs.","Comparator allocation, effect sizes and adverse-event reporting require full-text review."]},{"id":"heat-connectivity-2013","title":"Hyperthermia-induced disruption of functional connectivity in the human brain network","compoundIds":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/heat-connectivity-2013","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23593416/","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0061157","year":2013,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed primary-paper record and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"36 participants; approximately one-hour exposure at 25°C or 50°C","summary":"Resting-state fMRI showed heat-associated changes in functional connectivity. This provides environmental-physiology context for the research question.","limitations":["No Noopept, Bemitil or Bromantane intervention.","Does not show any compound preserves connectivity or makes hot work safer."]},{"id":"heat-connectivity-2026","title":"A Comprehensive Assessment of Physiological and Neural Changes Underlying Cognitive Performance after Heat Stress: A Randomized Clinical Trial","compoundIds":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/heat-connectivity-2026","originalSource":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/envhealth.5c00818","doi":"10.1021/envhealth.5c00818","year":2026,"evidenceType":"randomized-trial","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher abstract and indexed discussion checked; complete author transcription and methods appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"30 healthy adults; randomized crossover, two-hour exposure at 32°C and 22°C","summary":"The trial reports cognitive and regional functional-connectivity changes after heat exposure, with accompanying biomarker findings.","limitations":["Biomarkers suggest possible pathways rather than proving each causal mechanism.","No drug intervention; this cannot demonstrate Noopept or actoprotector effects."]},{"id":"seasonal-connectivity-2023","title":"Seasonal variations of functional connectivity of human brains","compoundIds":[],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/seasonal-connectivity-2023","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10558480/","doi":null,"year":2023,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Primary abstract and indexed discussion checked; article identity checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-29","population":"Human Connectome Project imaging grouped by season of scanning","summary":"The study found seasonal differences in resting-state functional measures, with autumn standing out in several analyses. Temperature and daylength were associated with measures.","limitations":["Seasonal grouping is observational and does not isolate temperature as a cause.","Does not establish a universal summer minimum, or test a pharmacological intervention."]},{"id":"neuropeptides-2013","title":"Neuroprotective effects of peptides bioregulators in people of various age","compoundIds":["cortexin","cerebrolysin","semax","cortagen","pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/neuropeptides-2013","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24738258/","doi":null,"year":2013,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Indexed English abstract checked; Russian full text not retrieved.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Review of earlier research","summary":"A gateway review comparing polypeptide complexes (Cortexin and Cerebrolysin) with short peptides (Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon). It discusses older populations and cellular mechanisms; the abstract supplies no trial-quality assessment.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"short-peptides-2013","title":"Mechanism of Biological Activity of Short Peptides: Cell Penetration and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression","compoundIds":["thymogen","vilon","normophthal","cartalax","pinealon","chonluten","vesugen","epitalon","prostamax","livagen","cortagen","pancragen","cardiogen","testagen","bronchogen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/short-peptides-2013","originalSource":"https://khavinson.info/assets/files/2013-Khavinson_Solovev.pdf","doi":"10.1134/S2079086413060042","year":2013,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Author-hosted English PDF and its peptide table checked. Each cited experiment remains a separate appraisal task.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Review of earlier research","summary":"Mechanistic review with a table of 15 short peptides on page 453. Tissue labels in the research map are the authors’ proposed targets, not established clinical indications.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"edr-2020-review","title":"EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease","compoundIds":["pinealon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/edr-2020-review","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7795577/","doi":"10.3390/molecules26010159","year":2020,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source scope and bibliographic record checked; underlying experiments require individual appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Review of earlier research","summary":"Reviews EDR/Pinealon mechanisms involving gene regulation, neuronal survival and oxidative-stress pathways. Its cited human reports need original-paper review; it is not a trial establishing Alzheimer’s treatment benefit.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"edr-ked-2021","title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides—Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease","compoundIds":["pinealon","ked"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/edr-ked-2021","originalSource":"https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/6/515","doi":"10.3390/ph14060515","year":2021,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source scope and bibliographic record checked; underlying experiments require individual appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"5xFAD mouse model and neuronal research","summary":"Investigates EDR and KED in an experimental Alzheimer’s model, including dendritic-spine and neuroplasticity measures. Animal-model findings do not establish human benefit.","limitations":["Animal disease model, not a healthy-person or clinical trial.","No effect size is entered without complete methods and endpoint review."]},{"id":"neuroepigenetics-2022","title":"Neuroepigenetic Mechanisms of Action of Ultrashort Peptides in Alzheimer’s Disease","compoundIds":["pinealon","ked","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/neuroepigenetics-2022","originalSource":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9032300/","doi":"10.3390/ijms23084259","year":2022,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source scope and bibliographic record checked; underlying experiments require individual appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Review of earlier research","summary":"Develops hypotheses connecting short peptides with gene regulation and neurodegenerative processes. Hypotheses are retained as mechanistic proposals, not clinical conclusions.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"transporters-2023","title":"Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters","compoundIds":["pinealon","epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/transporters-2023","originalSource":"https://khavinson.info/assets/files/skan/2023-khavinson_linkova_rudskoy.pdf","doi":null,"year":2023,"evidenceType":"unclassified","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Title, authors and abstract checked; detailed experimental/computational methods await appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Molecular transport feasibility investigation","summary":"Examines transporter interactions for 26 ultrashort peptides. Feasibility at this level is not demonstrated oral bioavailability, brain delivery or clinical efficacy.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"cortexin-chronas-2024","title":"CHRONAS: pilot study of chronic sleep disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cortexin-chronas-2024","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38676686/","doi":"10.17116/jnevro2024124041118","year":2024,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"English/Russian abstract checked. No wearable sleep-stage results are inferred.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"50 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and comorbidities","summary":"Prospective pilot report using sleep, sleepiness and other clinical questionnaires. The abstract describes changes after treatment, but does not describe a randomized untreated control.","limitations":["Clinical population differs from healthy maritime shift workers.","Before/after change does not isolate a treatment effect.","Questionnaires cannot validate the personal WHOOP REM/SWS observations."]},{"id":"epitalon-2025-review","title":"Overview of Epitalon—Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties","compoundIds":["epitalon"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/epitalon-2025-review","originalSource":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/6/2691","doi":"10.3390/ijms26062691","year":2025,"evidenceType":"review","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Source scope and bibliographic record checked; underlying experiments require individual appraisal.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Review of earlier research","summary":"Contemporary review of AEDG/Epitalon chemistry and experimental literature. Epithalamin extract and defined Epitalon peptide are distinguished; evidence for one is not automatically evidence for the other.","limitations":["Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.","A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety."]},{"id":"bromantane-2000-volunteers","title":"The neuro- and psychophysiological effects of bromantane","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bromantane-2000-volunteers","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10998997/","doi":null,"year":2000,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed record and English abstract checked; full paper not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"10 healthy volunteers","summary":"The placebo comparison reported EEG and tremor changes, but no change in subjective state or principal operator-performance measures in rested participants.","limitations":["Very small sample and single administration.","Randomization and allocation details were not established from the abstract.","The proposed relevance to fatigued operators was not demonstrated by this rested-volunteer comparison."]},{"id":"bromantane-1999-mechanisms","title":"The mechanisms of the neurotropic action of bromantan","compoundIds":["bromantane"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bromantane-1999-mechanisms","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10198757/","doi":null,"year":1999,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed record and English abstract checked.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Animal experiments and synaptosomal assays","summary":"Experimental work examined dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenergic responses. These are mechanistic observations, not evidence of human cognitive or sleep benefits.","limitations":["Species, assays, and exposures differ from everyday human use.","A neurotransmitter-related signal does not establish a clinical mechanism or long-term safety."]},{"id":"bemitil-1991-voyage","title":"Efficiency of preventive use of bemethyl during long-term voyages","compoundIds":["bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/bemitil-1991-voyage","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1885014/","doi":null,"year":1991,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Abstract; full original still not recovered","reviewScope":"PubMed record and English abstract checked. Clinical-trial indexing confirmed; control and allocation details require full-text review.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"Shipboard / long-voyage setting; sample size not entered from this abstract","summary":"The abstract reports changes in nonspecific-defense measures, operator working ability, and morbidity during prolonged voyages.","limitations":["The abstract does not provide effect sizes or enough design detail for appraisal.","Full-text cohort numbers require verification before inclusion.","No conclusion about toxic-exposure protection, sleep-deprived safety, or long-term use follows."]},{"id":"pinealon-2015-treadmill","title":"Investigation of the actoprotective properties of the tripeptide Pinealon","compoundIds":["pinealon","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pinealon-2015-treadmill","originalSource":"https://khavinson.info/assets/files/russ/2015-beliaeva.pdf","doi":null,"year":2015,"evidenceType":"animal","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Original Russian PDF located; title, opening summary, and study setting checked. Full methodological appraisal pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Rats; treadmill-to-exhaustion comparison with Metaprot","summary":"The report compares treadmill performance after a two-week course and describes persistence of a performance signal after Pinealon cessation.","limitations":["Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety.","No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review.","The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers."]},{"id":"peptides-2012-drivers","title":"The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among professional truck-drivers","compoundIds":["pinealon","vesugen"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/peptides-2012-drivers","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23734521/","doi":null,"year":2012,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed record and English abstract checked; intervention allocation and full methods not reviewed.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"150 male lorry drivers and 150 male metal craftsmen in the occupational comparison","summary":"The abstract describes occupational psychoemotional differences and reports changes with peptide bioregulators, including combined Pinealon and Vezugen.","limitations":["The occupational cohort size is not a verified randomized-treatment sample size.","Randomization, blinding, and intervention-group sizes are not established from the abstract.","Combination findings do not identify either peptide’s independent contribution or demonstrate fewer driving accidents."]},{"id":"thymalin-1983-burns","title":"The use of thymalin for the treatment of thermal injury","compoundIds":["thymalin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/thymalin-1983-burns","originalSource":"https://kazanmedjournal.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/86332","doi":"10.17816/kazmj86332","year":1983,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"full-text","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"Publisher page, Russian text, and English abstract checked. Full risk-of-bias review pending.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Patients receiving comprehensive treatment for thermal injury","summary":"The paper reports immune and hemostatic changes during adjunctive burn treatment. The authors explicitly acknowledge that comprehensive therapy contributed to the observed changes.","limitations":["Adjunctive treatment complicates causal attribution.","Randomization and blinding have not been verified.","Disease-specific observations do not establish benefits in healthy users."]},{"id":"semax-1997-stroke","title":"Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)","compoundIds":["semax"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/semax-1997-stroke","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517472/","doi":null,"year":1997,"evidenceType":"controlled-clinical","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Indexed abstract","reviewScope":"Indexed abstract rechecked; original allocation, attrition and adverse-event tables still unavailable.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"30 acute-stroke patients receiving adjunctive Semax and 80 conventional-care controls","summary":"The report studied Semax alongside intensive stroke care and described neurological and electrophysiological changes.","limitations":["Unequal comparison groups; randomized allocation is not established.","Background intensive treatment and stroke severity complicate attribution.","No inference about healthy-worker performance from this clinical setting."]},{"id":"cortexin-2014-open","title":"An open clinical trial of cortexin in treatment of brain ischemia","compoundIds":["cortexin"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/cortexin-2014-open","originalSource":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25403301/","doi":null,"year":2014,"evidenceType":"observational","sourceStatus":"english-abstract","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":null,"reviewScope":"PubMed record and English abstract checked. Open interventional report; grouped here with uncontrolled observational evidence.","reviewedAt":"2026-09-27","population":"Analysis of 500 patients with stage II brain ischemia","summary":"The authors describe before/after cognitive, affective, and neurological changes in an open treatment analysis.","limitations":["No untreated comparison is described in the abstract.","The analysis sample is 500; the larger screening population is not the analyzed sample.","This paper did not measure wearable sleep stages and cannot validate the n=1 diary."]},{"id":"pirabel-fatigue-2019","title":"Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2","compoundIds":["pirabel","piracetam","bemitil"],"url":"https://molekul.io/research/pirabel-fatigue-2019","originalSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352837419_RABOTOSPOSOBNOST_UTOMLENIE_KORREKCIA_EFFICIENCY_FATIGUE_CORRECTION","doi":null,"year":2019,"evidenceType":"human-comparative","sourceStatus":"russian-only","sourceKind":null,"reviewDepth":"Section 6.2; allocation appraisal incomplete","reviewScope":"Recovered 330-page attachment: title page and section text checked; page 184 visually inspected. Full independent methods review not completed.","reviewedAt":"2026-10-02","population":"78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25, divided into eight groups; six-hour physical-load model","summary":"The book describes a double-blind comparison including placebo, Bemitil, and Pirabel, with performance and recovery measures. It reports endpoint-specific differences, not universal improvement.","limitations":["Group allocation is described as equivalent groups; randomization has not been established.","No piracetam-only group appears in the listed comparison, so this cannot establish pharmacological synergy.","A monograph report is not independent replication; original cited reports require retrieval.","Young volunteers performing controlled physical work do not establish effects on sleep, watchkeeping, or toxic-exposure safety."]}]}