Educational research navigation, not medical advice. These are overlapping research traditions, not a proven continuous program or a treatment pathway. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.

HUMAN TRIALS / STUDY DESIGN

Placebo-controlled research ↗

Compare inactive-placebo studies, double blinding, participants and numerical results across the library.

DISEASE EVIDENCE / OCTOBER 2026

Stroke research matrix ↗

Human outcomes, experimental peptides, neutral findings and safety, with source-by-source comparisons.

PEPTIDE FAMILIES / OCTOBER 2026

Russian peptide design programs ↗

Grouped analogue records, neurotrophin signaling comparisons, marrow peptides and related source updates.

OPIOID-PEPTIDE RESEARCH

Dalargin: stress and tissue injury ↗

Enkephalin design, animal hypoxia experiments, trauma comparisons and historical patent proposals.

MOLEKUL PERSPECTIVES

Function under pressure ↗

The philosophy of Soviet and Russian performance pharmacology: adaptation, physiological cost and reliable function.

POLYPHENOLIC ANTIHYPOXANT

Hypoxen / Olifen ↗

Environmental stress, mitochondrial experiments, toxicology and historical combination research.

Multiple sclerosis research ↗

Cortexin studies, the Bemitil patent, adjacent autoimmune research and historical metabolic sources.

Gazprom program and Far North research ↗

Congress citation, reproduced report, Cherkashin dissertation and preparation-specific evidence gaps.

Expanded peptide research ↗

Marrow and thymus preparations, Stemokin, CP-88, tissue-product leads and source-lineage gaps.

ACTH / TUFTSIN / PGP

Semax & Selank research ↗

Clinical comparisons, laboratory mechanisms and Soviet precursor-document trails.

PEPTIDES / EXTRACTS / SOURCES

Khavinson evidence map ↗

Explore 25 preparations across laboratory, animal and human research, with identity distinctions and open questions.

Nootropil / Piracetam ↗

Original nootropic concept, healthy-volunteer studies and Soviet operator research.

Bromantane & Bemitil research ↗

Expanded profiles, clinical and preclinical records, source lineage and the searchable 62-topic Bemitil map.

Bioregulators: Cartalax, PCC & parent extracts ↗

Molecular identification, the expanded Cortexin archive, patent provenance and unresolved human trials.

Phenotropil / Carphedon lineage ↗

Tartu animal studies, the IMBP patent, clinical trials and unresolved archive targets.

Noopept & environmental-stress research ↗

Human chamber studies, preclinical mechanisms, heat-connectivity research and the Ganapolsky dissertation trail.

Adaptation

Lazarev · Brekhman

Nonspecific resistance and plant-adaptogen research.

Eleutherococcus, Rhodiola, Schisandra

Historical research trail; original sources and individual plant evidence remain to be added.

Fatigue & actoprotection

Vinogradov · Bobkov · Shustov

Workload-specific research, antihypoxants and combinations.

Bemitil, Pirabel, Picamilon, Amtizol, Etomerzol, Yakton, Sydnocarb, Phenotropil, Pantogam, Phenibut

Existing source-linked compounds sit alongside explicitly unresolved expansion leads.

Adamantane pharmacology

I. S. Morozov and collaborators

Bromantane, neuropharmacology and stressor-dependent performance.

Bromantane, Chlodantane, Bromitil

Do not conflate I. S. Morozov’s adamantane work with V. G. Morozov’s peptide work.

Peptide bioregulation

Khavinson · V. G. Morozov · Linkova · collaborators

Tissue-derived preparations and defined short-peptide research.

Thymalin, Cortexin, Pinealon, Epitalon and the 2013 catalogue

Adjacent Semax and Cerebrolysin research has distinct developmental histories.

Metabolic support

Elistratov · related Military Medical Academy research

B-100/B-200/B-300 formulations and separate cofactor preparations.

B-300, Bemitil, Trekrezan; Binavit as a separate formulation

A shared metabolic theme is not proof of common composition or historical descent.

2013 / GATEWAY DOCUMENTS

Scope of the two reviews

Umnov, Linkova and Khavinson compare Cortexin and Cerebrolysin with Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon. The separate short-peptide mechanism review adds a broader catalogue. These reviews organize the literature; neither is a new clinical trial.

2013ReviewEnglish abstract

Neuroprotective effects of peptides bioregulators in people of various age

R. S. Umnov, N. S. Linkova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Adv Gerontol. 26(4):671–678. PMID 24738258

A gateway review comparing polypeptide complexes (Cortexin and Cerebrolysin) with short peptides (Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon). It discusses older populations and cellular mechanisms; the abstract supplies no trial-quality assessment.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Indexed English abstract checked; Russian full text not retrieved.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2013ReviewFull text available

Mechanism of Biological Activity of Short Peptides: Cell Penetration and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression

V. Kh. Khavinson, A. Yu. Solovyev, S. I. Tarnovskaya, N. S. Linkova · Biology Bulletin Reviews 3(6):451–455

Mechanistic review with a table of 15 short peptides on page 453. Tissue labels in the research map are the authors’ proposed targets, not established clinical indications.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Author-hosted English PDF and its peptide table checked. Each cited experiment remains a separate appraisal task.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2013 source table, page 453 · authors’ proposed targets, not established indications
Research peptide	Target label in the review	Scope and limitations
Thymogen ↗	Immune regulation	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Vilon ↗	Tissue regeneration	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Normophthal ↗	Retina	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Cartalax ↗	Joints	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Pinealon ↗	Brain	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Chonluten ↗	Respiratory system	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Vesugen ↗	Vascular system	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Epitalon ↗	Neuroendocrine system	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Prostamax ↗	Prostate	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Livagen ↗	Liver	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Cortagen ↗	Brain	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Pancragen ↗	Pancreas	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Cardiogen ↗	Myocardium	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Testagen ↗	Testes	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.
Bronchogen ↗	Bronchi	Catalogue-level source link; underlying studies require appraisal.

FORMULATIONS / KEEP IDENTITIES DISTINCT

B-300 and Binavit.

Elistratov’s B-300 belongs to the Bemitil/Trekrezan experimental-cocktail program. Binavit hosts the separate B-vitamin peripheral-nerve research collection. Their relationship here is an editorial research theme, not demonstrated historical descent or interchangeability.

The B-300 record now separates experimental formulation, operator accuracy and environmental research. The Binavit collection distinguishes product-specific documentation from wider B-vitamin evidence.

B-300 record ↗

Binavit / B-vitamin research ↗

Actovegin research ↗

Clinical trials in neuropathy and post-stroke cognition, with evidence limitations.

View B-300 alongside the historical combinations matrix ↗

2020–2025 / CONTINUING LITERATURE

The modern continuation.

Molecular proposals, animal experiments, clinical observations and reviews remain distinct evidence types. A later review does not independently replicate the studies it cites.

2020ReviewFull text available

EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease

V. Khavinson, N. Linkova, E. Kozhevnikova, S. Trofimova · Molecules 26(1):159; published December 31, 2020

Reviews EDR/Pinealon mechanisms involving gene regulation, neuronal survival and oxidative-stress pathways. Its cited human reports need original-paper review; it is not a trial establishing Alzheimer’s treatment benefit.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2021Animal / experimentalFull text available

Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides—Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Author list available on linked original paper · Pharmaceuticals 14(6):515

Investigates EDR and KED in an experimental Alzheimer’s model, including dendritic-spine and neuroplasticity measures. Animal-model findings do not establish human benefit.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Separate electrophysiology and spine-morphology experiments; each lists four groups of ten mice, five of each sex. Slices/cells are nested observations, not extra animals.

Results · Original full-text XML; methods and results narrative, not graph digitization
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Long-term potentiation	Peptide-associated trends did not reach statistical significance. The untreated model-versus-wild-type comparison also had p=0.057.
Pooled dendritic spine density, per 10 μm	Vehicle 11.31±0.36; KED 12.48±0.28 (p=0.103); EDR 12.64±0.31 (p=0.039).

Effects differ by sex and spine subtype. Check the statistical treatment of nested observations and inconsistent subtype values before further extraction. This is not a clinical Alzheimer’s trial.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: 5xFAD mouse model and neuronal research
Source reviewed: Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.

Study limitations

Animal disease model, not a healthy-person or clinical trial.
No effect size is entered without complete methods and endpoint review.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2022ReviewFull text available

Neuroepigenetic Mechanisms of Action of Ultrashort Peptides in Alzheimer’s Disease

Author list available on linked original paper · International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(8):4259

Develops hypotheses connecting short peptides with gene regulation and neurodegenerative processes. Hypotheses are retained as mechanistic proposals, not clinical conclusions.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2023Study design unresolvedFull text available

Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters

V. Kh. Khavinson, N. S. Linkova, A. I. Rudskoy, M. G. Petukhov · Original article; author-hosted PDF

Examines transporter interactions for 26 ultrashort peptides. Feasibility at this level is not demonstrated oral bioavailability, brain delivery or clinical efficacy.

Population / setting: Molecular transport feasibility investigation
Source reviewed: Title, authors and abstract checked; detailed experimental/computational methods await appraisal.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2024Uncontrolled human reportEnglish abstract

CHRONAS: pilot study of chronic sleep disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia

M. V. Putilina, N. I. Shabalina · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 124(4):118–126

Prospective pilot report using sleep, sleepiness and other clinical questionnaires. The abstract describes changes after treatment, but does not describe a randomized untreated control.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

CHRONAS: 50 patients, age 50.4 ± 2.26, with chronic cerebral ischemia and comorbid sleep problems. Cortexin 10 mg IM for ten days; assessments around days 11–15 and 30–31.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Timing of reported symptom changes	By days 11–15; maintained about one month
Sleep and cognition scores	Improvement described	No numerical PSQI/MMSE change or untreated comparison in abstract
Observed adverse drug interactions	None reported	With antihypertensives, antiplatelets and statins in this cohort

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 50 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and comorbidities
Source reviewed: English/Russian abstract checked. No wearable sleep-stage results are inferred.

Study limitations

Clinical population differs from healthy maritime shift workers.
Before/after change does not isolate a treatment effect.
Questionnaires cannot validate the personal WHOOP REM/SWS observations.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

2025ReviewFull text available

Overview of Epitalon—Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties

S. K. Araj, J. Brzezik, K. Mądra-Gackowska, Ł. Szeleszczuk · International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26(6):2691

Contemporary review of AEDG/Epitalon chemistry and experimental literature. Epithalamin extract and defined Epitalon peptide are distinguished; evidence for one is not automatically evidence for the other.

Population / setting: Review of earlier research
Source reviewed: Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.

Study limitations

Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-27.

Read the source ↗

ARCHIVAL RESEARCH

Research programs and open questions

These topics bring together published findings, related programs and questions that require original methods or participant records.

Research context

Gazprom / Far North

The Gazprom research page now includes the original 2016 report of 113 Urengoy workers, alongside the 2001 congress citation, program reproduction and dissertation trail. Shared sick-leave results and the narrative/table discrepancy are shown separately.

Research context

Tatenergo / locomotive crews

Industrial-worker and 2012 locomotive-brigade citations need original reports and methods. These populations should not be merged with the source-linked truck-driver comparison.

Research context

Modern Cortexin programs

CORTEX, CORNELia, younger-stroke, teachers/work capacity and adjunctive depression reports now have source-linked records in the Cortexin profile. Abstracts are checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain pending. CHRONAS retains its separate record.

Research context

Pinealon primary-source trail

Early viability/oxidative-stress reports, animal cognition/caspase work and a 72-patient traumatic-brain-injury report cited by later reviews remain primary-paper recovery tasks. A review’s mention is not a new independent trial.

Research context

Bemethyl analytical pharmacology

A 2021 study (PMID 34445727) identified nine Bemethyl metabolites in rat urine using mass spectrometry. Its occupational relevance remains unknown.

Research context

Expanded preparations

Epithalamin, Retinalamin, Prostatilen, PCC, Vasolin and Ventvil now have separate profiles. Crystagen, Ventfort, Vladonix, Svetinorm, Sigumir, Ovagen and Endoluten remain identity/formulation leads. Commercial mixtures must not be equated with defined short sequences without source verification.

Bibliography & PDFs ↗

Original-host links and explicit access status.

Personal WHOOP analysis ↗

Separate n=1 observations, outside the clinical evidence archive.