← Research topicsMOLEKUL EVIDENCE MAP / REVIEWED 9 NOVEMBER 2026

Military and occupational performance research

Soviet and Russian studies of work under heat, cold, hypoxia and fatigue, with original numerical results, historical programs, and an archival acquisition map.

Historical cohort counts ↗ · Military program archive ↗ · Original papers and cohort audit ↗

Cross-program historical working tally

9,273

9,568 including additional screening. The tally includes controls and nonpeptide groups.

See the count ↓

Furgal · military immunology

7,630

Thirteen military units and multiple intervention and observation series. Included in the historical tally.

Findings and methods ↓

Medilab · aerospace stress testing

116 volunteers

Three comparison series inside Cheprasov’s reported 328-person program.

Findings and methods ↓

Separate intervention results from stress physiology and program history. Exposure in a chamber, a voyage, an animal model and a clinical rehabilitation study answer different questions.

Results at a glance

The studies range from healthy-volunteer stress tests to rehabilitation after injury. Animal endpoints are identified separately. The cohort table below shows how the historical headcounts were assembled.

Selected results and the context needed to interpret them
Study	Study population	Reported result and context
Liberol under simulated altitude and exertion	Human dissertation series, group sizes unverified	7.0 → 7.5 km altitude ceiling · 850 → 950 s under hypoxiaAuthor-reported results from the dissertation conclusions. Full group tables are unavailable.
Cortexin and Semax during prolonged cold stress	90 rats, 30 in each arm	Day 14 weighted swim: 3.2 min Semax · 1.3 Cortexin · 1.3 placeboSwim time fell from baseline in all groups. The 2023 companion paper repeats the same six time points.
Military immunization and infection prevention	7,630 across 13 units, including a 240-person donor series	At least 83.7% immune responders vs 60.5% with standard vaccinationDonor immune response in the peptide-inclusive comparison. Exact treatment-arm counts within that series are unresolved.
Field exercise and recovery	570 in program, 320 in Chapter 5, 310 in the printed table	Recovery PWC170: 343.5 W Metaprot · 346.4 W Cortexin · 317.4 W placeboDescriptive means for one genetic subgroup. The conference and dissertation describe different exercise protocols.
Medilab aerospace stress testing	116 volunteers in three series within the reported 328	Motion tolerance: +89% Cortexin · +73% Thymogen · +68% EpithalaminReported relative to control in the Coriolis series, with ten per arm. Hypoxia and prolonged-work tests used separate groups.
Cortexin and motion tolerance	86 screened, 32 entered the comparison	96.2 → 151.6 s Cortexin · 90.0 → 86.5 s salineCoriolis test before and after a ten-day course in selected volunteers.
Bemitil during a maritime voyage	298 maritime operators, detailed testing in 20	13.7% longer static-effort enduranceReported in treated sailors. How the testing subset was allocated remains unclear.
Combined-injury rehabilitation	317 screened, 76 selected, 60 analyzed	516.0 → 569.3 Cortexin · 526.1 → 509.8 standard careWork-capacity scores over 14 days. Each analyzed arm had 15 patients.
Thymogen and severe simulated altitude	Rat experiment, arm sizes unverified	28.6 vs 2.2 min at 11,500 mThymogen 0.1 mg/kg versus saline after three days of dosing. Sixteen matching arms appear in two publications and are indexed once.
VIR-8 under cold and heat	Mouse experiment, ten per group	12.5 vs 4.5 s in cold · 16.8 vs 16.9 s in heatLoaded swim with hypoxia. The cold comparison favored VIR-8 (p=0.0002). The heat comparison was neutral (p=0.99).

Historical cohort counts

The working tally covers military, aerospace, sports and environmental research. It includes controls, observational participants and nonpeptide groups. The study tables show which related reports are counted together and where overlap remains unresolved.

Reported participant records across the historical archive
Research program	Records	What the number includes
Furgal, 1996 · military immunology and infection prevention	7,630	Thirteen military units followed for 4–24 months in the immunocorrection series. The total includes vaccine, nonpeptide and comparator groups, as well as the Thymalin and Thymogen subgroups.
Pyatibrat, 2016 · military operational performance	570	Overall dissertation program. Chapter 5 reports a 320-person comparison inside that program. The published treatment table adds to 310.
Cheprasov, 1997 · aerospace medicine	328	The text and Table 1 report 328 people across 12 series. The stage counts add to 338, so the working total retains the author’s stated 328 pending reconciliation.
Khabarov, 2008 · military injury rehabilitation	76	Seventy-six selected from 317 screened for combined injuries. The additional 241 screened people are counted separately below.
Itemized sports and environmental studies	669	510 sports and exercise records plus 159 environmental and vestibular records. Related reports with unresolved overlap add no records.
Historical working total	9,273	Four parent programs plus the itemized sports and environmental cohorts.
Including additional screening	9,568	Also includes 241 screening records from Khabarov and 54 from Buynov outside the selected groups.

Publication overlap and counting decisions ↗

Occupational and environmental cohorts by study

159 reported participant records across 2 counted cohorts. This subtotal covers two comparisons outside the four parent programs above. The table also shows related reports, nested studies and separate rehabilitation or field cohorts for context.

Each study family contributes one count. Reports with possible overlap or an unresolved sample size add zero. The sources do not identify participants across independent programs, so these figures count records and may include some of the same people.

Reported sample sizes and their contribution to the archive tally
Study or report	Reported and counted	Counting decision
Shabanov et al., 2007 · Tabai chamber	127 across the program127 added	Use the journal methods denominator once across cold, heat and simulated altitude. The total includes peptide, nonpeptide and control arms.
Ganapolsky et al., 2007 · chamber proceedings	860 added	Held for possible overlap with the 127-person publication. Investigators, chamber and interventions overlap. The participant lists are unavailable.
Ganapolsky et al., 2007 · Academy report	No distinct cohort count established0 added	Related investigators and stress protocols. No separate count without participant matching.
Buynov et al., 2014 · vestibular tolerance	86 screened; 32 entered comparison32 added	Count the 32 selected volunteers. The extra 54 appear only in the screening-inclusive total. This was a vestibular test, separate from the 86-man Tabai climate report.
Sorokina et al., 2018 · vestibular training	28 (17 + 11)0 added	Held for possible reuse across the Buynov–Sorokina vestibular publications. The training protocol differs from the 2014 comparison.
Padalko, 2003 · Liberol under extreme conditions	Group denominators unverified0 added	Held. The dissertation conclusions report hypoxia, exercise and vestibular outcomes without group-level counts.
Glaznikov et al., 2002 · Cortexin plus vestibular training	Arm sizes unconfirmed0 added	No addition until the group sizes and links to related vestibular reports are confirmed.
Sports Pharmacology, Volume III, 2014 · simulated altitude	35–43 implied by the reported arm sizes0 added	Held. Four active arms of 6–8 and 11 saline controls give a range. Overlap with other aerospace work is unresolved.
Medilab · Cheprasov’s peptide subseries	116 across three series; eight in postflight series0 added	Nested in Cheprasov’s reported program of 328. No addition to the study-level subtotal.
Pyatibrat, 2016 · field comparison	320 described; 310 in Table 490 added	Nested in the 570-person dissertation program. Conference reporting adds no separate count.
Khabarov, 2008 · adjunctive treatment groups	60 analyzed within 76 selected0 added	Nested in the program count. The 241 additional people are screening records.
Furgal, 1993–1996 · immunology and prevention	240 donor-series and 211 Thymogen-prevention records0 added	Included within the 7,630-person dissertation program. The 1993 Thymogen report adds no separate count pending the original recruitment records.
Novikov, 1991 · Bemitil voyage	298, with detailed testing in 200 added	Separate archive population. This study is linked for context and remains outside this reconstruction of the athlete and chamber series.
Emelyanov et al., 2004 · brain-injury rehabilitation	187, including 107 combat injuries0 added	Separate patient series outside the athlete and chamber subtotal. Related publication and dissertation reuse is unresolved.
Sorkin, 2009 · radiation-accident responders	165 in the Chernobyl series0 added	Separate clinical rehabilitation series outside the athlete and chamber subtotal. Follow-up subgroups are part of the original groups.
Subtotal	159 records	2 counted cohorts.

What the occupational research measured

The human studies cover controlled chamber exposures, work at sea and follow-up in occupational groups. The animal studies test specific stressors, including reduced oxygen delivery, heat, cold and blood loss. The archival records show which institutions pursued these questions and which protocols remain missing.

Cold and heat produced different results

VIR-8 increased mouse swim time under hypoxia plus cold (12.5 vs 4.5 s, p=0.0002). Under hypoxia plus heat the times were 16.8 vs 16.9 s (p=0.99). Ten mice per group.

Temperature comparison ↗

Chamber outcomes depended on the task

In the 86-man proceedings report, Dilept was associated with 24% lower state anxiety and 19% lower trait anxiety in cold. Noopept was associated with fewer arithmetic errors in heat. Per-arm counts and doses are missing.

Read the chamber report ↗

Voyage performance came from a smaller subset

The Bemitil voyage report included 298 maritime operators, with detailed testing in a 20-person subset. The authors report 13.7% longer static-effort endurance and 6.7% shorter simple reaction latency in treated sailors. Allocation of the testing subset is unclear.

Voyage results and follow-up ↗

HISTORY AND RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY

Why extreme work became a research priority

Long voyages, diving, aviation and work in difficult climates put sustained demands on attention, coordination and physical effort. Research programs measured what happened to those abilities over time. The Tabai chamber made it possible to vary heat, cold and simulated altitude and observe how each condition affected different tasks.

Soviet and Russian performance pharmacologists used the term functional state for the person’s condition under load. They examined work output together with physiological strain and recovery. Adaptation studies asked how tolerance developed across repeated exposures. Antihypoxant and actoprotector programs explored oxygen handling, energy metabolism and fatigue. Peptide programs investigated narrower questions about particular preparations, tissues and outcomes.

An institutional history names Soviet guidance from 1987 and 1989 on combat readiness and work capacity. The 1991 voyage paper records how one group measured performance and recovery in the field. Later Academy records document climate-chamber research and renewed work on combined exposures. The guidance timeline shows which documents survive in the archive and which are known through citations.

The voyage and chamber records show how the philosophy became a study design. One followed workers during and after sustained deployment. The other compared responses under different exposures. VIR-8’s contrasting cold and heat results show why the specific stressor remains central to interpreting that literature.

Original voyage comparison ↗ · Military and aerospace program records ↗ · Guidance timeline ↗ · Molekul’s historical synthesis ↗

Which preparation was actually tested?

Identity and limits at a glance
Preparation	What it is	Where the evidence belongs
PPK-V (ППК «В»)	Calf cerebral cortex hydrolysate; PPK-B (ППК «Б») is brainstem-derived.	Rat hypoxia and loaded swim. No human PPK-V test in the paired-fraction patents.
Brain fractions A and B	2–5 kDa limbic/associated regions and 0.5–0.9 kDa midbrain; different from PPK-A/B/V.	Applicant-reported cycling and swimming data with substantial overlap between filings.
VIR-8	Named polypeptide complex; sequences and size profile unresolved.	Mouse cold finding alongside a neutral heat result. Identity with PPK-V unverified.
Soy hydrolysate	Food-derived peptide mixture, ~6 kDa average.	Rat nutrition experiment. Similar molecular mass does not establish common sequences.
Oleyl-Cortagen	Lipid-modified tetrapeptide; distinct from Cortagen and Cortexin.	Behavior and self-stimulation, with different central and systemic exposures.
Pineamin	Pineal polypeptide mixture; distinct from Pinealon, Epitalon and Epithalamin.	Animal stress-comparison tables missing. Human semen outcomes are separate.

Volunteer and field studies

Chamber, maritime, altitude, driver and occupational records are shown with their own denominators. The 86-man proceedings report and 127-man journal report may overlap.

2007 · Comparison in people · Original conference abstract

Ganapolsky’s 86-man climate-chamber conference report ↗

The abstract reports Dilept anxiety changes in cold, Noopept arithmetic-task findings in heat, and qualitative Cortexin work-capacity changes at simulated altitude.

Population / model: 86 healthy men aged 18–22, considered fit for military service; Tabai climate chamber with cold, heat and simulated altitude

Dilept · cold exposure: State anxiety −24%; trait anxiety −19%Percentages as reported; no arm sample size, baseline score or verified between-arm effect.
Noopept · heat exposure: Arithmetic errors reportedly fell to zeroThe task denominator, absolute starting error count and placebo contrast were not supplied.

Interpretation: Treatment allocation, masking, arm denominators and complete comparator data unavailable.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The abstract reports Dilept anxiety changes in cold, Noopept arithmetic-task findings in heat, and qualitative Cortexin work-capacity changes at simulated altitude.

86 healthy men aged 18–22, considered fit for military service; Tabai climate chamber with cold, heat and simulated altitude

Protocol information

The conference abstract does not report compound doses, routes, timing or per-arm denominators. Do not import these from the separate 127-man journal report.

Protocol source ↗ · Entire original conference abstract checked in the proceedings PDF; no full study report or tables accompany it

Reported findings and study figures · Entire original conference abstract checked in the proceedings PDF; no full study report or tables accompany it
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Dilept · cold exposure	State anxiety −24%; trait anxiety −19%	Percentages as reported; no arm sample size, baseline score or verified between-arm effect.
Noopept · heat exposure	Arithmetic errors reportedly fell to zero	The task denominator, absolute starting error count and placebo contrast were not supplied.
Noopept · cold and heat	Favorable self-rated functional state; less anxiety described	Different anxiety measures across conditions; no complete estimates.
Cortexin · simulated altitude	Higher work-capacity indices described	The conference abstract does not provide magnitudes or uncertainty. Psychological effects were described as smaller than with Dilept or Noopept.
Placebo comparator	Narrative and p-value conflict	“Did not differ” is accompanied by p<0.05. No correction inferred.

The outcomes are condition-specific and largely qualitative. Use the journal record for its separate tables and route details, with possible cohort overlap kept visible.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Entire original conference abstract checked in the proceedings PDF; no full study report or tables accompany it

The text says placebo and control measurements did not differ while printing p<0.05; this inconsistency cannot be resolved from the abstract.
This report may overlap the 2007 journal reports or 2008 dissertation. Do not add the 86 participants to those totals.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Noopept Cortexin Dilept

2007 · Controlled study in people · Research publication

Meteoadaptogenic properties of peptide drugs in healthy volunteers ↗

Noopept showed different performance and anxiety results under cold, heat and simulated altitude. The tables also distinguish Cortexin, Dilept and Vinpotropil.

Population / model: 127 healthy men aged 20–24 across a three-day environmental program; active groups reported as 10–20, placebo 8–10 per stage

Noopept PWC170 in cold: 189 ± 10 versus 162 ± 2Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical controlPlacebo comparison in the cold chamber; source PWC170 values, units not added
Noopept PWC170 in heat: 188 ± 6 versus 152 ± 1Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical controlPlacebo in the heat chamber; values checked in Table 2

Interpretation: Random allocation and blinding not established; historical controls and baseline differences limit attribution.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Noopept showed different performance and anxiety results under cold, heat and simulated altitude. The tables also distinguish Cortexin, Dilept and Vinpotropil.

127 healthy men across the program; active subgroups 10–20 and placebo 8–10 per stage. Program size is not the number given Noopept. Cold −10°C, heat +45°C and simulated altitude 3,000 m.

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher PDF, printed pages 42–44: legacy Cyrillic text decoded and selected results rows checked; visual table appraisal remains open
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Noopept PWC170 in cold	189 ± 10 versus 162 ± 2	Placebo comparison in the cold chamber; source PWC170 values, units not added · Cold chamber · Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical control
Noopept PWC170 in heat	188 ± 6 versus 152 ± 1	Placebo in the heat chamber; values checked in Table 2 · Heat chamber · Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical control
Noopept arithmetic errors in heat	0 ± 0 versus 0.8 ± 0.2	Placebo in the heat chamber; test-specific errors · Heat chamber · Source significance marker versus placebo and historical control
Noopept state / trait anxiety in heat	27 ± 3 / 27 ± 2	Historical controls: 38 ± 2 / 34 ± 3; retain separate comparison identities · Heat chamber · Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical control
Noopept PWC170 at simulated altitude	197 ± 8 versus 154 ± 3	Concurrent placebo; source values · Simulated 3,000 m · Source marks p<0.05 versus placebo and historical control
Noopept activity self-rating in heat	5.9 ± 0.4 versus 4.2 ± 0.2	Historical no-drug controls; the placebo value is separately shown in the table · Heat chamber

Cold chamber (−10°C): selected reported rows

Cold chamber (−10°C): selected reported rows
Setting	Preparation	Grip strength, kg	PWC170	Max oxygen uptake, L	Arithmetic actions	Arithmetic errors	State anxiety	Trait anxiety	Well-being	Activity	Mood
Before chamber	Historical no-drug control	46 ± 5	153 ± 7	1.5 ± 0.01	10.5 ± 1.2	1.2 ± 0.8	33 ± 3	31 ± 4	5.6 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Cortexin	42 ± 1b	155 ± 1b	1.5 ± 0.001	9.3 ± 1.7	1.5 ± 0.6	33 ± 3	31 ± 4	5.6 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.3	5.7 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Vinpotropil	44 ± 3	219 ± 9ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	10.5 ± 1.0	2.1 ± 0.9	35 ± 3	32 ± 3	5.1 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.2	4.8 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Noopept	46 ± 3	189 ± 3ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.2 ± 1.2	0.4 ± 0.2	28 ± 2a	27 ± 2	6.0 ± 0.9	6.3 ± 0.8	6.2 ± 0.7
Before chamber	Dilept	42 ± 1b	176 ± 1ab	1.5 ± 0.02	10.8 ± 1.8	0.8 ± 0.4	28 ± 2a	28 ± 3	6.2 ± 0.7	5.4 ± 0.7	5.8 ± 0.3
Before chamber	Placebo	48 ± 2	159 ± 3	1.5 ± 0.01	9.7 ± 0.7	1.2 ± 0.6	31 ± 4	31 ± 3	5.6 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.3	5.6 ± 0.4
In chamber	Historical no-drug control	45 ± 5	165 ± 7	1.5 ± 0.01	9.8 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 0.4	38 ± 2	34 ± 3	5.0 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.4
In chamber	Cortexin	45 ± 3	210 ± 7ab	1.6 ± 0.02ab	11.0 ± 1.9	0.3 ± 0.3ab	38 ± 4	31 ± 4	5.2 ± 0.3	4.7 ± 0.4	5.1 ± 0.4
In chamber	Vinpotropil	45 ± 2	219 ± 13ab	1.6 ± 0.02ab	7.5 ± 0.8b	0.5 ± 0.2ab	36 ± 2	28 ± 3a	4.9 ± 0.3b	4.9 ± 0.1	5.1 ± 0.3
In chamber	Noopept	44 ± 2	189 ± 10ab	1.6 ± 0.02ab	10.6 ± 1.5	1.6 ± 0.6	30 ± 3a	27 ± 3a	5.3 ± 0.3	6.0 ± 1.1a	6.4 ± 0.8
In chamber	Dilept	41 ± 1ab	182 ± 5ab	1.7 ± 0.01ab	10.8 ± 1.9	0.8 ± 0.4a	29 ± 3a	28 ± 3a	5.9 ± 0.5a	5.3 ± 0.3a	5.4 ± 0.6
In chamber	Placebo	47 ± 2	162 ± 2	1.5 ± 0.01	10.0 ± 0.6	1.2 ± 0.5	33 ± 3	32 ± 3	5.4 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.4	5.5 ± 0.3

Reported central values with source uncertainty terms. a: p<0.05 versus no-drug control; b: p<0.05 versus placebo. Groups already differed before chamber entry. Historical controls are not concurrent randomized controls. Legacy text decoding was checked; full visual appraisal remains open.

Heat chamber (+45°C): selected reported rows

Heat chamber (+45°C): selected reported rows
Setting	Preparation	Grip strength, kg	PWC170	Max oxygen uptake, L	Arithmetic actions	Arithmetic errors	State anxiety	Trait anxiety	Well-being	Activity	Mood
Before chamber	Historical no-drug control	47 ± 3	161 ± 4	1.5 ± 0.01	10.5 ± 1.0	1.2 ± 0.8	33 ± 2	31 ± 4	5.6 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Cortexin	43 ± 2	181 ± 5ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	11.5 ± 1.6	0.67 ± 0.2	35 ± 3	32 ± 3	5.1 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.2	4.8 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Vinpotropil	45 ± 2	189 ± 9ab	1.6 ± 0.02ab	10.7 ± 1.0	0.9 ± 0.4	29 ± 3	26 ± 3	5.9 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.2ab	5.9 ± 0.3
Before chamber	Noopept	48 ± 3	182 ± 3ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.6 ± 1.3	0.8 ± 0.4	28 ± 3a	27 ± 3	6.1 ± 0.2a	6.1 ± 0.3ab	6.4 ± 0.3ab
Before chamber	Dilept	44 ± 2	180 ± 7ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.7 ± 1.8	0.7 ± 0.2	26 ± 3ab	28 ± 3	5.4 ± 0.2	4.6 ± 0.5b	4.9 ± 0.2
Before chamber	Placebo	46 ± 2	164 ± 2	1.5 ± 0.01	11.0 ± 0.6	1.0 ± 0.1	32 ± 3	30 ± 3	5.5 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.5
In chamber	Historical no-drug control	47 ± 4	151 ± 5	1.5 ± 0.01	9.8 ± 1.9	2.5 ± 0.4	38 ± 2	34 ± 3	5.0 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.4
In chamber	Cortexin	39 ± 1a	155 ± 9	1.5 ± 0.02	9.6 ± 1.1	0.8 ± 0.7a	36 ± 2	28 ± 3a	4.9 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.1a	5.1 ± 0.3
In chamber	Vinpotropil	41 ± 2a	202 ± 11ab	1.6 ± 0.02ab	10.3 ± 1.1	0.7 ± 0.4a	31 ± 3	27 ± 3ab	5.7 ± 0.2ab	5.6 ± 0.2ab	5.9 ± 0.3b
In chamber	Noopept	44 ± 3	188 ± 6ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	12.0 ± 1.4	0 ± 0ab	27 ± 3ab	27 ± 2ab	6.2 ± 0.3ab	5.9 ± 0.4ab	6.2 ± 0.2ab
In chamber	Dilept	42 ± 2	174 ± 9ab	1.5 ± 0.01ab	10.5 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 0.5a	27 ± 3ab	28 ± 2ab	5.1 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.2a	4.9 ± 0.2
In chamber	Placebo	42 ± 4	152 ± 1	1.5 ± 0.01	10.9 ± 1.3	0.8 ± 0.2	34 ± 3	33 ± 3	5.3 ± 0.2	4.9 ± 0.3	5.3 ± 0.2

Simulated altitude (3,000 m): selected reported rows

Simulated altitude (3,000 m): selected reported rows
Setting	Preparation	Grip strength, kg	PWC170	Max oxygen uptake, L	Arithmetic actions	Arithmetic errors	State anxiety	Trait anxiety	Well-being	Activity	Mood
Before chamber	Historical no-drug control	46 ± 5	151 ± 4	1.3 ± 0.01	10.5 ± 1.0	1.2 ± 0.8	33 ± 2	31 ± 4	5.6 ± 0.3	4.9 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.5
Before chamber	Cortexin	42 ± 2	170 ± 5a	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.7 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.12	34 ± 3	32 ± 3	5.6 ± 0.3	5.1 ± 0.2	5.5 ± 0.3
Before chamber	Vinpotropil	46 ± 2	195 ± 5ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.0 ± 0.5	0.5 ± 0.2	28 ± 3	27 ± 3	6.1 ± 0.2ab	6.1 ± 0.3ab	6.4 ± 0.3ab
Before chamber	Noopept	47 ± 3	202 ± 3ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	11.2 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.2	29 ± 3	26 ± 2	5.9 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.2a	5.9 ± 0.3
Before chamber	Dilept	41 ± 1	181 ± 3ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	14.2 ± 3.0	1.0 ± 0.6	27 ± 3a	28 ± 2	6.2 ± 0.2ab	5.8 ± 0.1a	5.8 ± 0.2
Before chamber	Placebo	46 ± 4	162 ± 5	1.5 ± 0.01	10.1 ± 0.8	0.6 ± 0.1	33 ± 3	30 ± 3	5.5 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.4
In chamber	Historical no-drug control	46 ± 4	145 ± 5	1.3 ± 0.01	9.8 ± 1.9	3 ± 0.6	38 ± 2	34 ± 3	5.0 ± 0.1	4.2 ± 0.2	5.4 ± 0.4
In chamber	Cortexin	41 ± 2	170 ± 6ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	9.7 ± 0.6	0.2 ± 0.2a	34 ± 3	32 ± 3	5.4 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.2ab	5.4 ± 0.2
In chamber	Vinpotropil	44 ± 2	196 ± 6ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	10.4 ± 0.9	0.8 ± 0.3a	27 ± 3ab	27 ± 2ab	6.2 ± 0.3ab	5.9 ± 0.4ab	6.2 ± 0.2ab
In chamber	Noopept	45 ± 3	197 ± 8ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	11.4 ± 1.7	2.2 ± 2.2	31 ± 4a	27 ± 3ab	5.7 ± 0.2a	5.6 ± 0.2ab	5.9 ± 0.3
In chamber	Dilept	41 ± 1	186 ± 6ab	1.6 ± 0.01ab	12.6 ± 2.5	0.6 ± 0.4a	28 ± 3a	28 ± 3ab	6.3 ± 0.2ab	5.6 ± 0.3ab	6.1 ± 0.3ab
In chamber	Placebo	46 ± 4	154 ± 3	1.5 ± 0.01	9.5 ± 1.0	0.6 ± 0.2	33 ± 3	34 ± 3	5.4 ± 0.3	4.6 ± 0.1	5.6 ± 0.2

Pre-chamber group differences, historical controls and unclear allocation limit attribution. The preparation-specific rows cannot be applied interchangeably to all four compounds. Experimental formulations and short chamber tasks do not establish safe performance during dangerous work.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-01

Previously reviewed original journal PDF methods and selected tables. The separately recovered 86-man proceedings abstract is related; participant overlap remains unresolved.

Exact arm-by-environment denominators remain unresolved; 127 is the program total, not Noopept enrollment.
Experimental intranasal peptide preparations are not equivalent to marketed oral products.
No validated protection from heat illness, operational accidents or long-term harm.
Possible overlap with the Academy report; do not count as independent replication.

Full source record ↗

Noopept Cortexin Dilept Vinpotropil

2007 · Comparison in people · Research publication

Meteoadaptogenic properties of nootrop drugs ↗

The Academy abstract describes stressor-specific functional-state findings across four compounds, including Noopept. It emphasizes mental work capacity and heat/high-altitude adaptation.

Population / model: Healthy men aged 20–24; −10°C, +45°C and hypoxia (reported pO₂ 109.9 mmHg)

Noopept: Favorable psychological measures in heat and cold; physical efficiency reported in heatNo effect sizes in the publisher abstract.
Cortexin and Vinpotropil: Cortexin effects described in cold and hypoxia; Vinpotropil in cold and heatDistinct preparations and endpoints.

Interpretation: The current publisher record says 2007, issue 4, pp. 61–66; later bibliographies cite 2008. Original issue verification remains open.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Qualitative, stressor-specific comparisons.

Academy report on cold, heat and hypobaric hypoxia, with cohort overlap unresolved.

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher abstract; full tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Noopept	Favorable psychological measures in heat and cold; physical efficiency reported in heat	No effect sizes in the publisher abstract.
Cortexin and Vinpotropil	Cortexin effects described in cold and hypoxia; Vinpotropil in cold and heat	Distinct preparations and endpoints.
Dilept	Favorable psychological functional-state measures described	No numerical comparison or group counts in the abstract.

Related to the 86-man and 127-man reports. Avoid pooling or importing their doses and estimates.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher metadata and Russian abstract checked. A related manufacturer-hosted PDF is indexed, but direct download timed out; the PDF contents were not appraised.

This abstract differs from the Eksp Klin Farmakol summary, including the Cortexin/cold account. Differences are preserved pending table-level review.
Possible cohort overlap with the 2007 paper; not independent replication.

Full source record ↗

Noopept Cortexin Dilept Vinpotropil

2009 · Comparison in people · Research publication

Meteoadaptogenic properties of antihypoxants ↗

The healthy-volunteer chamber comparison reports environment-dependent effects. Hypoxen was associated with psychological and psychomotor responses during heat exposure; benefits were not uniform across the four agents and three environments.

Population / model: Healthy men aged 20–24; Tabai chamber heat, cold and hypobaric hypoxia

Hypoxen · heat: Favorable subjective and mental work measures describedNo numerical effect, duration or arm sizes in the checked abstract.
Other arms: Different patterns under cold, heat and simulated altitudeCytoflavin, Reamberin and Mexidol are distinct comparators.

Interpretation: Noopept was not one of the tested drugs.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Healthy men aged 20–24 in the Tabai thermobaric chamber; Hypoxen, Cytoflavin, Reamberin and Mexidol.

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher abstract; numerical tables not recovered in this review
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Hypoxen · heat	Favorable subjective and mental work measures described	No numerical effect, duration or arm sizes in the checked abstract.
Other arms	Different patterns under cold, heat and simulated altitude	Cytoflavin, Reamberin and Mexidol are distinct comparators.

Preliminary chamber results. The authors’ recommendations are not verified worker protection.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Russian primary-publisher abstract and DOI checked; full text not reviewed.

Comparator allocation, effect sizes and adverse-event reporting require full-text review.

Full source record ↗

Hypoxen / Olifen

2008 · Comparison in people · Research publication

Functional and metabolic changes of healthy volunteers after cold exposure and administration of meteoadaptogen Trekrezan ↗

In a 75-volunteer cold-exposure report, Trekrezan was described as normalizing physical and metabolic measures; the abstract provides exposure conditions but no numerical performance effect.

Population / model: 75 healthy men aged 20–24; cold chamber experiment

Physical and metabolic measures: Reported normalization after pretreatmentNo numerical work-capacity or cognitive-task change supplied
Participants: 75 healthy men

Interpretation: Allocation, blinding, group sizes and adverse-event reporting cannot be established from the abstract.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

In a 75-volunteer cold-exposure report, Trekrezan was described as normalizing physical and metabolic measures; the abstract provides exposure conditions but no numerical performance effect.

75 healthy men aged 20–24; controlled cold exposure.

Reported findings and study figures · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Physical and metabolic measures	Reported normalization after pretreatment	No numerical work-capacity or cognitive-task change supplied
Participants	75 healthy men
Exposure conditions	−10°C; wind 2.5 m/s; 40 minutes	Environmental challenge, not an outcome
Studied dose	0.2 g before cold exposure

This is the same publication as the canonical Trekrezan cold-exposure record, not independent replication.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-01

Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.

Possible overlap with the 2007 cold report is unresolved; do not count these as independent replication.
PubMed lists pages 62–67; some later bibliographies give 56–61.

Full source record ↗

Trekrezan

2002 · Comparison in people · Original human journal publication

Application of Cortexin to enhance human statokinetic resistance ↗

The publisher abstract reports improved statokinetic resistance after ten days of nasal Cortexin plus active sensory/vestibular training. It supplies no numerical treatment effect or denominator.

Population / model: Human statokinetic-resistance experiment; participant and group counts not supplied by the checked abstract

Statokinetic resistance: Improvement compared with control indexes described; no numerical change or uncertainty supplied
Reported treatment program: Ten-day intranasal Cortexin course with active sensory/vestibular trainingDose and frequency unavailable in the checked abstract

Interpretation: Participant counts, allocation, blinding, dose, exact numerical changes, uncertainty and adverse events absent from the checked abstract.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Human statokinetic-resistance comparison; nasal Cortexin plus active sensory/vestibular training. Group counts and allocation safeguards unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Ten-day intranasal Cortexin course combined with active vestibular, visual, proprioceptive and tactile training. Dose and frequency unavailable in the checked publisher abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher abstract, not a fully extracted treatment protocol

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher abstract; full numerical tables not extracted
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Statokinetic resistance	Improvement compared with control indexes described; no numerical change or uncertainty supplied
Reported treatment program	Ten-day intranasal Cortexin course with active sensory/vestibular training	Dose and frequency unavailable in the checked abstract
Attribution and safety gaps	Training contribution, drug-specific effect, adverse-event counts and human nasal pharmacokinetics not established

A combined training program, not an isolated Cortexin effect. It does not validate PPK-V, exercise-endurance claims or direct nose-to-brain delivery.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Promoted from a bibliography lead to an abstract-level source review. Original publisher metadata checked; training and drug effects cannot be separated from this abstract.

Concurrent training prevents attribution to Cortexin alone.
This is not a PPK-V trial, an exercise-endurance trial or a pharmacokinetic demonstration of nose-to-brain transport.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2003 · Study involving people · Research publication

Use of the peptide bioregulator Liberol to restore human functional reserves under extreme exposures ↗

Padalko reports a simulated altitude ceiling of 7.0 to 7.5 km and hypoxia reserve time of 850 to 950 seconds after Liberol. The conclusions do not supply group-level tables.

Population / model: Human occupational experiments; dissertation transcription

Simulated altitude ceiling: 7.0 → 7.5 kmAuthor-reported altitude tolerance.
Reported time reserve in hypoxia: 850 → 950 sThe conclusions describe simulated altitudes of 5–8 km.

Interpretation: The checked conclusions do not establish group sizes, allocation, precise dose or the size of a controlled treatment effect.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Separate human protocols for simulated altitude, vestibular loading, exercise and operator tasks. These values come from the dissertation conclusions.

Reported findings and study figures · Dissertation conclusions and Russian State Library catalogue checked. Full group tables unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Simulated altitude ceiling	7.0 → 7.5 km	Author-reported altitude tolerance.
Reported time reserve in hypoxia	850 → 950 s	The conclusions describe simulated altitudes of 5–8 km.
Muscular endurance	+28–39%	Author-reported range. Group-level tables are unavailable.
Vestibular symptoms	24–26% lower severity	Autonomic and sensory symptoms after motion stress.

The numerical claims are traceable to the dissertation conclusions. They add no participant records because the underlying cohorts and their sizes remain unverified.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Dissertation conclusions and Russian State Library catalogue checked. Full group tables unavailable.

Endocrine and adverse-event monitoring require the original tables.

Full source record ↗

Liberol / TRH research

1991 · Controlled study in people · Research publication

Efficiency of preventive use of bemethyl during long-term voyages ↗

The voyage comparison reported 20% fewer complaints, 6.7% shorter simple-reaction latency, half as many complex-reaction errors and 13.7% greater static-effort endurance in Bemitil-treated sailors. The original also reports laboratory results, adverse reactions and 30-day post-treatment follow-up.

Population / model: 298 maritime operators aged 19–38: 148 Bemitil, 150 placebo controls; detailed laboratory and performance tests in a 20-person subset

Fatigue, poor mood, headache and insomnia complaints: 20% lower frequencyAuthors’ reported change in treated sailors; absolute complaint counts are not given
Simple sensorimotor reaction: 6.7% shorter latencyReported change in treated sailors

Interpretation: Randomization and blinding procedures are not described. The 20-person testing subset is not broken down by treatment arm.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

The 298-person voyage comparison reported fewer complaints and better performance measures with Bemitil. Detailed immune and performance measurements were made in a 20-person subset. The paper also reports laboratory changes, adverse reactions and follow-up 30 days after treatment stopped.

298 maritime operators aged 19–38: Bemitil 148, placebo control 150. Detailed resistance and performance testing involved 20 people; their allocation is not stated clearly. Treatment began after one month at sea: 250–500 mg/day for 14 days. Examinations took place before, during and after prolonged voyages.

Dose, route and schedule

250–500 mg/day for 14 days, beginning after one month at sea. Placebo controls. Measurements before, during and after voyages, including 30 days after treatment stopped. Route not explicitly stated in the inspected Russian methods.

Protocol source ↗ · Original scan, printed page 37

Reported findings and study figures · Recovered original journal scan, printed pages 37–39; Tables 1–2 and results visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Fatigue, poor mood, headache and insomnia complaints	20% lower frequency	Authors’ reported change in treated sailors; absolute complaint counts are not given · After the course; precise assessment interval is not separately stated
Simple sensorimotor reaction	6.7% shorter latency	Reported change in treated sailors
Complex sensorimotor reaction	Errors reduced twofold	Reported change in treated sailors; raw error totals not printed
Static-effort endurance	13.7% increase	Reported change in treated sailors
Critical flicker fusion and two-minute step-test index	Both increased	No numerical amount given in the narrative
Phagocyte uptake capacity	40.2% increase	Narrative report after the 14-day course; Table 1 gives 20.08 → 28.15 relative units
Phagocytosis intensity	18% increase reported in narrative	The narrative separately says the degree of phagocytic reaction did not change; Table 1 reports a different measure. These endpoints should not be merged.
Phagocyte loss after 120 minutes	24.4% → 14.9%	Reported reduction in relative cell loss · p<0.05
Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity	Maintained in treated sailors	Control values fell 11.7% and 6.1%, respectively
Skin bactericidal index	18.9% increase	Narrative change after treatment; raw values in Table 1
Skin microbial contamination	41% reduction	p<0.01
Overall morbidity	18.3% treated; 81.7% control	The paper prints these percentages without raw case counts or a clear denominator. They must not be converted to individual illness risks or a relative-risk reduction.
Respiratory and class-I illnesses	29% treated; 42% control	Share of first medical consultations, not the proportion of all sailors who became ill
Allergic reactions	2% reported	Denominator and diagnostic criteria not separately tabulated
Reduced appetite	2.7% reported
Nausea	0.7% reported
Persistence after stopping treatment	Measurements repeated 30 days after withdrawal	Authors describe resistance and performance as maintained or improved; Tables 1–2 provide the laboratory values

Table 1 · Nonspecific-defense measures

Table 1 · Nonspecific-defense measures
Measure / unit	Group	Baseline	Day 14 of treatment	30 days after withdrawal
Phagocyte uptake capacity / relative units	Control	20.97 ± 1.75	19.67 ± 2.19	11.54 ± 1.19*
Phagocyte uptake capacity / relative units	Bemitil	20.08 ± 0.87	28.15 ± 2.17**	23.53 ± 2.28**
Degree of phagocytic reaction / relative units	Control	0.66 ± 0.03	1.33 ± 0.08*	1.44 ± 0.09*
Degree of phagocytic reaction / relative units	Bemitil	0.84 ± 0.09	0.82 ± 0.04**	0.60 ± 0.06**
Serum lysozyme activity / %	Control	48.63 ± 1.78	42.96 ± 1.15*	39.90 ± 0.97*
Serum lysozyme activity / %	Bemitil	49.68 ± 1.76	49.11 ± 1.66**	50.15 ± 1.62**
Serum bactericidal capacity / %	Control	16.27 ± 0.45	15.30 ± 0.31	14.44 ± 0.30*
Serum bactericidal capacity / %	Bemitil	16.81 ± 0.34	16.89 ± 0.39	17.80 ± 0.54**
Skin bactericidal index / %	Control	70.91 ± 2.28	66.05 ± 1.08	62.39 ± 1.36*
Skin bactericidal index / %	Bemitil	66.40 ± 2.59	79.0 ± 1.11***	82.40 ± 2.01***

Values reproduced as M ± m in the source. * versus baseline, p<0.025; ** versus control, p<0.01; *** versus control p<0.02 and baseline p<0.01. Measures are laboratory endpoints; the original does not specify the 20-person subset split.

Table 2 · Leukocyte cytochemical measures

Table 2 · Leukocyte cytochemical measures
Measure / relative units	Group	Baseline	Day 14 of treatment	30 days after withdrawal
Glycogen	Control	1.62 ± 0.04	1.58 ± 0.03	1.51 ± 0.04
Glycogen	Bemitil	1.70 ± 0.05	1.86 ± 0.02*	1.91 ± 0.03*
Lipids	Control	1.68 ± 0.03	1.67 ± 0.03	1.64 ± 0.03
Lipids	Bemitil	1.72 ± 0.02	1.82 ± 0.02*	1.83 ± 0.03*
Peroxidase	Control	1.80 ± 0.06	1.78 ± 0.06	1.73 ± 0.05
Peroxidase	Bemitil	1.86 ± 0.05	1.93 ± 0.03**	1.97 ± 0.03*

Values reproduced as M ± m. * versus baseline, p<0.02; ** versus control, p<0.002.

Placebo comparison; randomization and blinding procedures are not described. Performance findings apply to this voyage setting. Morbidity denominators and the detailed-testing subgroup require clarification; no risk reduction has been calculated from the printed morbidity percentages.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-10-29

Recovered original scan, printed pages 37–39: cohort, regimen, all narrative numerical findings and Tables 1–2 visually checked on 29 October 2026. Morbidity percentages lack clear denominators; no risk reduction was calculated.

The overall morbidity figures, 18.3% and 81.7%, lack underlying counts and an unambiguous denominator; they cannot be treated as individual illness risks.
The narrative reports an 18% increase in phagocytosis intensity while a separate degree-of-reaction endpoint is unchanged; distinct measures must not be combined.

Full source record ↗

Bemitil

2016 · Comparison in people · Original dissertation text on institute host

Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological support of adaptation to professional activity in extreme conditions ↗

Visually checked tables suggest functional recovery signals and limited Cortexin metabolic recovery, but participant counts and statistical reporting conflict. Drug–placebo superiority is not established.

Population / model: 570 overall in methods; a stated second stage of 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310. Cortexin totals 55 in the table versus 65 in the chapter. Denominators unresolved.

Study stages and unresolved table counts: 570 in methods; 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310Figure 10 identifies the 320-person second stage. Its selection from 570 is unclear; the 320-versus-310 discrepancy remains within that stage.
Cortexin Group 2: 24 in Table 49 versus 34 in Figure 10The chapter gives 65 total; the table gives 31 + 24 = 55. Do not silently replace the printed count.

Interpretation: Figure 10 identifies 320 as a second stage of the broader 570-person program; the different stage sizes alone are not an arithmetic error. Selection into the second stage is unclear, and Table 49 adds to 310. Cortexin Group 2 is 24 in the table and 34 in Figure 10.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Exploratory occupational evidence. Figure 10 identifies a second-stage drug comparison, but its participant flow and the table counts remain unresolved. The significance footnotes do not identify drug-versus-placebo tests.

Figure 10 explicitly calls the 320-person drug comparison a second stage of the broader 570-person program. The difference is not by itself an arithmetic error; selection into that stage is unclear. “Group 2” retains the author’s genotype classification. Recovery is the second assessment, about three days after the field exercise. Allocation is not adequately established.

Reported findings and study figures · Original PDF visually checked: Table 49 / Figure 10, pp. 203–204; Tables 50–55, pp. 206, 209, 213, 216, 221, 224; selected methods and narrative.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Study stages and unresolved table counts	570 in methods; 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310	Figure 10 identifies the 320-person second stage. Its selection from 570 is unclear; the 320-versus-310 discrepancy remains within that stage.
Cortexin Group 2	24 in Table 49 versus 34 in Figure 10	The chapter gives 65 total; the table gives 31 + 24 = 55. Do not silently replace the printed count.
Selected recovery observations	Bemitil has more favorable work-capacity and lactate values; Cortexin has more favorable work-capacity values with limited lactate recovery.	Descriptive patterns only; see selected cells below.

Population reconciliation — stage selection and table-count conflict

Population reconciliation — stage selection and table-count conflict
Arm	Methods, pp. 97–98	Second stage, p. 203	Table 49, groups 1 + 2
Metaprot / Bemitil	111	61	29 + 32 = 61
Cytoflavin	113	63	31 + 32 = 63
Cortexin	115	65	31 + 24 = 55
Gliatilin	116	66	33 + 33 = 66
Placebo	115	65	30 + 35 = 65

Methods total 570; stated second stage 320; table total 310. Different stage sizes need a selection account, rather than being treated as inherently contradictory. Figure 10 labels Cortexin Group 2 as 34, but its caption still gives Group 2 total 156. The within-stage discrepancies remain unresolved.

Selected Group 2 recovery cells — values printed as M±m

Selected Group 2 recovery cells — values printed as M±m
Measure / source table	Drug: baseline	Drug: recovery	Placebo: baseline	Placebo: recovery
Bemitil PWC170, W / Table 50	350.4±8.6	343.5±9.7	351.2±9.3	317.4±8.6*#
Bemitil lactate, mmol/L / Table 51	0.72±0.13	0.86±0.37	0.71±0.14	1.63±0.45*
Cortexin PWC170, W / Table 54	353.2±9.2	346.4±6.8	351.2±9.3	317.4±11.6*#
Cortexin lactate, mmol/L / Table 55	0.73±0.25	1.56±0.35*	0.71±0.34	1.63±0.45*

Cell symbols retained. Printed footnotes: * versus baseline; # versus Group 1, p≤0.01. These symbols are not identified as drug-versus-placebo comparisons. Table 49 gives Group 2 n=32 for Bemitil and n=35 for placebo; Cortexin n is disputed. Repeated placebo means have differing uncertainty figures in some tables; preserve the source values and do not pool or calculate confidence intervals.

These selected cells do not establish efficacy, genotype-guided treatment or comparative superiority. A within-arm change is not a between-arm effect. The source’s Cortexin discussion describes limited metabolic recovery despite functional signals. Unresolved denominators, repeated controls, statistical-reporting ambiguities and missing systematic harms reporting limit confidence.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Original 295-page PDF downloaded. Tables 49–55, Figure 10 and selected methods/narrative pages visually checked. Selected recovery cells transcribed; selected final conclusions rechecked 6 November. Other tables and full participant flow were not systematically appraised.

One related program, not independent trials. The same placebo means recur, with differing uncertainty figures in some tables; pooling is inappropriate.
Randomization and allocation concealment were not established. Printed significance symbols compare baseline or genotype Group 1, not explicitly drug against placebo.
The normality decision rule printed on p. 106 appears reversed. The analysis code and implementation were not available to resolve this statistical-reporting ambiguity.
The p. 98 ethics-reference placeholder is incomplete; p. 203 names another ethics committee without an identifier. This does not establish absence of approval.
No systematic adverse-event table was identified in the reviewed methods and Chapter 5. Occupational observations and intranasal Cortexin cannot be transferred to injectable formulations.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin Bemitil

2012 · Comparison in people · Research publication

The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among professional truck-drivers ↗

The abstract describes occupational psychoemotional differences and reports changes with peptide bioregulators, including combined Pinealon and Vezugen.

Population / model: 150 male lorry drivers and 150 male metal craftsmen in the occupational comparison

Sociodemographic associations: Not statistically significantp>0.1
Peptide-associated psychoemotional/adaptation changes: Statistically significant range reportedp<0.001–0.05

Interpretation: The occupational cohort size is not a verified randomized-treatment sample size.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

150 male lorry drivers (43.3 ± 0.9 years) and 150 male metal craftsmen (42.8 ± 0.9 years); three psychological-adaptation categories.

Protocol information

The indexed abstract names Pinealon and Vezugen, including combined use, but gives no dose, route or treatment duration. The separate locomotive-worker capsule regimen is not a verified protocol for these truck drivers.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract; original methods not retrieved

Reported findings and study figures · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Sociodemographic associations	Not statistically significant	p>0.1
Peptide-associated psychoemotional/adaptation changes	Statistically significant range reported	p<0.001–0.05
Preferred combination in the authors’ report	Pinealon + Vesugen	Separate treatment-arm sizes and absolute outcome changes not stated

The 300-person occupational comparison is not a verified randomized-treatment denominator.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-10-29

PubMed record and English abstract checked; intervention allocation and full methods not reviewed.

Randomization, blinding, and intervention-group sizes are not established from the abstract.
Combination findings do not identify either peptide’s independent contribution or demonstrate fewer driving accidents.

Full source record ↗

Pinealon Vesugen

2016 · Observational study · Journal publication

Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far North ↗

A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.

Population / model: 113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.

Sick-leave certificates: 18 → 102014 → 2015; whole program
Days unfit for work: 119 → 602014 → 2015; whole program

Interpretation: One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.

Dose, route and schedule

One capsule of the assigned preparation daily for 20 days. Products were selected by risk assessment; all six products were not given to every participant.

Protocol source ↗ · Original PDF p.65

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher PDF pp.64–66; Table 2 visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Sick-leave certificates	18 → 10	2014 → 2015; whole program
Days unfit for work	119 → 60	2014 → 2015; whole program
Seasonal morbidity	No statistically reliable improvement reported
Narrative/table discrepancy	Narrative 43.4% decrease; Table 2 gives 119 → 60 days	Unresolved source discrepancy; not interchangeable figures

Table 2 · Chronic-disease recurrence-related sick leave

Table 2 · Chronic-disease recurrence-related sick leave
Measure	2014	2015
Sick-leave certificates	18	10
Days unfit for work	119	60

Historical comparison for the shared 113-worker program. Not preparation-specific results.

One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-01

Original publisher PDF methods and clinical table checked; table visually verified.

Full source record ↗

Endoluten Cerluten Vesugen Crystagen Pinealon Cartalax

2023 · Comparison in people · Original conference abstract

Cytoflavin–Trekrezan plus training: a 15-mountaineer placebo comparison ↗

Both groups improved oxygen consumption with training; there was no significant between-group difference. The drug group had a reported attention improvement with an incompletely specified contrast.

Population / model: 15 male mountaineers aged 23–30: seven placebo and eight pharmacological-correction participants

Group sizes: Seven placebo; eight preparation-sequence participants; fifteen total.
Peak oxygen consumption per body mass: Placebo +5% (p=0.026); preparation sequence +7% (p=0.011).Changes within each group; no statistically significant between-group difference reported.

Interpretation: Randomization, allocation concealment and blinding procedures are not described.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Training-associated improvements did not establish an oxygen-consumption benefit from adding the preparation sequence.

Reported findings and study figures · Complete original publisher conference abstract, p.37; visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Group sizes	Seven placebo; eight preparation-sequence participants; fifteen total.
Peak oxygen consumption per body mass	Placebo +5% (p=0.026); preparation sequence +7% (p=0.011).	Changes within each group; no statistically significant between-group difference reported.
Attention-task productivity	Improvement reported in the preparation group, p=0.028.	Exact contrast, raw scores and effect size not clearly supplied.

The authors identify training as the main factor in physical-endurance improvement. A treatment-specific attention benefit and synergy require stronger comparisons.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Complete publisher abstract, p.37. Related coauthor paper; Shustov is not an author.

No component-only arms; the preparation sequence does not establish Trekrezan efficacy alone or combination synergy.
No numerical oxygen-consumption advantage over placebo was established. The attention p-value does not clearly identify its statistical contrast.
Small conference report; full protocol, adverse events and later replication remain unresolved.

Full source record ↗

Trekrezan

2024 · Study involving people · Original journal article

Autonomic responses to simulated altitude and heat in volunteers ↗

The report describes correlations between heart-rate variability and neural, hemodynamic and ventilatory readouts during experimental exposures. No peptide treatment was tested.

Population / model: Healthy volunteers under experimental hypoxia or a hot humid microclimate; exact analysis denominators not recovered

Autonomic reactivity: Heart-rate variability components correlated with selected neural, circulatory and ventilatory measuresAbstract-level description; coefficients and multiplicity require original tables.

Interpretation: Correlations are not causal treatment effects.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The report describes correlations between heart-rate variability and neural, hemodynamic and ventilatory readouts during experimental exposures. No peptide treatment was tested.

Healthy volunteers under experimental hypoxia or a hot humid microclimate; exact analysis denominators not recovered

Dose, route and schedule

Hypobaric chamber simulating 4,500 m and heating microclimate at 40°C, 60–70% humidity in the abstract; no drug administration.

Protocol source ↗ · University repository record and publication abstract; full PDF outcome tables not audited

Reported findings and study figures · University repository record and publication abstract; full PDF outcome tables not audited
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Autonomic reactivity	Heart-rate variability components correlated with selected neural, circulatory and ventilatory measures	Abstract-level description; coefficients and multiplicity require original tables.

Human environmental physiology provides context for the intervention literature but supplies no evidence of peptide effectiveness.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

University repository record and publication abstract; full PDF outcome tables not audited

May overlap other work in Kim’s recent physiology program; do not add unverified independent participant counts.

Full source record ↗

Heat, cold and hypoxia models

Read both favorable and neutral outcomes. Kim’s original physiology tables quantify the stress interaction without testing peptide treatment; VIR-8 and Hypoxen were tested in a different paper.

2021 · Animal research · Original journal article

VIR-8, Hypoxen and comparators under hypoxia with heat or cold ↗

VIR-8 extended swimming under hypoxia plus cold (12.5±1.3 vs 4.5±0.4 seconds) but did not improve swimming under hypoxia plus heat (16.8±1.5 vs 16.9±2.3 seconds).

Population / model: Male outbred mice, 18–21 g; 10 randomized per group; loaded swim at 5% body mass after sodium nitrite-induced hemic hypoxia

VIR-8 · hypoxia plus cold: 12.5±1.3 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +178%p=0.0002Table 3; compared with stressed control, n=10 per group
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus heat: 16.8±1.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; 0% reportedp=0.99Table 1; compared with stressed control

Interpretation: Each comparator used its own formulation, dose and schedule.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

VIR-8 extended swimming under hypoxia plus cold (12.5±1.3 vs 4.5±0.4 seconds) but did not improve swimming under hypoxia plus heat (16.8±1.5 vs 16.9±2.3 seconds).

Male outbred mice, 18–21 g; 10 randomized per group; loaded swim at 5% body mass after sodium nitrite-induced hemic hypoxia

Dose, route and schedule

VIR-8: 5 mg/kg rectally in 0.5 mL starch vehicle daily for 5 days. Hypoxen: 50 mg/kg orally by gavage once, 1 hour before testing. Sodium nitrite: 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally for hemic hypoxia. Main swim load: 5% body mass.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus cold	12.5±1.3 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +178%	Table 3; compared with stressed control, n=10 per group · p=0.0002
VIR-8 · hypoxia plus heat	16.8±1.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; 0% reported	Table 1; compared with stressed control · p=0.99
VIR-8 · hypoxia at normal temperature	29.8±4.2 versus 24.4±2.7 s	Same thermoneutral series is displayed in Tables 1 and 3. Do not count it twice.
Hypoxen · hypoxia plus cold	10.0±0.9 versus 4.5±0.4 s; +120%	Table 3; compared with stressed control · p=3×10⁻⁵
Hypoxen · hypoxia plus heat	22.7±3.5 versus 16.9±2.3 s; +34%	Table 1; nonsignificant versus stressed control · p=0.18
Other arms · directional reversal	Flamenco 50 mg/kg: −37% in heat, +111% in cold	Different comparator preparation; not a VIR-8 result. Low-dose heat comparison p=0.02; cold p=2×10⁻¹² as printed.
Safety and sequence	No human safety study or sequence-level characterization reported	The designation VIR-8 is insufficient to infer constituent peptides.

Tables 1 and 3 · forced swimming across stress conditions

Tables 1 and 3 · forced swimming across stress conditions
Group	Hypoxia, normal temperature (s)	Hypoxia + heat (s)	Heat effect vs control	Hypoxia + cold (s)	Cold effect vs control
Intact comparator	72.6±7.0	63.5±7.9	—	5.6±0.7	—
Stressed control	24.4±2.7	16.9±2.3	Reference	4.5±0.4	Reference
MioActive Sport	24.8±2.7	16.9±1.3	+2%; p=0.99	18.4±1.5	+308%; p=2×10⁻¹¹
VIR-8	29.8±4.2	16.8±1.5	0%; p=0.99	12.5±1.3	+178%; p=0.0002
Flamenco 50 mg/kg	19.3±1.5	10.6±0.9	−37%; p=0.02	9.5±1.1	+111%; p=2×10⁻¹²
Flamenco 75 mg/kg	21.5±5.0	14.6±1.8	−14%; p=0.43	12.9±0.8	+187%; p=2×10⁻¹⁰
Flamenco 250 mg/kg	20.7±2.8	34.4±4.7	+104%; p=0.003	6.9±1.0	+53%; p=2×10⁻¹²
Trimetazidine	22.7±11.1	87.3±18.2	+418%; p=0.01	6.7±0.3	+49%; p=2×10⁻¹⁷
Hypoxen	30.1±4.3	22.7±3.5	+34%; p=0.18	10.0±0.9	+120%; p=3×10⁻⁵

M±m and reported p-values transcribed from the article. Percentages are the authors’ reported changes relative to stressed controls, not comparisons between active arms. The intact groups do not receive hemic hypoxia; the displayed first column represents the relevant normothermic baseline.

Retain the neutral heat result alongside the positive cold result. The model examines hemic hypoxia during temperature stress, not altitude acclimatization or actual outdoor work. The distinct products cannot be ranked as equivalent-dose interventions.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original publisher issue PDF, printed pp. 57–69; methods and Tables 1 and 3 checked

The short mouse swim endpoint cannot establish human cold tolerance, prevention of heat injury or improved sports performance.
The paper does not identify VIR-8 sequences or establish an identity match with PPK-V.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

VIR-8 Hypoxen / Olifen

2022 · Animal research · Pediatrician 13(6):85–96

Cortexin and Semax in a prolonged rat cold-stress model ↗

Day-14 swim time was 3.2±0.1 min with Semax and 1.3±0.1 min with either saline or Cortexin. The 35°C plateau lasted 10, 12 and 14 days across the three groups.

Population / model: 90 outbred male rats (180–220 g), with 30 each in the placebo, Cortexin and Semax groups.

Semax · day-14 limiting swim: 3.2±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min salineTable 5, p<0.05 versus saline as marked.
Cortexin · day-14 limiting swim: 1.3±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min salineEarlier differences did not persist at day 14.

Interpretation: The report conflicts on administration route and frequency. Cortexin and Semax were given to separate groups.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Day-14 swim time was 3.2±0.1 min with Semax and 1.3±0.1 min with either saline or Cortexin. The 35°C plateau lasted 10, 12 and 14 days across the three groups.

Ninety outbred male rats, 30 per group. Prolonged cold exposure combined with altered lighting, noise and dietary restriction. Serial thermoregulation and weighted-swim measurements.

Protocol information

Methods specify intraperitoneal Cortexin 5 mg/kg and Semax 0.3 mg/kg twice daily, beginning three days before cold stress. The discussion specifies subcutaneous administration and the conclusion says once daily. The route and frequency conflict.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods and Table 5

Reported findings and study figures · Original methods and Table 5
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Semax · day-14 limiting swim	3.2±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min saline	Table 5, p<0.05 versus saline as marked.
Cortexin · day-14 limiting swim	1.3±0.1 vs 1.3±0.1 min saline	Earlier differences did not persist at day 14.
Temperature plateau near 35°C	10 days saline; 12 Cortexin; 14 Semax	Reported thermoregulation endpoint, separate from the swim outcome.
Publication overlap	Identical weighted-swim means and uncertainties at all six time points	The 2023 Russian Biomedical Research paper (DOI 10.56871/RBR.2023.20.34.002) repeats Table 5. Count one animal experiment.

Table 5 · maximum weighted swim time during cold stress

Table 5 · maximum weighted swim time during cold stress
Day	Placebo (min)	Cortexin (min)	Semax (min)
0	9.5±0.8	9.8±0.7	9.4±0.6
5	8.4±1.2	8.5±0.9	9.5±1.2
7	5.2±0.6*	7.0±0.5#	7.9±0.8#
10	3.2±0.3*	4.9±0.3#	5.2±0.4#
12	3.1±0.5*	3.6±0.7	5.4±0.6#
14	1.3±0.1*	1.3±0.1	3.2±0.1#

M±m. * p<0.05 versus day 0, # p<0.05 versus placebo as printed. Both publications print the same values.

Cortexin and saline had the same mean swim time at day 14. The paper reports a 14-day temperature plateau for Semax.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original methods and Table 5

The 2023 report repeats the weighted-swim table. It supplies no independent animal count or human performance evidence.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin Semax

2022 · Animal research · Original journal article

Kim’s hypoxia and temperature model: original animal tables ↗

Swim time fell from 6.6 to 2.0 minutes from comfortable to +40°C water in Table 3. The hypoxia–heat interaction accounted for 5% of modeled variation. No peptide treatment was administered in this paper.

Population / model: 105 mice and 120 rats across experimental series; block randomization; separate survival and 5%-load swimming tests

Heat during hemic hypoxia: 6.6 → 4.1 → 2.0 minANOVA p=2×10⁻⁹Table 3: comfort, +30°C and +40°C; loaded swim
Hypoxia during +40°C swimming: 4.2 → 2.0 → 0.6 minANOVA p=8×10⁻⁸Table 4: absent, mild and moderate hemic hypoxia

Interpretation: Reported means are group centroids, not individual data. Table 3’s heading describes moderate hypoxia; the article uses related mild and moderate series elsewhere.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

105 mice and 120 rats across experimental series; block randomization; separate survival and 5%-load swimming tests

Dose, route and schedule

No peptide intervention. The hemic-hypoxia series used sodium nitrite (30 or 50 mg/kg depending on severity); water temperature and body-mass load were varied by experiment.

Protocol source ↗ · Complete publisher PDF; experimental methods and Tables 3, 4, 6 and 7 checked

Reported findings and study figures · Complete publisher PDF; experimental methods and Tables 3, 4, 6 and 7 checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Heat during hemic hypoxia	6.6 → 4.1 → 2.0 min	Table 3: comfort, +30°C and +40°C; loaded swim · ANOVA p=2×10⁻⁹
Hypoxia during +40°C swimming	4.2 → 2.0 → 0.6 min	Table 4: absent, mild and moderate hemic hypoxia · ANOVA p=8×10⁻⁸
Hypoxia × heat interaction	5% of modeled variance	Hypoxia 48%; heat 34%; residual 12% (rounded) · p=5×10⁻⁶
Additivity index	0.71	Authors’ joint effect 0.95 divided by sum of single effects 1.33. Greater than either component alone, less than their sum.
Cold air and survival	17.1, 15.5 and 13.8 min	Table 6: comfortable, cool and cold. The overall test was nonsignificant; a selected coldest-condition contrast was reported separately. · Overall p=0.12

Tables 3, 4 and 6 · separate one-factor comparisons

Tables 3, 4 and 6 · separate one-factor comparisons
Experiment	Three reported centroids (min)	F	D	Overall p
Water heat during hemic hypoxia	6.6 / 4.1 / 2.0	45.7	0.77	2×10⁻⁹
Hypoxia severity in +40°C water	4.2 / 2.0 / 0.6	31.7	0.71	8×10⁻⁸
Air cooling during lethal hemic hypoxia	17.1 / 15.5 / 13.8	2.2	0.07	0.12

Different comparisons and endpoints; the last row is survival rather than exercise time.

Table 7 · hypoxia and heat in the loaded-swim model

Table 7 · hypoxia and heat in the loaded-swim model
Factor	Variance share D	F	p
Hemic hypoxia	0.48	162.9	4×10⁻²⁹
Temperature	0.34	118.1	9×10⁻²⁵
Interaction	0.05	8.9	5×10⁻⁶
Residual	0.12	—	—

Shares rounded by the authors. A statistically significant interaction does not by itself establish a large practical effect.

Use this as a model of combined environmental stress. It supplies no intervention effect for Pineamin, Cortexin, Thymalin, Thymogen or Prostatilen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Complete publisher PDF; experimental methods and Tables 3, 4, 6 and 7 checked

Cold air survival and cold-water swimming were different experiments.
This physiology study does not supply outcomes for the dissertation’s five-drug comparison.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

2024 · Animal research · Dissertation

Kim’s five-peptide stress comparison: Chapter 6.4 evidence audit ↗

The chapter identifies Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and Thymogen. The author highlights Pineamin in conclusions; original outcome tables and dose schedules have not been recovered.

Population / model: Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable

Comparative preparations: Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and ThymogenChapter 6.4 title. Thymogen is a defined dipeptide; the five entries are not all tissue extracts.
Pineamin · animal stress models: Author highlights resistance to hypoxia, heat and coldSelected conclusions only; dose, sample sizes, numerical results and ranking unavailable.

Interpretation: The 1990s Biorhythmology and Rang-97 records were reanalyzed; they are not new human recruits. The 2022–2024 physiology studies were separate.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The chapter identifies Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and Thymogen. The author highlights Pineamin in conclusions; original outcome tables and dose schedules have not been recovered.

Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable

Protocol information

Peptide doses, routes, group assignments and timing require Chapter 6.4. The separate 25 mg/kg DMAE derivative was not Pineamin or another peptide.

Protocol source ↗ · Dissertation catalog, Chapter 6.4 heading, methods summary and conclusions; 49-page author abstract cataloged but not retrieved; original comparison tables unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Dissertation catalog, Chapter 6.4 heading, methods summary and conclusions; 49-page author abstract cataloged but not retrieved; original comparison tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Comparative preparations	Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and Thymogen	Chapter 6.4 title. Thymogen is a defined dipeptide; the five entries are not all tissue extracts.
Pineamin · animal stress models	Author highlights resistance to hypoxia, heat and cold	Selected conclusions only; dose, sample sizes, numerical results and ranking unavailable.
Five-agent effect estimates	Original comparative tables not recovered	No verified head-to-head result for Pineamin versus Cortexin, Thymalin, Thymogen or Prostatilen.
HIF-1α and TSPO	Predictive-marker hypothesis; peptide-specific causal data unavailable	Do not attribute nonpeptide DMAE-derivative findings to the peptide groups.
Document acquisition	49-page dissertation abstract with tables cataloged in 2024	Find the original author abstract and Chapter 6.4 before updating any ranking.

This is a documented animal comparison with inaccessible efficacy tables. Existing Pineamin reproductive studies establish a separate clinical setting, not evidence for physical performance or environmental resilience.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Dissertation catalog, Chapter 6.4 heading, methods summary and conclusions; 49-page author abstract cataloged but not retrieved; original comparison tables unavailable

The conclusions do not provide numerical comparisons between the five preparations.
The accessible account associates HIF-1α and TSPO measurements with stress physiology and discusses the nonpeptide DMAE derivative separately; a Pineamin-mediated biomarker mechanism is not established.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin Pineamin Prostatilen Thymalin Thymogen

2023 · Animal research · Original journal article

HIF-1α and TSPO expression in heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive rats ↗

Reported TSPO expression rose approximately 1.6–2-fold with severe heat exposure. HIF-1α expression varied by initial heat tolerance and condition. No peptide intervention was tested.

Population / model: 40 outbred rats screened for heat tolerance; four groups from higher- and lower-tolerance animals with or without heat exposure

TSPO expression: About 1.6–2-fold higher after extreme heatAcross measured tissues per authors, including both high- and low-tolerance groups.
HIF-1α expression: Reported differences around 1.5–2-fold in thermocomfort; 1.6–2.3-fold under heatBy tissue and resistance condition; not a drug-induced effect.

Interpretation: Resistance groups were selected on heat response. The study does not validate prospective prediction in independent animals or workers.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Reported TSPO expression rose approximately 1.6–2-fold with severe heat exposure. HIF-1α expression varied by initial heat tolerance and condition. No peptide intervention was tested.

40 outbred rats screened for heat tolerance; four groups from higher- and lower-tolerance animals with or without heat exposure

Dose, route and schedule

20 minutes of air exposure at 40°C for heat-tolerance screening; qPCR on blood and tissue samples. No peptide dose.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher PDF, heat-resistance grouping and qPCR results reviewed

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher PDF, heat-resistance grouping and qPCR results reviewed
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
TSPO expression	About 1.6–2-fold higher after extreme heat	Across measured tissues per authors, including both high- and low-tolerance groups.
HIF-1α expression	Reported differences around 1.5–2-fold in thermocomfort; 1.6–2.3-fold under heat	By tissue and resistance condition; not a drug-induced effect.

A stress-physiology marker study, separate from the dissertation’s five-peptide comparison and DMAE derivative experiment.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher PDF, heat-resistance grouping and qPCR results reviewed

Expression correlations do not establish causal protection or increased ATP production.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

2023 · Animal research · Original journal article

HIF-1α expression and hypoxia tolerance in rats ↗

Baseline TSPO expression differed between animals classified by hypoxia tolerance. The authors reported higher HIF-1α expression in brain and liver relative to the reference gene. No drug was tested.

Population / model: Outbred rats, 180–220 g, classified by experimental hypoxia tolerance; brain, heart, liver, kidney and blood expression measures

Baseline TSPO by resistance group: 40–60% differences in kidney, liver and brain; 25% in heartReported comparison of high- and low-resistance animals in normoxia.
TSPO after hypoxic exposure: About 1.6–2-fold higherReported across tissues and resistance groups.

Interpretation: Classification by observed hypoxia response is not independent prospective validation.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Outbred rats, 180–220 g, classified by experimental hypoxia tolerance; brain, heart, liver, kidney and blood expression measures

Reported findings and study figures · Original journal PDF; exposure groups and expression results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Baseline TSPO by resistance group	40–60% differences in kidney, liver and brain; 25% in heart	Reported comparison of high- and low-resistance animals in normoxia.
TSPO after hypoxic exposure	About 1.6–2-fold higher	Reported across tissues and resistance groups.
HIF-1α relative expression	Brain >300-fold; liver >15-fold relative to reference-gene expression	Author-reported qPCR normalization, not fold changes caused by a treatment.

A mechanistic context paper. Do not use the expression ratios as evidence that Pineamin or any other peptide changes HIF-1α or TSPO.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original journal PDF; exposure groups and expression results checked

Relative qPCR expression and reference-gene ratios are not treatment-induced changes or direct ATP measurements.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

2004 · Comparison in people · Dissertation transcription

Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and Sydnocarb ↗

Piracetam combinations were tested with Bemitil, phenibut or sydnocarb. In animals, the author describes a narrow range of supra-additivity, additive or antagonistic effects at other ratios, and faster Bemitil elimination with piracetam.

Population / model: Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table

Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction: Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation massThe dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings.
Bemitil elimination: Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetamAuthor-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables.

Interpretation: Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

122-page dissertation supervised by E. B. Shustov, with separate animal models, human experiments and pharmacokinetic observations.

Reported findings and study figures · Original dissertation conclusions in catalog transcription; primary tables not retrieved
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction	Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation mass	The dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings.
Bemitil elimination	Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetam	Author-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables.
Animal swim experiment	Piracetam 90 mg/kg: +25%; Bemitil 37.5 mg/kg: +45%	Author conclusions; separate tested doses, not a clinical comparison.
Other formulations	Pirafen: piracetam + phenibut; Pirasid: piracetam + sydnocarb	Distinct preparations and task-dependent results. The excerpt does not establish a universal benefit.
Human performance evidence	Group-level estimates and complete allocation not recovered	Separate studies within the dissertation; no basis for a clinical regimen.

An interaction can change direction with dose and endpoint. The animal and pharmacokinetic observations do not validate a human combination.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Dissertation excerpt and conclusions checked against the earlier source record; exact original interaction and pharmacokinetic tables not recovered.

OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal.
Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy.

Full source record ↗

Pirabel Piracetam Bemitil

2012 · Comparison in people · Dissertation / transcribed abstract

Development and study of antihypoxant-based psychoenergizing formulations for human physical and mental performance ↗

Reports performance changes across several experimental settings.

Population / model: Healthy-volunteer fatigue, operator and environmental experiments

Mental-fatigue experiment: 30 active versus 10 placeboAfter intensive educational workload
Escalation experiment: 34 participants; groups 12/12/10Separate from the fatigue comparison

Interpretation: Mental-fatigue, escalation and environmental experiments are separate analyses within one program.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Separate experiments within the Elistratov dissertation program, not one combined trial.

Reported findings and study figures · Previously checked dissertation author’s-abstract transcription; experimental groups and formulation notes
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Mental-fatigue experiment	30 active versus 10 placebo	After intensive educational workload
Escalation experiment	34 participants; groups 12/12/10	Separate from the fatigue comparison
Historical B-300 ingredients	Bemitil 300 mg, Trekrezan 100 mg, nicotinic acid 30 mg, riboflavin 5 mg	Experimental formulation, not instructions
Activation versus accuracy	Higher exposure increased errors despite subjective activation	Numerical error totals not in the previously checked source notes
Environmental experiments	Cold, heat and simulated altitude tested separately	Do not sum or merge their denominators

Previously checked dissertation-transcription sections; original full tables are deferred. These experiments are not independent replications.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-10-29

Relevant Russian transcription sections checked; complete original thesis not recovered.

Small groups, repeated testing and historical controls; original thesis and complete tables remain acquisition targets.
Higher activation with worse accuracy at higher exposure must not be represented as universal performance improvement.

Full source record ↗

B-300

2023 · Animal research · Original animal research

Aminoethanol derivative under isolated and combined environmental stress ↗

The abstract reports condition-dependent protection under hypoxic and thermal stress.

Population / model: Small laboratory animals; full group sizes not available in the checked abstract

Combined versus isolated stress: The authors reported activity under several conditions, with different effective experimental exposures.

Interpretation: English methods say diethylaminoethanol, while the title, keywords and conclusion say dimethylaminoethanol. Confirm the original structure before pooling with FDES or ADK-17.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Reported effects varied with the exposure condition.

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher abstract; qualitative extraction
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Combined versus isolated stress	The authors reported activity under several conditions, with different effective experimental exposures.

Resolve the dimethyl/diethyl naming inconsistency before combining evidence across candidates.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06

Publisher abstracts; compound identity and publication timing retained explicitly.

No human efficacy or safety result; original tables and full methods remain restricted.

Full source record ↗

Aminoethanol derivatives

1996 · Animal research · Dissertation

Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxia ↗

Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.

Population / model: 595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison

Severe hemorrhage · mortality: 23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controlsp<0.025 as reportedMortality in the stated pretreatment comparison, not the whole 595-rat program.
Naloxone comparator · mortality: 83% mortality (n=6)Small separate pretreatment group; no clear benefit.

Interpretation: Small mortality groups; percentages cannot be converted into exact counts without the original group denominators.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.

595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison

Dose, route and schedule

Hemorrhage pretreatment: 40-minute intra-arterial infusion of FMRFamide 0.01, TRH 0.01 and Semax 0.002 mg/kg/min. Hypoxia experiments used a separate intraperitoneal schedule: FMRFamide 0.5, TRH 0.5 and Semax 0.05 mg/kg in narrative; the figure transcription appears to read TRH 0.6 mg/kg. Original scan needed to resolve that value.

Protocol source ↗ · Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Severe hemorrhage · mortality	23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controls	Mortality in the stated pretreatment comparison, not the whole 595-rat program. · p<0.025 as reported
Naloxone comparator · mortality	83% mortality (n=6)	Small separate pretreatment group; no clear benefit.
Serum malondialdehyde after hypoxia	+192% versus baseline controls after hypoxia; +66% with peptide pretreatment	The mixture alone did not significantly change the measure; p-values are not a formal direct contrast between the two hypoxia groups. · p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively versus control as described
Acute hypobaric model	Improved selected survival-related measures at simulated 11,000–11,500 m	Distinct experiment; routes and doses differ from the hemorrhage protocol.
Behavior after severe stress	Motor and exploratory effects at day 2; contextual-memory changes by day 6	Author reports effects on selected post-stress behavior measures, not validated neurological recovery.

This is defined-mixture research. The outcomes cannot be assigned to Semax alone, and the magnitude of interaction among the three components was not established for human use.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable

Pretreatment of rats before extreme blood loss is a distinct model from emergency treatment, athlete performance or environmental prophylaxis in people.
The related 1997 report is part of this research program; its independence is not established.

Full source record ↗

Semax Semax + TRH + FMRFamide

1997 · Animal research · Original journal article

Cooperative regulatory peptide effects in rat hypoxic shock ↗

Companion publication on cooperative regulatory peptide effects under hypoxic shock; keep distinct from the dissertation’s quantified hemorrhage comparison.

Population / model: Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined

Publication trail: Journal report identified for hypoxic shockDo not transfer the 79% and 23% mortality values from the separate hemorrhage experiment to this article.

Interpretation: A separate publication is not necessarily an independent replication.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Companion publication on cooperative regulatory peptide effects under hypoxic shock; keep distinct from the dissertation’s quantified hemorrhage comparison.

Rat hypoxic-shock experiments in the Ashmarin research program; cohort overlap not determined

Reported findings and study figures · Indexed companion paper and dissertation publication trail; full numerical tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Publication trail	Journal report identified for hypoxic shock	Do not transfer the 79% and 23% mortality values from the separate hemorrhage experiment to this article.

Use the dissertation record for verified numerical context. Full paper needed to verify the exact comparison arms and outcome estimates.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Indexed companion paper and dissertation publication trail; full numerical tables not recovered

Original full methods and numerical results remain an acquisition target.

Full source record ↗

Semax Semax + TRH + FMRFamide

Composition, behavior and tissue preservation

Amino-acid composition does not identify intact sequences. Central dosing and behavior are distinct from occupational endurance. Reproductive and immunization findings are included as separate contexts.

2017 · Laboratory analysis · Original journal article

Amino-acid analysis of Pineamin and three organ peptide preparations ↗

Pineamin’s reported measured amino-acid total was 731.23 µg/mg of lyophilizate. Taurine and ornithine were detected, and three reported batch averages do not match the displayed batch values.

Population / model: Laboratory composition comparison of Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Retinalamin and Pineamin; three Pineamin manufacturing batches

Pineamin · reported amino-acid total: 731.23 µg/mg lyophilizateBatch totals 736.5, 713.7 and 743.5 µg/mg; Table 2.
Pineamin · selected amino acids: Glu 168.23; Asp 82.70; Lys 67.80; taurine 7.93; ornithine 18.47 µg/mgReported Table 2 averages; these do not identify intact peptides.

Interpretation: Amino-acid totals are not the molecular-mass distribution or an inventory of intact peptides.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Pineamin’s reported measured amino-acid total was 731.23 µg/mg of lyophilizate. Taurine and ornithine were detected, and three reported batch averages do not match the displayed batch values.

Laboratory composition comparison of Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Retinalamin and Pineamin; three Pineamin manufacturing batches

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher text and Table 2 checked; selected three-batch arithmetic audited, original PDF not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Pineamin · reported amino-acid total	731.23 µg/mg lyophilizate	Batch totals 736.5, 713.7 and 743.5 µg/mg; Table 2.
Pineamin · selected amino acids	Glu 168.23; Asp 82.70; Lys 67.80; taurine 7.93; ornithine 18.47 µg/mg	Reported Table 2 averages; these do not identify intact peptides.
Retinalamin · measured amino-acid total	563.74 µg/mg lyophilizate	Table 2 comparator; taurine 4.1 µg/mg, ornithine not displayed.
Cortexin versus Cerebrolysin · composition	Higher Cortexin amounts of several amino acids per mg of preparation	The authors report roughly 6.5–7-fold for Asp, Glu and Tyr, ninefold for serine and twelvefold for arginine. This is a chemical comparison.
Batch-average discrepancies	Met 8.55 reported vs 7.50 recalculated; Ile 22.35 vs 27.73; Leu 39.50 vs 33.53 µg/mg	Arithmetic means calculated from the three displayed values. The cause of the disagreement is unresolved.

Table 2 · selected Pineamin batch values (µg/mg)

Table 2 · selected Pineamin batch values (µg/mg)
Analyte	Batch 1	Batch 2	Batch 3	Printed mean	Recalculated mean if discrepant
Asp	86	78.3	83.8	82.70	—
Glu	171.1	161.6	172	168.23	—
Lys	67.5	65.8	70.1	67.80	—
Taurine	9.15	7.27	7.37	7.93	—
Ornithine	18.7	20.6	16.1	18.47	—
Met	8.29	8.81	5.41	8.55	7.50
Ile	21.9	38.5	22.8	22.35	27.73
Leu	38.6	21.6	40.4	39.50	33.53
Total	736.5	713.7	743.5	731.23	—

Selected published rows. Recalculated values identify reporting inconsistencies; the printed averages are preserved. These are amino acids measured in the preparation, not individual peptide sequences.

Chemical characterization helps distinguish the preparations. It cannot establish that amino-acid contents explain stress resistance, and it does not identify which peptides were present.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original publisher text and Table 2 checked; selected three-batch arithmetic audited, original PDF not recovered

The mass denominator and formulation excipients matter when comparing liquid and lyophilized organ preparations.
Table discrepancies are left visible; they are not silently corrected.

Full source record ↗

Pineamin Retinalamin Cortexin Cerebrolysin

2025 · Randomized study in people · Research publication

Pineamin and ejaculate quality and symptoms associated with male aging ↗

Semen parameters improved more with Pineamin than with L-carnitine in a small open comparison. Pregnancy and live-birth outcomes were not tested.

Population / model: 60 men with pathozoospermia; Pineamin versus L-carnitine; three months

Sperm concentration: 20 [12–31] → 31 [22–68] million/mLWithin-group p<0.001 versus p=0.137L-carnitine: 19 [16–27] → 21 [18–29]; medians [IQR]
A+B motility: 41 [24–54]% → 63 [45–76]%Within-group p<0.001 versus p=0.018L-carnitine: 29 [23–34]% → 31 [26–38]%; medians [IQR]

Interpretation: The methods describe pair matching as randomization and no masking; allocation quality remains unclear.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

Semen parameters improved more with Pineamin than with L-carnitine in a small open comparison. Pregnancy and live-birth outcomes were not tested.

60 men, 30 per group; three months. The methods describe pair matching as randomization and explicitly report no masking.

Dose, route and schedule

Pineamin 10 mg intramuscularly daily for 10 days per course, one course per 30 days, 3 courses. L-carnitine 500 mg orally daily for 3 months. Semen measured at baseline and 3 months.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher methods

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher full-text results narrative and available tables checked on 1 November 2026
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Sperm concentration	20 [12–31] → 31 [22–68] million/mL	L-carnitine: 19 [16–27] → 21 [18–29]; medians [IQR] · Three months · Within-group p<0.001 versus p=0.137
A+B motility	41 [24–54]% → 63 [45–76]%	L-carnitine: 29 [23–34]% → 31 [26–38]%; medians [IQR] · Three months · Within-group p<0.001 versus p=0.018
Normal morphology	2.5 [2.0–3.5]% → 5.0 [3.5–6.0]%	L-carnitine: 3.0 [2.5–3.5]% → 3.0 [3.0–4.0]%; medians [IQR] · Three months · Within-group p<0.001 versus p=0.205
AMS symptom score	22 [19–27] → 19 [18–29]	L-carnitine: 21 [19–33] → 21 [20–33]; medians [IQR] · Three months · Within-group p<0.001 versus p=0.067
Adverse events	None reported	30 participants per active group; short pilot

Between-group comparisons of individual changes

Between-group comparisons of individual changes
Measure	Pineamin: median change [IQR]	L-carnitine: median change [IQR]	Between-group p
Concentration, million/mL	12 [4–38]	1 [−1–2]	<0.001
Motility, percentage points	19 [7–33]	2 [−1–4]	<0.001
Normal morphology, percentage points	2.5 [1.0–3.5]	0.0 [0.0–1.0]	<0.001
AMS score	−1 [−4–0]	0 [−1–1]	<0.001

Medians of individual changes differ from changes in group medians. Semen comparisons use the source’s multiple-testing correction.

The table reports medians and IQRs. The paper separately reports mean changes that are not differences of these medians; those statistics must not be mixed. Sponsor-supported, unmasked pilot with surrogate semen outcomes.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-01

Original publisher full-text methods and numerical outcomes checked. Open, pair-matched active comparison; no athlete or occupational endpoints.

Semen measures are surrogate outcomes; pregnancy and live birth were not tested.
Sponsor-supported small study; no reported adverse events does not establish safety.

Full source record ↗

Pineamin

2015 · Animal research · Dissertation

Oleyl-Cortagen versus Cortagen: central and systemic rat assays ↗

In Table 4, Oleyl-Cortagen increased hypothalamic self-stimulation at the smallest central dose. The response weakened at higher central doses. Cortagen, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin showed different dose patterns.

Population / model: 496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison

Oleyl-Cortagen · central self-stimulation: 159.7±16.2 → 199.1±19.1 presses/5 min (+25%)p<0.05 before vs after at 1 µg1 µg into the ventricle; 10 and 100 µg produced +19% and +6% without significance marks.
Cortagen · central self-stimulation: 208.0±26.7 → 270.4±26.4 presses/5 min (+30%)p<0.05 before vs after100 µg into the ventricle; lower doses lacked a significance mark.

Interpretation: Table 4 marks within-condition changes from before administration; no verified between-preparation superiority test.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison

Dose, route and schedule

Central experiments: 1, 10 or 100 µg into a lateral ventricle, 5–10 minutes before testing. Systemic methods list Cortagen and Oleyl-Cortagen at 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin at 1 mg/kg; saline control.

Protocol source ↗ · Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · central self-stimulation	159.7±16.2 → 199.1±19.1 presses/5 min (+25%)	1 µg into the ventricle; 10 and 100 µg produced +19% and +6% without significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after at 1 µg
Cortagen · central self-stimulation	208.0±26.7 → 270.4±26.4 presses/5 min (+30%)	100 µg into the ventricle; lower doses lacked a significance mark. · p<0.05 before vs after
Cortexin · central self-stimulation	209.3±22.9 → 295.1±26.2 presses/5 min (+41%)	100 µg into the ventricle; 1 and 10 µg lacked significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after
Cerebrolysin · central self-stimulation	220.8±21.2 → 280.2±14.2 presses/5 min (+27%)	10 µg into the ventricle; 1 and 100 µg lacked significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after
Anxiety-related behavior	Oleyl-Cortagen’s central maze response was described as weaker than Cortagen’s	The direction and magnitude depend on assay and dose; lipidation did not improve every endpoint.

Author abstract Table 4 · lateral-hypothalamic self-stimulation

Author abstract Table 4 · lateral-hypothalamic self-stimulation
Preparation, central dose	Before (presses/5 min)	After (presses/5 min)	After (% of before)	Mismatch coefficient before → after
Saline	175.5±18.1	170.7±17.4	98±10	0.59±0.05 → 0.57±0.05
Cortexin 1 µg	161.0±15.9	150.2±25.1	93±17	0.54±0.06 → 0.64±0.04
Cortexin 10 µg	193.2±18.8	204.0±22.2	106±11	0.55±0.05 → 0.55±0.06
Cortexin 100 µg	209.3±22.9	295.1±26.2*	141±9	0.54±0.04 → 0.45±0.05
Cerebrolysin 1 µg	184.0±26.7	208.8±21.5	114±9	0.58±0.06 → 0.45±0.05
Cerebrolysin 10 µg	220.8±21.2	280.2±14.2*	127±5	0.56±0.03 → 0.35±0.02
Cerebrolysin 100 µg	239.2±15.6	270.5±19.3	113±7	0.55±0.04 → 0.46±0.05
Cortagen 1 µg	159.0±18.1	171.2±20.4	108±10	0.48±0.03 → 0.49±0.02
Cortagen 10 µg	189.6±28.1	226.1±29.6	119±11	0.47±0.05 → 0.47±0.04
Cortagen 100 µg	208.0±26.7	270.4±26.4*	130±9	0.47±0.03 → 0.38±0.04
Oleyl-Cortagen 1 µg	159.7±16.2	199.1±19.1*	125±7	0.61±0.07 → 0.50±0.04
Oleyl-Cortagen 10 µg	191.6±25.0	228.0±16.1	119±11	0.60±0.05 → 0.39±0.06
Oleyl-Cortagen 100 µg	207.6±13.0	220.0±17.7	106±4	0.58±0.04 → 0.38±0.03

Asterisk: p<0.05 versus the same condition before dosing. Percentages and mismatch coefficients are as transcribed; original scan and exact arm denominators were not recovered.

Behavioral effects differed by route, dose and test. The low central dose had an effect in this assay; it does not establish systemic exposure, human dosing or superiority in other outcomes.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable

Central and systemic behavioral similarities do not directly measure brain penetration or tissue pharmacokinetics.
The assays concern behavior and electrical reinforcement, not athlete endurance.

Full source record ↗

Oleyl-Cortagen Cortagen Cortexin Cerebrolysin

2009 · Animal research · Original journal article

Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin ↗

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

Population / model: 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Oleyl-Cortagen · self-stimulation: +32% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal pressesReported relative increase, not an endurance or strength endpoint.
Cortexin · self-stimulation: +23% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal pressesReported relative increase; no direct statistical test versus Oleyl-Cortagen supplied in narrative.

Interpretation: Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Dose, route and schedule

Intraperitoneal doses: 1 mg/kg Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Cortagen, Oleyl-Cortagen, Noopept and Dilept; 0.1 mg/kg Deltaran, Semax and Selank; piracetam 200 mg/kg. General behavior tests 30–40 minutes post-dose; self-stimulation measured 15–20 minutes post-dose.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · self-stimulation	+32% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase, not an endurance or strength endpoint.
Cortexin · self-stimulation	+23% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase; no direct statistical test versus Oleyl-Cortagen supplied in narrative.
Cortagen and Cerebrolysin · self-stimulation	No change reported in pedal-press frequency	At the systemic doses in this article; does not contradict the separate central-dose comparisons.
Open-field behavior	Oleyl-Cortagen increased horizontal and vertical movement but halved hole exploration	Cortexin and Cerebrolysin increased horizontal movement; Dilept reduced horizontal and vertical movement.
Noopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity	Reduced vertical movements reported	Compound-specific rat behavior at the stated doses, not a measure of human alertness.
Porsolt immobility	Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and Selank	This unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.
Deltaran · grooming	Grooming reactions increased	The report tested Deltaran, a DSIP-containing formulation; this observation is not assigned to isolated DSIP.

Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred.
The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.

Full source record ↗

Oleyl-Cortagen Cortagen Cortexin Cerebrolysin Semax Selank Noopept Dilept DSIP Piracetam

2025 · Animal research · Original journal article

MOTS-c during seven days of rat hindlimb unloading ↗

MOTS-c preserved isolated soleus fatigue resistance and mitigated slow-fiber atrophy. Fast-fiber atrophy was not mitigated.

Population / model: Male Wistar rats undergoing seven days of hindlimb suspension; final fatigue test in excised soleus muscle

Ex vivo soleus fatigue: Increase in fatigue with unloading was prevented in the treated groupAfter 7 days; numerical effect size unavailable in the abstract.
Fiber-type changes: Attenuated slow-fiber atrophy and slow-to-fast shift; fast-fiber atrophy not preventedHistology; absolute cross-sectional areas not verified.

Interpretation: Original numerical fatigue effect and group sizes require full text.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

MOTS-c preserved isolated soleus fatigue resistance and mitigated slow-fiber atrophy. Fast-fiber atrophy was not mitigated.

Male Wistar rats undergoing seven days of hindlimb suspension; final fatigue test in excised soleus muscle

Protocol information

Daily intraperitoneal injections during seven days of unloading. Dose and group-level denominators are not given in the verified abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered

Reported findings and study figures · Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Ex vivo soleus fatigue	Increase in fatigue with unloading was prevented in the treated group	After 7 days; numerical effect size unavailable in the abstract.
Fiber-type changes	Attenuated slow-fiber atrophy and slow-to-fast shift; fast-fiber atrophy not prevented	Histology; absolute cross-sectional areas not verified.
Signaling and ribosomal RNA	Preserved Akt/GSK3β phosphorylation and 18S/28S rRNA near control levels	Biochemical measures in rat soleus.
Atrophy and mitochondrial markers	Lower MuRF and Atrogin-1 mRNA; preservation of selected biogenesis markers and ACC phosphorylation	Compared with unloaded placebo animals; no causal mediation established.

A muscle-disuse preservation experiment, relevant to space medicine and immobilization. The abstract does not establish human protection or an ergogenic effect.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher abstract and PubMed record checked; subscription PDF, numerical figures and complete treatment methods not recovered

Ex vivo muscle function after disuse differs from athletic endurance in an exercising person.
Several molecular readouts do not establish one causal pathway.

Full source record ↗

MOTS-c

1996 · Comparison in people · Dissertation

Thymic peptides in Furgal’s military immunization research ↗

The donor immunization program reported 83.7% or more immune responders with thymic peptide adjuncts versus 60.5% with standard toxoid vaccination. The source does not isolate a reliable effect for either peptide.

Population / model: 7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.

Staphylococcal toxoid donor program · immune responders: ≥83.7% with the peptide-inclusive approach versus 60.5% with standard vaccinationThymalin and Thymogen were discussed within the 240-person donor series. Individual treatment-arm sizes are unresolved.
Reported antibody titres: ≥9.6±0.2 versus 8.6±0.7 IU/mLDonor comparison; uncertainty term and exact n not verified.

Interpretation: Do not treat the donor antibody results as prevention of infection or proof of improved work performance.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.

Reported findings and study figures · Author abstract, eleven series and archival report citations checked. Original treatment-arm tables remain unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Staphylococcal toxoid donor program · immune responders	≥83.7% with the peptide-inclusive approach versus 60.5% with standard vaccination	Thymalin and Thymogen were discussed within the 240-person donor series. Individual treatment-arm sizes are unresolved.
Reported antibody titres	≥9.6±0.2 versus 8.6±0.7 IU/mL	Donor comparison; uncertainty term and exact n not verified.
Reported duration of humoral response	At least 20 weeks versus 6–8 weeks	Author’s interpretation of donor antibody response. Clinical infection protection requires separate evidence.
Reported immunocorrection series	7,630 across thirteen military units	Eleven reported series with observation periods of 4–24 months. Includes peptide and nonpeptide approaches.

This source documents military immunology and infection-prevention research. The program total spans multiple interventions and controls.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Author abstract, eleven series and archival report citations checked. Original treatment-arm tables remain unavailable.

The summarized findings do not resolve whether Thymalin and Thymogen were used together or in distinct regimens.
Original denominators and allocation are needed to estimate uncertainty.

Full source record ↗

Thymalin Thymogen

2009 · Comparison in people · Dissertation

Cortexin in radiation-accident responders: Bioregulation follow-up ↗

At 12 months, reported memory complaints in the two 20-day-course group fell from 93.3% to 33.3%, versus 93.3% to 91.7% in the comparison group. Repeat-course selection limits attribution.

Population / model: 165 Chernobyl response workers in the reported three initial groups (55, 50 and 60); five follow-up subgroups after repeat-course selection

Memory complaint prevalence: 93.3% → 33.3% with two 20-day courses; 93.3% → 91.7% with usual careAt 12 months; n=30 and n=60 in the displayed groups.
Headache prevalence: 93.3% → 43.3% with two 20-day courses; 95.0% → 90.0% with usual careTable 3; reported symptom prevalence, not headache intensity.

Interpretation: Repeat-course subgroups formed during follow-up, not clearly randomized groups. Baseline symptoms differed.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

At 12 months, reported memory complaints in the two 20-day-course group fell from 93.3% to 33.3%, versus 93.3% to 91.7% in the comparison group. Repeat-course selection limits attribution.

165 Chernobyl response workers in the reported three initial groups (55, 50 and 60); five follow-up subgroups after repeat-course selection

Dose, route and schedule

Cortexin 10 mg intramuscularly daily in reported 10- or 20-day courses. Selected subgroups received a second course at six months. The comparison group received usual care without Cortexin.

Protocol source ↗ · Author-abstract transcription, selected follow-up methods and Table 3 checked; original scan unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Author-abstract transcription, selected follow-up methods and Table 3 checked; original scan unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Memory complaint prevalence	93.3% → 33.3% with two 20-day courses; 93.3% → 91.7% with usual care	At 12 months; n=30 and n=60 in the displayed groups.
Headache prevalence	93.3% → 43.3% with two 20-day courses; 95.0% → 90.0% with usual care	Table 3; reported symptom prevalence, not headache intensity.
Schulte task time	Reported decrease 15.6±1.6 s with two 20-day courses	Other groups: decreases 4.5±1.7 s, 8.1±1.6 s and 10.2±1.4 s; comparison-group relative change 2.3%, nonsignificant.
Safety reporting	No complete adverse-event table recovered	The author describes monitoring, but the available follow-up does not establish safety.

Table 3 · selected 12-month symptom results (%)

Table 3 · selected 12-month symptom results (%)
Symptom	10 days ×1 (n=20)	20 days ×1 (n=20)	Usual care (n=60)	10 days ×2 (n=35)	20 days ×2 (n=30)
Headache	95.0 → 70.0	100.0 → 65.0	95.0 → 90.0	94.3 → 62.9	93.3 → 43.3
Dizziness	75.0 → 60.0	70.0 → 55.0	68.3 → 71.7	62.9 → 48.6	66.7 → 46.7
Sleep complaint	80.0 → 50.0	75.0 → 45.0	75.0 → 75.0	65.7 → 42.9	66.7 → 36.7
Memory complaint	90.0 → 60.0	95.0 → 50.0	93.3 → 91.7	94.3 → 40.0	93.3 → 33.3

Baseline → 12 months. Transcribed values, with corrupted significance glyphs omitted. Repeat-course assignment evolved during follow-up.

The author-abstract table supplies a rehabilitation lead, with nonrandom follow-up and subjective endpoints. This is not a worker enhancement or radiation-protection trial.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Author-abstract transcription, selected follow-up methods and Table 3 checked; original scan unavailable

Self-reported symptoms and cognitive-test results in radiation-accident responders do not establish operational performance in healthy people.
No systematic longer-term adverse-event table was recovered.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2015 · Comparison in people · Conference abstract

Stemokin in treatment and prevention of pyoderma in military personnel ↗

The report compares adjunctive treatment in groups of 39 and 37, and prevention in groups of 40 and 36. Reported recovery was 74.36% versus 21.62%; reported infection incidence was 17.5% versus 58.3% during follow-up up to 12 months. Allocation and blinding are unclear. The 2011 dissertation appears to report overlapping groups; neither publications nor the two investigations establish 152 unique participants.

Population / model: Treatment comparison: 39 adjunctive Stemokin versus 37 basic care; prevention comparison: 40 versus 36. Participant overlap unresolved.

Reported clinical recovery in the adjunct-treatment arm: 74.36% among 39 treated participants
Reported pyoderma incidence in the prevention arm: 17.5% among 40 participants over follow-up up to 12 months

Interpretation: Independent replication and full risk-of-bias appraisal remain unresolved.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study figures · Original conference-abstract text available in the indexed source; directly opening the host returned 403. Numerical rows below are limited to the recovered passage.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported clinical recovery in the adjunct-treatment arm	74.36% among 39 treated participants
Reported pyoderma incidence in the prevention arm	17.5% among 40 participants over follow-up up to 12 months

These arm-level proportions are not causal effect estimates. Comparison-arm percentages were not independently recovered in this pass. Allocation, blinding and overlap between the treatment and prevention groups remain unresolved; do not add the groups as unique participants.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-05

Indexed original abstract passages rechecked; direct host access returned 403. Reported active-arm recovery and prevention proportions recovered; full dissertation appraisal pending.

No personalized treatment or safety conclusion follows from this record.

Full source record ↗

Stemokin / Neogen

Aerospace, hypoxia and rehabilitation

Separate healthy-volunteer stress tests, animal experiments and patient rehabilitation. The matched Thymogen tables belong to one evidence family.

2018 · Animal research · Biomeditsina 2018(2):4–14, Tables 1–3; paired with 2014 Volume III Table 11

Thymogen and four peptide preparations in hypoxia, heat and cold ↗

In the three-day rat comparison, Thymogen at 0.1 mg/kg gave 28.6±11.8 min versus 2.2±0.1 with saline. All 16 arms and their reported values match the 2014 monograph. Thymogen had no significant benefit on the air-cooling endpoint.

Population / model: Outbred male mice in the single-dose hypoxia screen; male rats (180–210 g) in the repeated-dose hypoxia table. Separate temperature experiments.

Thymogen · course hypoxia: 10.6±3.2, 20.1±11.1 and 28.6±11.8 minp<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 versus saline as marked.At 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg respectively. Saline 2.2±0.1 min.
Thymalin · course hypoxia: 7.1±2.6 min at 0.1 mg/kg versus 2.2±0.1 min salinep<0.05 for 0.1 mg/kg0.5 mg/kg arm was unmarked for significance.

Interpretation: The 2018 rat course results and 2014 book table belong to one evidence family. The book omits an explicit course-series species and altitude in the adjacent paragraph.

Methods, reported doses and original table values

Reported findings and study design

The single-dose mouse screen used 10,000 m, 8–10 per dose in the 2018 report (6–10 in the 2014 book). Table 1 instead reports a three-day rat series tested at 11,500 m the next day. Arm sizes for the repeated-dose table are not stated in the audited passage.

Dose, route and schedule

Historical animal protocol. Intraperitoneal dosing daily for three days for the course hypoxia series. Thymogen 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 mg/kg, with distinct dose ranges for the other preparations.

Protocol source ↗ · Original 2018 methods and Tables 1–3 compared with Volume III Chapter 7, pp. 174–177.

Reported findings and study figures · Original 2018 methods and Tables 1–3 compared with Volume III Chapter 7, pp. 174–177.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Thymogen · course hypoxia	10.6±3.2, 20.1±11.1 and 28.6±11.8 min	At 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg respectively. Saline 2.2±0.1 min. · p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.01 versus saline as marked.
Thymalin · course hypoxia	7.1±2.6 min at 0.1 mg/kg versus 2.2±0.1 min saline	0.5 mg/kg arm was unmarked for significance. · p<0.05 for 0.1 mg/kg
Cortexin · course hypoxia and heat	5.2±3.2 min at 1 mg/kg in hypoxia; 88.6±2.4 vs 96.5±5.2 min at 5 mg/kg in heat	Separate stress experiments and different doses. The heat endpoint shortened. · Both selected contrasts p<0.05 as marked
Prostatilen · course hypoxia	7.0±5.6 min at 0.1 mg/kg versus 2.2±0.1 min saline	At 0.5 mg/kg: 4.2±0.7 min and a 66% increase in resistant animals as printed. · 0.1 mg/kg time p<0.01 as marked
Epithalamin · course hypoxia and cold	7.4±4.5 min at 10 mg/kg in hypoxia; 194±22 vs 168±12 min at 0.5 mg/kg in air cooling	Separate dose and stress protocols. 1 mg/kg hypoxia arm was unmarked. · Both selected contrasts p<0.05 as marked
Thymogen · air cooling	185±25 vs 168±12 min to rectal temperature of 35°C	0.05 mg/kg versus control. No significant contrast marked.
Publication overlap	2014 Table 11 and 2018 Table 1 repeat the same values	Counts as one reported experiment. Both publications also describe a distinct acute mouse screen.

Matched course-hypoxia data · 2014 Table 11 and 2018 Table 1

Matched course-hypoxia data · 2014 Table 11 and 2018 Table 1
Arm	Dose (mg/kg unless noted)	Time (min)	Reported change (%)	Resistant-animal share increase (%)
Saline	1.0 as printed	2.2±0.1	0	0
Thymalin	0.1	7.1±2.6*	238	38
Thymalin	0.5	3.7±1.0	76	16
Thymalin	1.0	4.4±2.2*	110	16
Cortexin	0.1	3.9±1.4	86	5
Cortexin	0.5	3.8±0.4*	81	16
Cortexin	1.0	5.2±3.2*	148	5
Prostatilen	0.1	7.0±5.6**	233	0
Prostatilen	0.5	4.2±0.7*	100	66*
Prostatilen	1.0	2.4±1.0	14	16
Epithalamin	0.1	2.7±0.6	22	15
Epithalamin	1.0	1.8±0.5	0	0
Epithalamin	10.0	7.4±4.5*	236	33
Thymogen	0.001	10.6±3.2*	405	48*
Thymogen	0.01	20.1±11.1**	857	60*
Thymogen	0.1	28.6±11.8**	1262	80**

M±m. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01 versus saline. Percentage column transcribed as printed and may differ from calculations using rounded means. The book’s adjacent mouse protocol describes the acute screen.

The papers distinguish the single-dose mouse screen from the three-day rat protocol. The matching table adds no independent animals or human participants.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original 2018 methods and Tables 1–3 compared with Volume III Chapter 7, pp. 174–177.

Short survival in an extreme animal model is separate from human endurance or safety.

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Thymogen Thymalin Cortexin Epithalamin Prostatilen

2014 · Comparison in people · Essays on Sports Pharmacology, Vol. III, Vectors of Pharmacoregulation, Chapter 7, pp. 177–180, Table 12

Four intranasal peptide arms at simulated 4,500 m ↗

Thymogen was associated with lower lactate during the chamber protocol. Cortexin showed longer complex reaction latency alongside other physiological changes. The endpoints were heterogeneous.

Population / model: Men aged 20–25 with asthenic or immune-status features. Four active arms of 6–8 each and 11 saline controls.

Thymogen · blood lactate: 1.81±0.21 vs 2.98±0.46p<0.05 versus salineSource Table 12 units not specified on the row.
Cortexin · complex visuomotor reaction latency: 423±12 vs 381±9 msp<0.01 versus salineSlower response, even with some favorable markers.

Interpretation: Small arms, numerous endpoints and several comparisons reported at p<0.1. Exact allocation counts and overlap with the Medilab lineage remain unresolved.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Thymogen was associated with lower lactate during the chamber protocol. Cortexin showed longer complex reaction latency alongside other physiological changes. The endpoints were heterogeneous.

Author-described random assignment. Exposure for 60–80 min at simulated 4,500 m with postural testing, a three-minute 100 W cycling load, motor tasks and blood measurements.

Dose, route and schedule

Single intranasal administration one hour before ascent: Thymogen 1 µg, Cortexin 10 mg, Epithalamin 10 mg or Prostatilen 5 mg. The control received equivalent-volume saline.

Protocol source ↗ · Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Reported findings and study figures · Original publication and selected methods and results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Thymogen · blood lactate	1.81±0.21 vs 2.98±0.46	Source Table 12 units not specified on the row. · p<0.05 versus saline
Cortexin · complex visuomotor reaction latency	423±12 vs 381±9 ms	Slower response, even with some favorable markers. · p<0.01 versus saline
Epithalamin · number of complaints	0.33±0.13 vs 1.4±0.5	Authors marked a trend. · p<0.1 versus saline
Prostatilen · number of complaints	0.2±0.2 vs 1.4±0.5	Small short-term comparison. · p<0.05 versus saline

The 4,500 m protocol differs from Cheprasov’s 5,000 m comparison. Participant independence has not been established and this series adds no people to the historical tally.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original publication and selected methods and results checked

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Thymogen Cortexin Epithalamin Prostatilen

1997 · Comparison in people · Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods

Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stress ↗

The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.

Population / model: 116 men across three stress comparisons (30, 70 and 16), plus an eight-cosmonaut comparison within the reported dissertation program of 328.

Hypobaric comparison: Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measuresAbstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable.
Coriolis motion tolerance: Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68%Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm.

Interpretation: Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Hypobaric test: three arms of 10 at 5,000 m for 60 min. Motion: seven arms of 10 in a Coriolis test. Work: four arms of four at 50% of individually tolerated load. Postflight: four mission pairs, one participant per pair given Thymogen.

Dose, route and schedule

Hypoxia: intranasal Cortexin or Thymalin, 20 mg per course over two days, or placebo. Motion: single intranasal 5 mg Thymalin, Cortexin, Prostatilen or Epithalamin, or 50 µg Thymogen, with oral scopolamine 0.1 mg and placebo controls. Work: nasal Thymogen 100 µg or Cortexin 10 mg before work and after 6 and 12 h, or oral sydnocarb plus Bemitil, or saline. Postflight: intranasal Thymogen 100 µg/day for seven days.

Protocol source ↗ · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

Reported findings and study figures · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Hypobaric comparison	Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measures	Abstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable.
Coriolis motion tolerance	Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68%	Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm.
Sustained work	Author reported recovery of selected Thymogen-group measures to baseline by three hours	Four per arm. Cortexin and oral Bemitil plus sydnocarb were separate comparators.
Postflight respiratory infections	1 of 4 in Thymogen arm versus 4 of 4 saline	Reported during the following year, a descriptive count from four pairs.
Program headcount	328 stated; stage rows add to 338	The 116 and 8 are subseries, with no additional headcount contributed to the historical tally.

The aerospace findings concern separate stress and recovery tasks, with no reliable pooled treatment effect.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

The 47 modeling experts were outside the participant table.

Full source record ↗

Thymogen Thymalin Cortexin Epithalamin Prostatilen Bemitil

2014 · Comparison in people · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 12(4):67–71

Intranasal Cortexin and statokinetic tolerance in volunteers ↗

The authors reported 1.40–1.44-fold changes on selected stabilography measures and longer motion tolerance. The findings do not measure brain uptake.

Population / model: 86 healthy men aged 18–20 screened. Thirty-two with baseline tolerance below two minutes entered the Cortexin or saline comparison.

Coriolis motion tolerance: 96.2±3.8 → 151.6±7.4 sSaline: 90.0±4.5 → 86.5±6.8 s. The paper marks the within-arm change with Cortexin.
Static balance: 21.3 → 27.5 sCortexin arm in the Bondarevsky test.

Interpretation: Small selected volunteer population. Exact allocation, protocol differences from related vestibular reports and independent replication require additional verification.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The authors reported 1.40–1.44-fold changes on selected stabilography measures and longer motion tolerance. The findings do not measure brain uptake.

Modified Coriolis acceleration test, Bondarevsky balance test and computer stabilography after a ten-day course and during follow-up.

Dose, route and schedule

Intranasal Cortexin 0.25 mg per nostril twice daily, eight hours apart, for ten days, 10 mg total. The paper does not specify the final reconstitution volume.

Protocol source ↗ · Original article, methods and Tables 1–2

Reported findings and study figures · Original article, methods and Tables 1–2
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Coriolis motion tolerance	96.2±3.8 → 151.6±7.4 s	Saline: 90.0±4.5 → 86.5±6.8 s. The paper marks the within-arm change with Cortexin.
Static balance	21.3 → 27.5 s	Cortexin arm in the Bondarevsky test.
Selected stabilography measures	1.40–1.44-fold reported changes	The authors also reported 1.22–1.24-fold reductions in center-of-gravity amplitude and asymmetry.
Follow-up	Effect described through 30 days	Other measures showed no clear difference in change.

Small selected volunteer population. Exact allocation, protocol differences from related vestibular reports and independent replication require additional verification.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original article, methods and Tables 1–2

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Cortexin

2008 · Randomized study in people · Kirov Military Medical Academy candidate dissertation author abstract

Cortexin and other adjuncts in military combined-injury rehabilitation ↗

Reported work-capacity scores rose from 516.0 to 569.3 with Cortexin and from 524.1 to 613.2 with Vinpotropil. Standard care fell from 526.1 to 509.8.

Population / model: 317 screened, 76 selected (61 men and 15 women), 60 analyzed in four groups of 15. Sixteen early discharges.

Cortexin · work-capacity score: 516.0±21.4 → 569.3±5.2Reported p<0.05 versus standard careDay 1 to day 14. Standard care 526.1±10.2 → 509.8±12.2.
Vinpotropil · work-capacity score: 524.1±23.7 → 613.2±19.5Reported p<0.05 versus standard careDay 1 to day 14. Separate treatment arm.

Interpretation: Blinding implementation across different routes is unclear. Complete arm flow, attrition by arm and outcome units need the full dissertation.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Reported work-capacity scores rose from 516.0 to 569.3 with Cortexin and from 524.1 to 613.2 with Vinpotropil. Standard care fell from 526.1 to 509.8.

Author-described double-blind randomized adjunctive study. Outcomes at days 7 and 14 included asthenia, anxiety, memory and tapping-based performance. Control included B-vitamin injections.

Dose, route and schedule

Cortexin 10 mg intramuscularly once daily, Mexidol 100 mg intramuscularly once daily, or Vinpotropil one oral capsule three times daily as separate adjuncts. Standard-care comparator included B1 and B6 injections.

Protocol source ↗ · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

Reported findings and study figures · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Cortexin · work-capacity score	516.0±21.4 → 569.3±5.2	Day 1 to day 14. Standard care 526.1±10.2 → 509.8±12.2. · Reported p<0.05 versus standard care
Vinpotropil · work-capacity score	524.1±23.7 → 613.2±19.5	Day 1 to day 14. Separate treatment arm. · Reported p<0.05 versus standard care
Cortexin · clinician-rated anxiety	13.4±2.1 → 4.5±0.6	Day 14. All arms showed some improvement.
Attrition	16 early discharges; zero attributed to adverse effects	The abstract does not provide a comprehensive adverse-event table.

This is short-term treatment research in hospitalized patients after trauma. The 60 analyzed are included within the 76 selected.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin Mexidol Vinpotropil

2006 · Comparison in people · Doctoral dissertation, Psychophysiological correction of psychosomatic disorders in military personnel, conclusion 10

Savchenko’s naval rehabilitation Cortexin comparison ↗

The author reported a recovery index of 80.5 versus 71.6 in the control group. Physical work capacity normalized in 50% in both groups.

Population / model: Military officers and retired personnel in a rehabilitation program. Cortexin-comparison arm denominators unresolved.

Physical work-capacity normalization: 50% vs 50%Cortexin versus control.
Recovery index and post-treatment severity: 80.5 vs 71.6; severity 12.62 vs 20.13Author-reported metrics and scale units.

Interpretation: Unresolved assignment, group sizes, concomitant care and measurement definitions. These data do not establish improved physical work capacity.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The author reported a recovery index of 80.5 versus 71.6 in the control group. Physical work capacity normalized in 50% in both groups.

Military officers and retired personnel in a rehabilitation program. Cortexin-comparison arm denominators unresolved.

Protocol information

Ten-day Cortexin course. The accessible comparison does not establish a verified dose or route.

Protocol source ↗ · Dissertation catalogue, introduction and conclusions. Original treatment-arm tables not recovered.

Reported findings and study figures · Dissertation catalogue, introduction and conclusions. Original treatment-arm tables not recovered.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Physical work-capacity normalization	50% vs 50%	Cortexin versus control.
Recovery index and post-treatment severity	80.5 vs 71.6; severity 12.62 vs 20.13	Author-reported metrics and scale units.
Psychophysiological normalization	Emotional state 46% vs 27.3%; intellectual function 100% vs 20%; neurophysiology 83% vs 41.7%	Original arm denominators and uncertainty not supplied in the conclusion.

The neutral physical outcome qualifies the broader reported pattern. The combined psychotherapy and laser groups are separate.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Dissertation catalogue, introduction and conclusions. Original treatment-arm tables not recovered.

Full source record ↗

Cortexin

2004 · Observational study · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2004(2):74–76; parallel report with outcome table

Cortexin in 187 patients with prior brain injury ↗

The authors classified 95 outcomes as good and 62 as satisfactory. Thirty were unsatisfactory. Less-severe injuries had more favorable results.

Population / model: 187 patients aged 19–56, 107 injured during combat. Severity analysis included 117 less severe and 70 severe injuries.

Good or satisfactory: 157 of 187 (84.0% from the reported counts)Good: 95; satisfactory: 62; unsatisfactory: 30.
Unsatisfactory by severity: 8/117 (6.8%) versus 22/70 (31.4%)Less severe versus severe injury.

Interpretation: Case-series outcome grading and concurrent rehabilitation do not isolate the effect of Cortexin.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

The authors classified 95 outcomes as good and 62 as satisfactory. Thirty were unsatisfactory. Less-severe injuries had more favorable results.

Clinical neurological and psychological testing, EEG and Doppler examinations. No randomized untreated comparison.

Dose, route and schedule

In the parallel text, 10 mg Cortexin intramuscularly daily for 10–20 days.

Protocol source ↗ · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2004(2):74–76; parallel report with outcome table

Reported findings and study figures · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2004(2):74–76; parallel report with outcome table
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Good or satisfactory	157 of 187 (84.0% from the reported counts)	Good: 95; satisfactory: 62; unsatisfactory: 30.
Unsatisfactory by severity	8/117 (6.8%) versus 22/70 (31.4%)	Less severe versus severe injury.
Cohort scope	107 combat injuries within 187 overall	The parallel publication and later dissertation are related sources, with no confirmed independent cohort.

Case-series outcome grading and concurrent rehabilitation do not isolate the effect of Cortexin.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy, 2004(2):74–76; parallel report with outcome table

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Cortexin

2019 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

RU2709503C1: Selank in acute cold-water hypothermia models — RU2709503C1 ↗

Applicant claims use of Selank for resistance to acute cooling, with separate rat swimming and survival examples.

Population / model: 20 rats in free swimming and 36 in a separate 60-minute 9°C flotation-collar model. Intranasal Selank 200 µg/kg, timing varied by arm.

Free swimming · Example 1: 23% longer active swimming than saline10 rats per arm at 9°C; reported p<0.05.
Post-exposure arm · Example 2: 40% survived the subsequent observation periodOnly 25% of saline controls survived the first hour and all died by day 2. Patent reports a 3.2-fold first-hour survival comparison.

Interpretation: Animal patent experiments. Human treatment of hypothermia is outside the evidence.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported patent results

Reported findings

Applicant claims use of Selank for resistance to acute cooling, with separate rat swimming and survival examples.

20 rats in free swimming and 36 in a separate 60-minute 9°C flotation-collar model. Intranasal Selank 200 µg/kg, timing varied by arm.

Reported findings and study figures · Original patent, selected methods and examples checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Free swimming · Example 1	23% longer active swimming than saline	10 rats per arm at 9°C; reported p<0.05.
Post-exposure arm · Example 2	40% survived the subsequent observation period	Only 25% of saline controls survived the first hour and all died by day 2. Patent reports a 3.2-fold first-hour survival comparison.
Pre- and post-exposure schedule	No reported improvement in final survival	Distinct from the post-exposure-only arm.

Animal patent experiments. Human treatment of hypothermia is outside the evidence.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Animal patent experiments. Human treatment of hypothermia is outside the evidence.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Full source record ↗

Selank

2026 · Animal research · Original article, sections 2.13 and 3; DOI 10.60797/IRJ.2026.164.62

PPC-M bovine brain complex: analytical and rat histology study ↗

PPC-M contained polypeptides in the 2,180–7,755 Da range and an albumin-like protein. Rat brain histology was described qualitatively.

Population / model: 20 male Wistar rats across saline and PPC-M in the hemorrhage model, with separate in vitro and analytical assays.

Fraction 3H peptide masses: 2,180–7,755 DaMain text; conclusion prints 7,715 Da. Overlap by size with other extracts does not identify shared sequences.
Albumin-like component: Approximately 66.7 kDaN-terminal sequence was consistent with bovine serum albumin.

Interpretation: Small animal comparison and descriptive histology. Printed concentration is unusually low and is retained as reported.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

PPC-M contained polypeptides in the 2,180–7,755 Da range and an albumin-like protein. Rat brain histology was described qualitatively.

MALDI-TOF and N-terminal sequencing, spectroscopy, protein aggregation assays and histology after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage.

Dose, route and schedule

Daily intranasal 20 µL per nostril of saline or PPC-M at the printed concentration of 10⁻¹² mg protein/mL.

Protocol source ↗ · Original article, sections 2.13 and 3; DOI 10.60797/IRJ.2026.164.62

Reported findings and study figures · Original article, sections 2.13 and 3; DOI 10.60797/IRJ.2026.164.62
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Fraction 3H peptide masses	2,180–7,755 Da	Main text; conclusion prints 7,715 Da. Overlap by size with other extracts does not identify shared sequences.
Albumin-like component	Approximately 66.7 kDa	N-terminal sequence was consistent with bovine serum albumin.
Histological observations	Ependymal cells, vascular structures and earlier wound-channel closure described	No verified quantitative motor outcome or intact-peptide brain exposure.

Small animal comparison and descriptive histology. Printed concentration is unusually low and is retained as reported.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original article, sections 2.13 and 3; DOI 10.60797/IRJ.2026.164.62

Full source record ↗

PPC-M

2014 · Laboratory analysis · Prikladnaia Biokhimiia i Mikrobiologiia. 50(4):442–448. PMID 25707122

A 4,749 Da bioregulator purified from rat brain ↗

Purification yielded a polypeptide with a mass of 4,749 ± 2 Da and structural similarity to the N-terminal region of a Gₒ-protein alpha subunit.

Population / model: Brain tissue from Wistar rats. No human performance cohort.

Mass after purification: 4,749 ± 2 DaA polypeptide isolated from Wistar rat brain by reversed-phase HPLC.
Proteomic comparison: Similarity to an N-terminal Gₒ-protein alpha-subunit fragmentThe later PPC-M paper cites this earlier rat-tissue work. The candidate is distinct from the material directly characterized in PPC-M.

Interpretation: The indexed abstract supplies no performance outcomes, full activity assay or evidence that PPK-V contains this peptide.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Purification yielded a polypeptide with a mass of 4,749 ± 2 Da and structural similarity to the N-terminal region of a Gₒ-protein alpha subunit.

Reversed-phase HPLC, circular dichroism and proteomic comparison.

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Mass after purification	4,749 ± 2 Da	A polypeptide isolated from Wistar rat brain by reversed-phase HPLC.
Proteomic comparison	Similarity to an N-terminal Gₒ-protein alpha-subunit fragment	The later PPC-M paper cites this earlier rat-tissue work. The candidate is distinct from the material directly characterized in PPC-M.

This is a molecular characterization result from a distinct rat-brain preparation.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Original indexed abstract

Full source record ↗

Il’ina’s 4,749 Da brain peptide

2019 · Animal research · Journal of the Neurological Sciences 398:22–26

Blinded rat stroke comparison of four peptide preparations ↗

Only Cerebrolysin improved measured functional outcomes versus saline. The other hydrolysates had no significant functional effect and no treatment reduced lesion volume significantly.

Population / model: Male Wistar rats with embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion, 23 initially randomized per arm; early deaths excluded from analysis.

Serial functional testing: Cerebrolysin improved outcomes; Cortexin, Cerebrolysat and Cognistar did not show a comparable significant benefitFigure 1. Neurological severity, adhesive removal and foot-fault testing.
Lesion volume: No significant improvement versus saline in any treatment groupFunctional and histological outcomes are separate.

Interpretation: Animal ischemia results do not transfer between differently manufactured formulations.

Methods, reported doses and all findings

Reported findings and study design

Only Cerebrolysin improved measured functional outcomes versus saline. The other hydrolysates had no significant functional effect and no treatment reduced lesion volume significantly.

Prospective, randomized and blinded comparisons of saline, Cognistar, Cerebrolysat, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin. Serial neurological testing through day 28.

Dose, route and schedule

Daily intraperitoneal doses for ten days starting four hours after occlusion: Cognistar, Cerebrolysat and Cerebrolysin 2.5 mL/kg each, Cortexin 1.7 mg/kg or saline 1 mL per rat. One methods line repeats Cerebrolysin where the abstract and other sections identify Cerebrolysat.

Protocol source ↗ · Journal of the Neurological Sciences 398:22–26

Reported findings and study figures · Journal of the Neurological Sciences 398:22–26
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Serial functional testing	Cerebrolysin improved outcomes; Cortexin, Cerebrolysat and Cognistar did not show a comparable significant benefit	Figure 1. Neurological severity, adhesive removal and foot-fault testing.
Lesion volume	No significant improvement versus saline in any treatment group	Functional and histological outcomes are separate.

Animal ischemia results do not transfer between differently manufactured formulations.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-09

Journal of the Neurological Sciences 398:22–26

Full source record ↗ · Original PDF ↗

Cerebrolysat Cortexin Cerebrolysin Cognistar

Named programs and report identifiers

These names trace research activity. They do not represent separate trials or verified operational use. The table distinguishes documented preparation links from unresolved program scope.

Programs with traceable source documents
Program	Identifier / period	Documented connection and gaps	Source trail
Устойчивость / Resilience	VMA 02.12.01.0709/0214 · 2000s	Ganapolsky: chamber pharmacology, including antihypoxants and peptide research. Match the 2007 conference and journal cohorts before counting participants.	Source ↗
Медилаб / Medilab	1991–1995 and related work toward 2000	Cheprasov, Novikov, Shustov, Yastrebov and colleagues: aerospace functional state, vestibular stress and recovery. Individual protocols and tables remain acquisition targets.	Source ↗
Биорегуляция / Bioregulation	VMA.03.12.08.0910/0226 · 2000s	Sorkin’s Cortexin research in radiation-accident responders. Rehabilitation endpoints, distinct from operational performance.	Source ↗
Биоритмология / Biorhythmology	1994–1996 historical records	Kim reanalyzed records from the Academy climate laboratory. No new recruit count or verified peptide allocation.	Source ↗
Ранг-97 / Rang-97	1990s historical records	Reanalyzed alongside Biorhythmology. Original report and preparation-level protocol remain missing.	Source ↗
Ротор-ВМА / Rotor-VMA	УМА.02.07.2122/0031 · 2022–2024 lineage	Named in Kim’s dissertation for environmental physiology and performance research. The identifier does not establish a drug trial.	Source ↗
Рубеж-М / Rubezh-M	УМА.01.07.2325/0034 · 2022–2024 lineage	Healthy-volunteer stress physiology; peptide-specific treatment assignments not verified.	Source ↗

Other named themes in the Shustov trail

Космос (Kosmos) · Сальск (Salsk) · Корнишон (Kornishon) · Лира-3 (Lira-3) · Облик-3 (Oblik-3) · Эффективность (Efficiency) · Геофарм (Geofarm). Exact project scopes and peptide links require the original 1996 dissertation and program reports.

Seven additional report identifiers

Report identifier	Acquisition lead
83-90-П4	Military immune-status research
В4-90-П4	Immunocorrection; thymic peptide trail
28813-М	Combined vaccination strategies
11-88-В4	Armed Forces immunization report
29-92-ВТ	Donor immunization and thymic peptides
71-92-П4	Respiratory infection prevention
3.10.91.п2	Shustov reference; subject unresolved

Most are cited by Furgal. The ID is an archive key, not evidence of a distinct treatment cohort.

Related research without a verified codename

Historical actoprotectors, Pyatibrat’s occupational work, northern cold-resistance experiments, military respiratory-infection research, and aerospace rehabilitation. See the Shustov source map, maritime studies and Far North occupational research.

Guidance cited in the archives, 1987–2024

Year	Document described	What is verified
1987	Psychopharmacological correction of combat readiness	Named in the 2021 institutional history; original document not recovered. Source ↗
1989	Pharmacological correction of combat readiness and work capacity	Named in the institutional history; original order and inclusion of specific compounds not verified. Source ↗
2022	Correction of performance in motor-intensive military tasks	Kim reports approval by the Main Military Medical Directorate; original text not recovered. Source ↗
2024	Correction of performance under adverse occupational conditions	Kim describes a submitted draft. Final approval and the original document are unverified. Source ↗

The publications identify documents; they do not establish which individual peptides the guidance included. The 2019 occupational review and 2024 combat-stress review are separate context.

Which originals would change the conclusions?

Kim’s 49-page author abstract and the full Chapter 6.4: recover doses, group sizes and the five-preparation results.
Resilience and Medilab allocation records: identify which chamber and aerospace reports share participants and which preparations were used.
Rotor-VMA and Rubezh-M protocols, the Biorhythmology and Rang-97 files, and the original 1987, 1989, 2022 and 2024 documents.
VIR-8 characterization and batch data: identify sequences and molecular masses before comparing it chemically to PPK-V.

Sports performance research ↗ · Shustov source trail ↗ · Combination matrix ↗ · Bibliography and PDFs ↗