Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor
M. Yu. Smakhtin, L. A. Sever’yanova, A. I. Konoplya, I. A. Shveinov · 2002 · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002;133(6):586–587. PMID 12447473
Reported findings and study design
Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete
Liver-cell division increased while antibody-producing cells and delayed hypersensitivity were suppressed. Numerical effect sizes are unavailable.
Animal liver-proliferation and immune-response experiments; group sizes and injection intervals unavailable.
Dose, route and schedule
Ten intraperitoneal injections; abstract prints 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg. Units retained exactly as published; they must not be silently replaced by µg/kg.
Protocol source ↗ · Indexed and publisher abstracts; dose units unresolved
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatocyte mitotic activity | Increased after ten intraperitoneal GHK injections; exact indices and uncertainty not provided | |
| Humoral and delayed hypersensitivity responses | Dose-dependent suppression reported; no numerical antibody-cell counts or hypersensitivity scores in the abstract | |
| Dose units as printed | 1.5, 5, 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg; ten injections | The 2004 text uses µg/kg. The 1,000-fold discrepancy is unresolved; no corrected dose is asserted. |
| Tissue injury and tolerability | Not quantified in this abstract; adverse histology is described in the separately linked 2003 and 2004 sources |
Mitotic activity is a surrogate endpoint, not evidence of clinical liver repair. The dose units require the full original paper or an authenticated correction.
Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08
Molekul summary of the linked publication. Educational information, not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.
Methods, limitations & source review
Study limitations
- Animal endpoints do not establish human efficacy, a safe human dose or long-term safety. These were not GHK-Cu administration experiments.
- The 2002 paper, 2003 paper, 2004 dissertation and related patent belong to the same research program; independence of their animal cohorts is unresolved.
- The 1,000-fold dose-unit discrepancy is unresolved. Exact mitotic indices, immune-response magnitudes, group sizes and injection intervals are unavailable in this abstract.
Publication counts are not counts of independent trials. Reviews, translations and reports sharing participants may overlap. Findings apply to the studied preparation, population and endpoints.
Document format: Original indexed and publisher abstracts
Review depth: Abstracts checked; complete article and numerical tables unavailable
Related-report group: kursk-ghk-liver-2002-2004. Reports in this group are not assumed to be independent trials.
Source access and review scope
PubMed and publisher abstracts checked. Full original article not recovered; the 2004 histology findings are reviewed separately, not attributed to this abstract.
Recorded source-check date: 2026-11-08. This date does not imply a completed systematic review.
Source type: Original experimental journal publication
Citation and original source
Original source: M. Yu. Smakhtin, L. A. Sever’yanova, A. I. Konoplya, I. A. Shveinov. Tripeptide Gly-His-Lys is a Hepatotropic Immunosuppressor Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2002;133(6):586–587. PMID 12447473 2002.
Molekul research summary: https://molekul.io/research/ghk-liver-immunity-2002. Cite the original publication for its findings and this page when referring to Molekul’s summary or evidence appraisal.
Bibliography entry