COMPOUND RECORD / PIRACETAM

PiracetamПирацетам

CognitionRecovery

Source linked

What the studies found

Review of earlier studies · 2012

Stroke review did not establish improved independence

One-month death trend: Approximately 31% increase; interval from 5% reduction to 81% increaseNot statistically significant
After severity-imbalance adjustment: Unfavorable trend no longer apparent in the large trial
Dependence/function: Insufficient evidence; limited data showed no difference

The review found insufficient evidence on dependence. A nonsignificant early-mortality trend was sensitive to baseline stroke-severity imbalance.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Three trials, 1,002 patients; one trial supplied 93% of the data

Design Three acute-stroke trials, 1,002 patients aged 40–85; one trial supplied 93% of the data. Search cutoff May 2011.

Important limitations

Condition-specific historical review, not a conclusion about healthy-person cognition. Harms were not adequately reported; absence of reporting is not evidence of safety. The review includes participants from the trials it summarizes.
The later page date does not indicate a newly searched trial set. Adverse effects were unreported, not proven absent.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(9):CD000419 · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2006

Phenotropil and piracetam in a Russian chronic fatigue comparison

Study of multiple preparations

Complete or partial symptom response in the CFS subgroup: 28/32 (87.5%) with Phenotropil and 11/20 (55%) with piracetam. The authors reported p<0.05 for the drug comparison.
Placebo: The authors report no complete response. The narrative gives no matching count for partial response.

28/32 (87.5%) with Phenotropil and 11/20 (55%) with piracetam. The authors reported p<0.05 for the drug comparison.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 180 participants across asthenic syndrome and CFS groups. The CFS subgroup totaled 70 (32 Phenotropil, 20 piracetam, 18 placebo).

Design Four-week oral comparison. Phenotropil started at 50 mg twice daily and was titrated to 200–250 mg/day. Piracetam was 400 mg three times daily. Placebo mimicked the Phenotropil regimen.

Important limitations

The dossier does not establish random allocation, assessor masking or a modern case definition requiring PEM. The authors’ criteria describe symptom relief over four weeks.

MEDI.RU author report, March 2006 · Publication record

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2026

No significant nerve-regeneration improvement at the 14-day endpoint

Animals and follow-up: 40 rats; four groups of 10; 14 days
Nerve repair: No significant improvement in axonal continuity, myelin regeneration or capillary formation
Fibroblast density: Higher with piracetam than untreated injury controlp=0.025

After 14 days, piracetam, hyperbaric oxygen and their combination did not significantly improve axonal continuity, myelin regeneration or capillary formation. Piracetam increased fibroblast density and inflammatory-cell infiltration; selected circulating biochemical markers also changed. These early tissue and biomarker changes did not establish functional nerve recovery.

More reported outcomes

Inflammatory-cell infiltration: Higher with piracetam and with the combinationVersus untreated injury controlp=0.037 and p=0.014, respectively
Neuron-specific enolase: Higher with piracetam than untreated injury controlp=0.006

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 40 male Wistar-Albino rats with sciatic nerve crush injury; four randomized groups of 10.

Important limitations

Rat injury model with a 14-day endpoint. Histological and biochemical changes are not proof of sustained functional recovery; the increased NSE and inflammatory measures must not be summarized as uniformly protective.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 62(10) · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

01 / OVERVIEW

About Piracetam

Names in this research collection

Nootropil · Nootropyl · UCB-6215 · Ноотропил

A synthetic compound in the racetam family, also known by the brand Nootropil. It appears in neurological research and historical fatigue-related combination studies.

Research background

Piracetam, marketed as Nootropil, connects the original nootropic concept with Soviet clinical adoption and later operator, hypoxia and maritime research. Healthy-volunteer experiments, clinical reviews and combination proposals answer different questions.

Russian ME/CFS and fatigue research ↗

More study findings

Animal research · 2009

Rat behavioral assays: piracetam

Study of multiple preparations

Porsolt immobility: Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and SelankThis unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.

Separate comparisons in an assay battery.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Design 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Reported study exposure: 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally.

Important limitations

Electrical self-stimulation and immobility do not measure athletic endurance.
Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery. Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred. The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.
Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.

Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357 · Original journal article

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2004

DSIP analogues ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 in age-stratified rat stress models

Study of multiple preparations

Analogue identities: ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 tested separately from parent DSIP and piracetamAnalogue codes are reported; sequence-level identity was not independently resolved.
Age and oxidative response: ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in old rats, including slower MDA formationQualitative conclusions only; no verified magnitude.
Other endpoints: Leukocyte profile and chromosomal-aberration outcomes varied by analogue and ageRestricted-movement model; biochemical and cytogenetic effects rather than sport performance.

The dissertation describes analogue- and age-dependent changes in leukocytes, oxidative markers and chromosome damage. ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in older rats.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators

Design Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators

Important limitations

Sequence identities, exact comparative estimates and doses need original table recovery.
Sequence identities, exact comparative estimates and doses need original table recovery. The activity of these analogues does not establish an effect of DSIP itself or efficacy in humans.
The primary value is a lead for analogue-specific research; the parent peptide and analogues remain distinct.

Candidate dissertation, 152 pp.; Makhachkala author abstract, 22 pp. · Dissertation

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Randomized study in people · 1994

Drug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairment

Completed study: 135 overall; 45 per arm
Non-completion: 27 overallCalculated from 162 enrolled minus 135 completed
Best reported combination: 4.8 g and training beginning after six weeksNo numerical memory-score effect size in abstract

Three-month randomized, double-blind trial compared two piracetam groups with placebo alongside memory training. Reported benefits depended on baseline performance and training timing.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 162 adults aged 55 or older with age-associated memory impairment; 54 per arm; 135 completed

Design 162 adults aged 55+ randomized into three groups of 54; piracetam 2.4 g, 4.8 g or placebo alongside cognitive training for three months; ten-day placebo washout.

Important limitations

Memory training is a co-intervention; this is not a drug-only comparison. 27 participants did not complete; reasons and handling require full text.
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

International psychogeriatrics · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2004

A program linking hypoxia, training and drug exposure

Study of multiple preparations

Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction: Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation massThe dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings.
Bemitil elimination: Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetamAuthor-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables.
Animal swim experiment: Piracetam 90 mg/kg: +25%; Bemitil 37.5 mg/kg: +45%Author conclusions; separate tested doses, not a clinical comparison.

Piracetam combinations were tested with Bemitil, phenibut or sydnocarb. In animals, the author describes a narrow range of supra-additivity, additive or antagonistic effects at other ratios, and faster Bemitil elimination with piracetam.

More reported outcomes

Other formulations: Pirafen: piracetam + phenibut; Pirasid: piracetam + sydnocarbDistinct preparations and task-dependent results. The excerpt does not establish a universal benefit.
Human performance evidence: Group-level estimates and complete allocation not recoveredSeparate studies within the dissertation; no basis for a clinical regimen.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table

Design 122-page dissertation supervised by E. B. Shustov, with separate animal models, human experiments and pharmacokinetic observations.

Important limitations

Several experiments from one dissertation, not independent replications.
Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication. OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal. Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy.
An interaction can change direction with dose and endpoint. The animal and pharmacokinetic observations do not validate a human combination.

Candidate dissertation author’s abstract, Saint Petersburg, 2004 · Dissertation transcription

Original source or citation ↗

Source for the reported results ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Laboratory analysis · 2026

Predicted piracetam crystal Form VI experimentally resolved

Structure identified: Piracetam Form VI
Method: 3D electron diffraction with free-energy calculations
Clinical outcomes: Not studied

Three-dimensional electron diffraction resolved piracetam crystal Form VI, previously predicted computationally. Free-energy calculations place it among polymorphs accessible under ambient conditions. This is a solid-state chemistry result, not a trial of cognitive effects.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Nanocrystalline piracetam powder mixture; electron diffraction and free-energy calculations.

Important limitations

No patients, therapeutic outcomes or bioavailability comparison were studied. A new crystal structure does not establish a clinically superior formulation.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Observational study · 2026

Three-case clinical communication located; outcome details require the article

Publication scope: Three consecutive clinical cases

A February 2026 clinical communication describes dextromethorphan with piracetam in three consecutive cases. The indexed record does not provide an abstract; doses, individual outcomes and adverse events have not been extracted.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Three consecutive clinical cases of refractory bipolar disorder with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Regimen: Dextromethorphan with piracetamDose and outcome details not supplied by the index

Important limitations

Small case series with no abstract available in the checked index. No numerical efficacy or protocol claim is made without the article. Newly indexed in October; originally published 23 February 2026.

The Journal of clinical psychiatry 87(2) · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Research updates ↗

Performance research in context

Military & occupational evidence map ↗ Sports performance evidence map ↗

Compound class: Related nootropic
Research collection: Related nootropics & combinations · editorial grouping
Research institutions: No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review: Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.

02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research Small healthy-volunteer comparisons; clinical reviews; historical combination research
Study methods Acute and repeated exposure distinguished; full methods appraisal incomplete
Independent replication Mixed outcomes and high heterogeneity; reviews may reuse the same trials
Source access Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below
Safety evidence Occupational, long-term and combination safety not established by this collection

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

More findings, background and history

RELATED PEPTIDE RESEARCH / UPDATED OCTOBER 2026

Connections in the research

The peptide-design lineage includes a separate pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide experiment and the Noopept/CPG program. Structural inspiration does not establish clinical equivalence.

CPG & GZK-111 ↗

A grouped record for endogenous cyclo(Pro-Gly), its experimental linear precursor GZK-111 and the connection to Noopept metabolism.

View the peptide family map and sources ↗

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS / RESEARCH CONTEXT

MS evidence and its limits

Historical MS documents mention this preparation as an adjunct. Prescribing history and multi-drug comparisons do not establish an individual treatment effect.

Explore the studies, patents and archival sources ↗

Stroke research matrix ↗ — compare human stroke outcomes, experimental findings, safety and adjacent cerebral-ischemia research.

What remains unclear

The original report and protocol would clarify group sizes, background treatment and translation. Independent replication and equivalence to current products remain uncertain.

Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.

Browse original study records ↗

SOURCE REVIEW / 2 OCTOBER 2026

Condition-specific review and original trials added

Acute-stroke review, memory-training trial and post-stroke rehabilitation trial now complement the older memory literature. Noopept comparisons are shared sources, not new independent trials.

What remains unresolved

Recover complete original trial methods, harms and overlap with reviews. Historical stroke evidence does not answer healthy-worker cognition.

Source 1 ↗Source 2 ↗Source 3 ↗Source 4 ↗

Kim: hypoxia comparison

48 healthy men aged 20–28 · Drug and placebo exposures separated by 2–3 weeks; four baseline-matched groups

Measures: Laboratory mental and physical performance. Transcription loses some denominators; allocation order and washout adequacy remain unresolved.

Program source ↗

Kim: visuomotor learning

40 inexperienced operators; five groups of eight · Described as randomized and double-blind

Measures: Time maintaining a tracking signal in its target area. Small groups and practice effects; not an operational accident or fatigue-safety study.

Program source ↗

Kim: human pharmacokinetics

18 healthy men aged 21–25; three groups of six · Single-exposure comparison of combination and individual components

Measures: Blood concentration time course. Pharmacokinetics does not establish efficacy or clinical synergy.

Program source ↗

Pirabel: prolonged physical work

78 volunteers aged 18–25; eight baseline-matched groups · Described as double-blind; six-hour cyclic physical-work model

Measures: Dynamic work, endurance and recovery measures. Randomization unconfirmed; no piracetam-only arm. Separate from the subsequent 20-man Bemitil/Sydnocarb experiment.

Program source ↗

Compare all 13 evidence updates ↗

NOOTROPIL / PIRACETAM OVERVIEW

Piracetam: clinical and performance research

Nootropil is a brand of piracetam, a synthetic racetam rather than a peptide. Giurgea’s 1972 conceptual paper and UCB’s 1972 launch sit at the beginning of this source trail. Soviet authorization followed in 1979; later Russian work explored fatigue, hypoxia and skilled performance.

Repeated use and verbal learning

Dimond and Brouwers reported a verbal-learning improvement at day fourteen, but not day seven. That is one historical experiment, not an established onset schedule for everyone.

1976 healthy-volunteer record ↗

EEG and cognitive outcomes

The 1985 single-dose study detected EEG changes without improvement on its neuropsychological measures. The separate 1999 study examined EEG complexity in twelve volunteers.

Acute EEG comparison ↗

Different reviews, different outcomes

The 2002 analysis favored piracetam on global clinical change. The 2024 analysis did not establish a pooled memory benefit and found very high heterogeneity. Their populations and endpoints differ; neither establishes healthy-mariner enhancement.

2024 memory analysis ↗

The Soviet and Russian research branch

The 1979 authorization documents clinical adoption, not a controlled performance trial. Later operator research asks which aspects of attention, memory and tracking change under load. The dissertation on skill learning during physical exertion remains an acquisition target; its previously reported coordination findings are not presented as verified results.

Kim’s 2004 combination program

The recovered dissertation transcription describes Pirabel (piracetam + Bemitil), Pirasid (piracetam + Sydnocarb) and Pirafen (piracetam + Phenibut). Its conclusions distinguish task-dependent effects and report ratio-dependent interactions under hypoxia, including partial antagonism at some compositions. It also reports altered Bemitil elimination.

The complete 122-page thesis remains a priority acquisition. The transcription does not justify a general synergy claim, a personal ratio or a modern dosing regimen. Animal, pharmacokinetic and operator findings require separate methods appraisal.

Compare the historical formulations ↗

Maritime guidance and hypoxia

The 2015 naval teaching text describes piracetam as developing effects over several days and discusses combinations with mesocarb, Bemitil and Bromantane. This is historical guidance, not a controlled at-sea trial.

The proposed H1 hypoxia formulation contains several agents. Its original experimental citation remains unresolved, and outcomes cannot be assigned to piracetam alone. The existing Pirabel monograph record likewise lacks a piracetam-only arm.

Naval source trail ↗ · Recovered Pirabel comparison ↗

Related compounds, separate evidence

Phenotropil is a phenyl-substituted piracetam analogue. Structural relationships across racetams do not establish identical effects, and the broader family should not be drawn as a simple sequence of one drug becoming the next.

Phenotropil lineage ↗

Personal field notes

Your Nootropil observations remain in the field diary. Concurrent compounds, workload and changing conditions prevent isolation of a piracetam effect; those observations are not counted as clinical evidence.

Personal observations ↗

Bibliography and sources to locate

Bibliographic record

Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain: attempt at a nootropic concept ↗

Foundational conceptual paper. Indexed citation checked; full text not obtained. Historical definition is not proof that every later nootropic claim is effective.

Official company history

UCB history — Nootropil launch ↗

UCB dates the Nootropil launch to 1972. Corporate historical source, not an efficacy study.

Historical document · Russian transcription checked

USSR authorization of piracetam — Order No. 463 ↗

Historical authorization includes neurological, psychiatric and recovery contexts. These are historical indications, not modern clinical conclusions.

English PDF · selected sections checked

Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment — PDF ↗

Same publication as the linked research record; not a second study. University-hosted copy, with manufacturer affiliations disclosed.

Catalogue lead · full text not recovered

Pharmacological correction of operator-skill learning under intensive physical loading ↗

Unverified reports describe piracetam, Bemitil and Bromantane comparisons with task-specific results. Current primary-text retrieval failed; favorable and adverse coordination claims remain unverified leads.

Archival lead · original methods pending

H1 multi-component hypoxia formulation — original experiment acquisition ↗

Reported components: piracetam, Bemitil, Aerovit, Riboxin, methionine, glutamic acid and Panangin. Exact original citation, allocation and individual-component contribution remain unresolved. Related Shustov framework is already catalogued; no independent study count is assigned.

Indexed review abstract · detailed appraisal pending

Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders ↗

Structural and therapeutic branches are distinct. The shared racetam class does not establish a single development history. Clinical findings concern the individual compounds studied.

Kim dissertation transcription ↗

Educational only; not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for any medical condition. Historical proposals do not establish safety during watchkeeping, sleep deprivation, heat or other hazardous work.

PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Patents and claimed inventions

These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.

2008 · EA009666B1 · Vinpotropil: vinpocetine plus piracetamFormulation · Vinpotropil 32.7 → 17.6; other displayed groups 30.1 → 26.5, 30.0 → 22.3 and 31.5 → 24.7

Reported findings

The patent reports improvement in anxiety and selected attention/symptom measures, with neutral depression comparisons.

Anxiety score: Vinpotropil 32.7 → 17.6; other displayed groups 30.1 → 26.5, 30.0 → 22.3 and 31.5 → 24.721 daysSpielberger score; before/after significance is not a verified between-group treatment effect
Depression score: Vinpotropil 21.1 → 20.2; no significant differences reported in any group21 daysNeutral depression result retained

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. The patent describes the combination composition containing vinpocetine and piracetam.

A fixed-combination claim does not establish either ingredient's independent effect or demonstrate pharmacological synergy.

Publication: EA009666B1 ↗ · 2008-02-28
Earliest priority / filing: 2003-11-03 / 2004-10-29
Original applicant / assignee: Закрытое Акционерное Общество "Канонфарма Продакшн"
Indexed status: Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 34545985 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Pharmaceutical composition exhibiting a cerebral vasodilatation and nootropic activity

Inventors: Not established from accessed metadata.

EA009666B1 · RU2262931C2 · WO2005041952A1

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

1986 · US4620973A · Piracetam: adjunctive cytostatic-treatment claimUse · No alopecia in 32/47 patients receiving adjunctive Piracetam

Reported findings

The patent reports lower chemotherapy-associated toxicity signals, without establishing independent anticancer activity.

Alopecia observation: No alopecia in 32/47 patients receiving adjunctive PiracetamNo matched untreated comparator or prespecified alopecia assessment established
Animal mortality: Lower mortality with Piracetam during a cytostatic-toxicity experimentAbsolute survivor counts not supplied in the extracted narrative

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Use. This historical use patent proposes piracetam alongside cytostatic treatment.

This is a later indication claim, not the original discovery patent, and does not demonstrate independent anticancer activity.

Publication: US4620973A ↗ · 1986-11-04
Earliest priority / filing: 1980-02-13 / 1985-06-14
Original applicant / assignee: Ciba Geigy Corp
Indexed status: Expired - Fee Related · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 4204090 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Use of nootropics

Inventors: Peter Truog.

US4620973A · JPS56128713A · BE887487A · CH657527A5 · DE3104703A1 · NL8100579A · ZA81936B

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →

03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2009 · Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and CortexinPorsolt immobility: Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and Selank

2009Animal / experimentalFull text available

Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin

· Original journal article

Format: Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

P. D. Shabanov et al. · Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.

192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery

Dose, route and schedule

Intraperitoneal doses: 1 mg/kg Cortexin, Cerebrolysin, Cortagen, Oleyl-Cortagen, Noopept and Dilept; 0.1 mg/kg Deltaran, Semax and Selank; piracetam 200 mg/kg. General behavior tests 30–40 minutes post-dose; self-stimulation measured 15–20 minutes post-dose.

Protocol source ↗ · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Results · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · self-stimulation	+32% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase, not an endurance or strength endpoint.
Cortexin · self-stimulation	+23% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses	Reported relative increase; no direct statistical test versus Oleyl-Cortagen supplied in narrative.
Cortagen and Cerebrolysin · self-stimulation	No change reported in pedal-press frequency	At the systemic doses in this article; does not contradict the separate central-dose comparisons.
Open-field behavior	Oleyl-Cortagen increased horizontal and vertical movement but halved hole exploration	Cortexin and Cerebrolysin increased horizontal movement; Dilept reduced horizontal and vertical movement.
Noopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity	Reduced vertical movements reported	Compound-specific rat behavior at the stated doses, not a measure of human alertness.
Porsolt immobility	Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and Selank	This unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.
Deltaran · grooming	Grooming reactions increased	The report tested Deltaran, a DSIP-containing formulation; this observation is not assigned to isolated DSIP.

Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery
Source reviewed: Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered

Study limitations

Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery.
Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred.
The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

2004 · DSIP analogues ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 in age-stratified rat stress modelsAnalogue identities: ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 tested separately from parent DSIP and piracetam

2004Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

DSIP analogues ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 in age-stratified rat stress models

· Dissertation

Format: Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

E. I. Rakhmanova · Candidate dissertation, 152 pp.; Makhachkala author abstract, 22 pp.

The dissertation describes analogue- and age-dependent changes in leukocytes, oxidative markers and chromosome damage. ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in older rats.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

The dissertation describes analogue- and age-dependent changes in leukocytes, oxidative markers and chromosome damage. ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in older rats.

Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators

Results · Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Analogue identities	ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 tested separately from parent DSIP and piracetam	Analogue codes are reported; sequence-level identity was not independently resolved.
Age and oxidative response	ID-3 and piracetam were highlighted in old rats, including slower MDA formation	Qualitative conclusions only; no verified magnitude.
Other endpoints	Leukocyte profile and chromosomal-aberration outcomes varied by analogue and age	Restricted-movement model; biochemical and cytogenetic effects rather than sport performance.

The primary value is a lead for analogue-specific research; the parent peptide and analogues remain distinct.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Rats of different ages under intact and restricted-movement conditions; DSIP and piracetam served as distinct comparators
Source reviewed: Accessible dissertation or author-abstract transcription; full scan and original tables not recovered

Study limitations

Sequence identities, exact comparative estimates and doses need original table recovery.
The activity of these analogues does not establish an effect of DSIP itself or efficacy in humans.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

1989 · Shustov’s seven-component cosmonaut recovery formulationFormulation documented: Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin, methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit

1989Study design unresolvedRussian source · see review scope

Shustov’s seven-component cosmonaut recovery formulation

· Archival citation in dissertation author abstract

E. B. Shustov, L. I. Voronin, I. V. Davydov, A. L. Zyuban, V. M. Vinogradov, V. F. Katkov, E. N. Sumina · Soviet inventor’s certificate No. 292694, application No. 3167086. Cited in Shustov’s 1996 dissertation author abstract.

The author abstract identifies Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin (inosine), methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit in one formulation. It cites the 1989 certificate and a 21 November 1988 Pharmacological Committee protocol.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

No measured outcomes in the accessed disclosure

Historical formulation and provenance record. It is not a recovered clinical trial report.

Results · 1996 author-abstract transcription and invention citation
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Formulation documented	Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin, methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit
Archival identifiers	Application 3167086; certificate 292694, 3 May 1989; Pharmacological Committee protocol 6, 21 November 1988
Quantitative results for the complete formulation	Unavailable in the cited record

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11

Population / setting: Postflight recovery and work-capacity research described in an author abstract from the Military Medical Academy and Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
Source reviewed: Russian dissertation author-abstract transcription, formulation passage and invention citation.

Study limitations

The underlying certificate, committee minutes, arm-level results and formulation quantities have not been recovered.
The author abstract also describes other formulations. Their results and participant totals cannot be attributed to this recipe.

Reviewed 2026-11-11.

Read the source ↗

2008 · Vinpotropil: vinpocetine plus piracetam — EA009666B1Anxiety score: Vinpotropil 32.7 → 17.6; other displayed groups 30.1 → 26.5, 30.0 → 22.3 and 31.5 → 24.7

2008Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Vinpotropil: vinpocetine plus piracetam — EA009666B1

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

· EA009666B1 · patent family 34545985

The patent reports improvement in anxiety and selected attention/symptom measures, with neutral depression comparisons.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The patent reports improvement in anxiety and selected attention/symptom measures, with neutral depression comparisons.

Early post-ischemic-stroke comparison of fixed-combination Vinpotropil with vinpocetine, piracetam and separately combined ingredients; assessments at baseline and day 21.

Results · Clinical comparison, exclusions and psychological-status Table 9.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Anxiety score	Vinpotropil 32.7 → 17.6; other displayed groups 30.1 → 26.5, 30.0 → 22.3 and 31.5 → 24.7	Spielberger score; before/after significance is not a verified between-group treatment effect · 21 days
Depression score	Vinpotropil 21.1 → 20.2; no significant differences reported in any group	Neutral depression result retained · 21 days
Withdrawals and gastric symptoms	2 main-group and 6 comparator-group exclusions; gastric/dyspeptic complaints reported in 5% fixed-combination versus 20% separate-combination group	Group denominators and analysis of withdrawals need original-trial verification

Unclear allocation, co-treatment and incomplete group reporting prevent proof of synergy or superiority of the fixed formulation. These patent observations may overlap the clinical literature.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Early post-ischemic-stroke comparison of fixed-combination Vinpotropil with vinpocetine, piracetam and separately combined ingredients; assessments at baseline and day 21.
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

A fixed-combination claim does not establish either ingredient's independent effect or demonstrate pharmacological synergy.
Unclear allocation, co-treatment and incomplete group reporting prevent proof of synergy or superiority of the fixed formulation. These patent observations may overlap the clinical literature.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

1986 · Piracetam: adjunctive cytostatic-treatment claim — US4620973AAlopecia observation: No alopecia in 32/47 patients receiving adjunctive Piracetam

1986Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Piracetam: adjunctive cytostatic-treatment claim — US4620973A

Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication

Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.

Peter Truog · US4620973A · patent family 4204090

The patent reports lower chemotherapy-associated toxicity signals, without establishing independent anticancer activity.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The patent reports lower chemotherapy-associated toxicity signals, without establishing independent anticancer activity.

Piracetam adjunct-to-cytostatic patent: animal toxicity experiments and an uncontrolled clinical observation in 47 patients.

Results · Animal toxicity and 47-patient clinical-test paragraphs.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Alopecia observation	No alopecia in 32/47 patients receiving adjunctive Piracetam	No matched untreated comparator or prespecified alopecia assessment established
Animal mortality	Lower mortality with Piracetam during a cytostatic-toxicity experiment	Absolute survivor counts not supplied in the extracted narrative · p<0.01
Cardiac observation	No clinically identified cardiac damage described in a high-cumulative-exposure subgroup	Subgroup size and clear exposure units not established; no cardioprotection rate inferred

Uncontrolled observations and incompletely specified treatment contexts cannot establish prevention of chemotherapy toxicity or tumor efficacy.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Piracetam adjunct-to-cytostatic patent: animal toxicity experiments and an uncontrolled clinical observation in 47 patients.
Source reviewed: Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Study limitations

This is a later indication claim, not the original discovery patent, and does not demonstrate independent anticancer activity.
Uncontrolled observations and incompletely specified treatment contexts cannot establish prevention of chemotherapy toxicity or tumor efficacy.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

2022 · FDES and animal memory tasks — original tables and denominator conflictsGroup-size conflict: Methods report 40 rats in four equal groups; Table 2 labels n=15.

2022Animal / experimentalFull text available

FDES and animal memory tasks — original tables and denominator conflicts

FDES; piracetam comparator · Original animal research

Format: Original journal PDF, public Pharm-SPb copy · Reviewed: All five pages read; methods and Tables 1–2 visually checked

V. Ts. Bolotova, I. A. Titovich, E. B. Shustov · Journal Biomed. 2022;18(3):104–108

FDES groups performed better than controls on selected memory measures. The paper contains incompatible group-size and percentage reporting.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Positive animal-task results coexist with unresolved denominators and administration-duration descriptions.

Results · Original PDF Tables 1–2, printed pp.106–107; visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Group-size conflict	Methods report 40 rats in four equal groups; Table 2 labels n=15.
Dose comparison	The authors report no statistically significant difference between the two tested FDES doses.

Table 1: reported T-maze retention percentages

Table 1: reported T-maze retention percentages
Group	Day 1	Day 5	Day 10
Control	0.0	0.0	0.0
Piracetam comparator	28.5*	28.5*	0.0
FDES lower tested dose	50.0*	62.5*	50.0*
FDES higher tested dose	87.5*	87.5*	50.0*

Source labels n=15. Several percentages cannot represent integer animals out of fifteen; underlying counts are unresolved. * denotes p<0.05 versus control, not versus piracetam.

Do not calculate raw responder counts, comparative potency or a human memory effect from these percentages.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Methods: 60 male CBA mice and 40 male rats; four groups in each experiment
Source reviewed: Methods p.105 and Tables 1–2, pp.106–107; original PDF visually checked.

Study limitations

Table 2 labels n=15 although 40 rats divided into four equal groups implies ten per group.
Table 1 percentages, including 62.5% and 87.5%, do not reconcile with fifteen mice per group; raw counts are absent.
Methods describe single administration and five training-day administrations; Table 2 describes fourteen-day administration.
Marked significance is against control, not a direct FDES–piracetam comparison. Human potency and efficacy are unestablished.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Phenotropil and piracetam in a Russian chronic fatigue comparisonComplete or partial symptom response in the CFS subgroup: 28/32 (87.5%) with Phenotropil and 11/20 (55%) with piracetam. The authors reported p<0.05 for the drug comparison.

2006Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Phenotropil and piracetam in a Russian chronic fatigue comparison

V. I. Akhapkina; A. I. Fedin; A. S. Avedisova; R. V. Akhapkin · MEDI.RU author report, March 2006

28/32 (87.5%) with Phenotropil and 11/20 (55%) with piracetam. The authors reported p<0.05 for the drug comparison.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Four-week oral comparison. Phenotropil started at 50 mg twice daily and was titrated to 200–250 mg/day. Piracetam was 400 mg three times daily. Placebo mimicked the Phenotropil regimen.

Dose, route and schedule

Four-week oral comparison. Phenotropil started at 50 mg twice daily and was titrated to 200–250 mg/day. Piracetam was 400 mg three times daily. Placebo mimicked the Phenotropil regimen.

Protocol source ↗ · Original source

Results · Original Russian-language source
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Complete or partial symptom response in the CFS subgroup	28/32 (87.5%) with Phenotropil and 11/20 (55%) with piracetam. The authors reported p<0.05 for the drug comparison.
Placebo	The authors report no complete response. The narrative gives no matching count for partial response.

The dossier does not establish random allocation, assessor masking or a modern case definition requiring PEM. The authors’ criteria describe symptom relief over four weeks.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-12

Population / setting: 180 participants across asthenic syndrome and CFS groups. The CFS subgroup totaled 70 (32 Phenotropil, 20 piracetam, 18 placebo).
Source reviewed: Four-week oral comparison. Phenotropil started at 50 mg twice daily and was titrated to 200–250 mg/day. Piracetam was 400 mg three times daily. Placebo mimicked the Phenotropil regimen.

Study limitations

The dossier does not establish random allocation, assessor masking or a modern case definition requiring PEM. The authors’ criteria describe symptom relief over four weeks.

Reviewed 2026-11-12.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Effects of Piracetam and Hyperbaric Oxygen on Histopathological and Circulating Biochemical Responses Following Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury in RatsAnimals and follow-up: 40 rats; four groups of 10; 14 days

2026Animal / experimentalFull text available

Effects of Piracetam and Hyperbaric Oxygen on Histopathological and Circulating Biochemical Responses Following Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury in Rats

· Journal publication

Canoğlu UC, Yorulmaz IS, Gamsızkan M, İskender A, Alpay M, Sungur MA, Sheikhvatan M · Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) 62(10)

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Piracetam 250 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally, divided into two 125 mg/kg injections approximately 12 hours apart for 14 days. Hyperbaric oxygen: 2.5 ATA for one hour daily for 14 days. Four groups: injury control, oxygen, piracetam and combination. Animal methods, not human doses.

Protocol source ↗ · Original full-text XML, methods and results checked

Results · Original full-text XML, methods and results checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Animals and follow-up	40 rats; four groups of 10; 14 days
Nerve repair	No significant improvement in axonal continuity, myelin regeneration or capillary formation
Fibroblast density	Higher with piracetam than untreated injury control	p=0.025
Inflammatory-cell infiltration	Higher with piracetam and with the combination	Versus untreated injury control · p=0.037 and p=0.014, respectively
Neuron-specific enolase	Higher with piracetam than untreated injury control	p=0.006

Table 1. Proposed operational definitions for histopathological scoring.

Table 1. Proposed operational definitions for histopathological scoring.
Histopathological Parameter	Score 1	Score 2	Score 3
Axonal continuity	Marked disruption of axonal continuity, with extensive discontinuity or severe structural disorganization	Partial preservation of axonal continuity with areas of disruption or irregular organization	Predominantly preserved axonal continuity with relatively organized axonal structures
Fibroblast count/density	Markedly increased fibroblast density compared with the expected tissue appearance	Moderately increased fibroblast density	Low or minimally increased fibroblast density
Myelin sheath thickness or regeneration	Severe myelin loss, marked thinning, or minimal evidence of remyelination	Partial myelin preservation or intermediate evidence of remyelination	Relatively preserved myelin sheaths or prominent evidence of remyelination
Inflammatory cell count	Marked inflammatory-cell infiltration	Moderate inflammatory-cell infiltration	Minimal or absent inflammatory-cell infiltration
Capillary density	Markedly reduced capillary density or severe vascular alteration	Intermediate capillary density or moderate vascular alteration	Relatively preserved or increased capillary density with no major vascular alteration

K: injury control; HBO: hyperbaric oxygen; P: piracetam. Values and units retained as printed; cell differences are not clinical treatment benefits.

Table 2. The descriptive statistics of histopathological scores among study groups.

Table 2. The descriptive statistics of histopathological scores among study groups.
Histopathological Parameter	Group K	Group HBO	Group P	Group HBO + P	p-Value
Axonal continuity	2.0 (2.0–2.8; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–2)	0.281
Fibroblast score	2.0 (2.0–2.8; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 1–2)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–2)	0.036
Myelin sheath score	2.0 (1.2–2.8; 1–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 2–2)	0.931
Inflammatory cell score	3.0 (2.0–3.0; 2–3)	2.0 (1.2–2.8; 1–3)	2.0 (1.0–2.0; 1–3)	2.0 (1.0–2.0; 1–2)	0.011
Capillary density score	2.5 (1.0–3.0; 1–3)	1.0 (1.0–1.8; 1–3)	2.0 (2.0–2.0; 1–2)	2.0 (1.0–2.8; 1–3)	0.418

K: injury control; HBO: hyperbaric oxygen; P: piracetam. Values and units retained as printed; cell differences are not clinical treatment benefits.

Table 3. Comparison of serum biochemical parameters among the study groups.

Table 3. Comparison of serum biochemical parameters among the study groups.
Biomarker (nmol/mL)	Group K	Group HBO	Group P	Group HBO + P	Overall p Value
HIF-1α	0.838 ± 0.181 a	0.571 ± 0.254 b	0.445 ± 0.199 b	0.540 ± 0.165 b	0.001
NSE	0.609 ± 0.117 a	0.742 ± 0.237 ab	0.967 ± 0.344 b	0.773 ± 0.124 ab	0.011
S100β	1.499 ± 0.450	1.388 ± 0.474	1.053 ± 0.297	1.135 ± 0.332	0.070

K: injury control; HBO: hyperbaric oxygen; P: piracetam. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Different superscript letters indicate statistically significant differences according to the post hoc multiple-comparison analysis.

Table 4. Post hoc pairwise comparison of HIF-1α and Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels among groups.

Table 4. Post hoc pairwise comparison of HIF-1α and Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels among groups.
HIF-1α	Post Hoc p-Value	NSENanomolar/mL	Post Hoc p-Value
Group K vs. Group HBO	0.028	Group K vs. Group HBO	0.554
Group K vs. Group P	0.001	Group K vs. Group P	0.006
Group K vs. Group HBO + P	0.012	Group K vs. Group HBO + P	0.379
Group HBO vs. Group P	0.510	Group HBO vs. Group P	0.135
Group HBO vs. Group HBO + P	0.986	Group HBO vs. Group HBO + P	0.991
Group P vs. Group HBO + P	0.721	Group P vs. Group HBO + P	0.234

K: injury control; HBO: hyperbaric oxygen; P: piracetam. Values and units retained as printed; cell differences are not clinical treatment benefits.

Table 5. The factorial results of biochemical and histopathological outcomes.

Table 5. The factorial results of biochemical and histopathological outcomes.
Outcome	Piracetam Main Effect	HBO Main Effect	Piracetam × HBO Interaction
HIF-1α	p = 0.006	p = 0.041	p = 0.018
NSE	p = 0.021	p = 0.486	p = 0.032
S100β	p = 0.064	p = 0.721	p = 0.284
Axonal continuity	p = 0.412	p = 0.738	p = 0.563
Myelin regeneration	p = 0.856	p = 0.902	p = 0.744
Capillary formation	p = 0.227	p = 0.381	p = 0.196
Fibroblast density	p = 0.044	p = 0.309	p = 0.082
Inflammatory-cell infiltration	p = 0.017	p = 0.221	p = 0.049

K: injury control; HBO: hyperbaric oxygen; P: piracetam. Values and units retained as printed; cell differences are not clinical treatment benefits.

Rat injury model with a 14-day endpoint. Histological and biochemical changes are not proof of sustained functional recovery; the increased NSE and inflammatory measures must not be summarized as uniformly protective.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-31

Population / setting: 40 male Wistar-Albino rats with sciatic nerve crush injury; four randomized groups of 10.
Source reviewed: Original full-text XML from Europe PMC checked on 31 October 2026, including methods and results. All five result tables retained; source units and statistical labels preserved.

Study limitations

Rat injury model with a 14-day endpoint. Histological and biochemical changes are not proof of sustained functional recovery; the increased NSE and inflammatory measures must not be summarized as uniformly protective.

Reviewed 2026-10-31.

Read the source ↗

2026 · 3D electron diffraction reveals piracetam Form VI two decades after its computational predictionStructure identified: Piracetam Form VI

2026Analytical / composition studyEnglish abstract

3D electron diffraction reveals piracetam Form VI two decades after its computational prediction

· Journal publication

Nowak ME, Modrzejewski M, Lanza A, Svärd M, Malinska M, Madsen AØ, Krzeszczakowska J, Syty K, Pham KN, Hoser AA · Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Results · Indexed abstract checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Structure identified	Piracetam Form VI
Method	3D electron diffraction with free-energy calculations
Clinical outcomes	Not studied

No patients, therapeutic outcomes or bioavailability comparison were studied. A new crystal structure does not establish a clinically superior formulation.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-31

Population / setting: Nanocrystalline piracetam powder mixture; electron diffraction and free-energy calculations.
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked through Europe PMC on 31 October 2026. No unavailable effect sizes inferred.

Study limitations

No patients, therapeutic outcomes or bioavailability comparison were studied. A new crystal structure does not establish a clinically superior formulation.

Reviewed 2026-10-31.

Read the source ↗

2026 · Oral Glutamatergic Modulation With Dextromethorphan and Piracetam for Refractory Bipolar Disorder With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Three Consecutive Cases From Routine PracticePublication scope: Three consecutive clinical cases

2026Uncontrolled human reportBibliographic record

Oral Glutamatergic Modulation With Dextromethorphan and Piracetam for Refractory Bipolar Disorder With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Three Consecutive Cases From Routine Practice

· Journal publication

Cheung N · The Journal of clinical psychiatry 87(2)

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Results · Citation only; no indexed abstract
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Publication scope	Three consecutive clinical cases
Regimen	Dextromethorphan with piracetam	Dose and outcome details not supplied by the index

Small case series with no abstract available in the checked index. No numerical efficacy or protocol claim is made without the article. Newly indexed in October; originally published 23 February 2026.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-31

Population / setting: Three consecutive clinical cases of refractory bipolar disorder with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Source reviewed: Original indexed publication record checked. Full text and case-level results not accessed.

Study limitations

Small case series with no abstract available in the checked index. No numerical efficacy or protocol claim is made without the article. Newly indexed in October; originally published 23 February 2026.

Reviewed 2026-10-31.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Comparative analysis of efficacy of certain neuroprotectors in ischemic strokeModerate-stroke clinical effects: Described as similar across the compared preparations

2006Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Comparative analysis of efficacy of certain neuroprotectors in ischemic stroke

Skorokhodov AP, Dudina AA, Kolesnikova EA, Koron AE, Kobantsev IuA, Sedova AA · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 18193579

Authors described broadly similar clinical effects in moderate ischemic stroke and some practical advantages for Cortexin.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Two comparative series: Cortexin versus Nootropil in 35 patients; Cortexin versus Cerebrolysin in 45 patients.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Moderate-stroke clinical effects	Described as similar across the compared preparations	Arm sizes, effect estimates and noninferiority margins absent

The two series and three preparations should not be treated as a single randomized ranking.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Two comparative series: 35 patients in a Cortexin–Nootropil comparison and 45 in a Cortexin–Cerebrolysin comparison
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.

Study limitations

Allocation, masking and usable between-group effect estimates are unclear.
This is not a reliable head-to-head ranking or proof of equivalence.

Reviewed 2026-10-05.

Read the source ↗

2004 · Pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide normalizes long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices.

2004In vitroEnglish abstract

Pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide normalizes long-term potentiation in rat hippocampal slices.

Kapai NA, Chepkova AN, Gudasheva TA, Morozova AA, Skrebitskii VG · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine

Pyroglutamyl-asparagine amide facilitated weakly induced long-term potentiation and countered ethanol-impaired potentiation in rat hippocampal slices. This separate piracetam-inspired dipeptide is not CPG.

Population / setting: Rat hippocampal slices
Source reviewed: Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.

Study limitations

Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
Abstract only. Full methods and independent replication remain unconfirmed.

Reviewed 2026-10-05.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its applicationMS illustrative case: Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleep

2006Patent / reported experimentsFull text available

Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its application

Format: Patent full text · Reviewed: Selected reported results and source limitations reviewed; not a complete risk-of-bias or experimental audit.

O. V. Dorozhko, G. I. Kovalev, R. M. Salimov · RU2267319C2. Filed 15 July 2003; application published 10 February 2005; granted 10 January 2006

Example 5 describes a 47-year-old woman with MS receiving Bemitil alongside piracetam, pentoxifylline, B vitamins and massage. The patent reports improvements in strength, coordination, cognition, mood and sleep. It supplies neither a controlled MS trial nor complete results for all ten MS cases.

Results and tables

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The clinical examples describe improvement during adjunctive Bemitil treatment, without group-level efficacy scores or a controlled patient comparison.

Patent report of 10 patients with MS and a separate 10-patient chronic-fatigue group, plus animal experiments; concurrent medicines were used.

Results · Description: Examples 3, 5 and 6; Table 3 and separate clinical group narratives.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
MS illustrative case	Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleep	One 47-year-old patient also receiving piracetam, pentoxifylline and vitamins · After approximately 3 weeks
Chronic-fatigue illustrative case	Reported improvement in general condition, tremor, headaches, coordination and perceived weakness	One 29-year-old patient receiving several other medicines · After a 15-day course
Animal maze experiment	216.6 ± 12.1 s with Bemitil versus 304.9 ± 33.3 s after injury alone; uninjured control 224.3 ± 14 s	25 mice per group; duration to exploration criterion, not a patient disability score

No aggregate MS relapse, disability-progression or MRI-lesion outcome is supplied for the 10-patient group. Selected adjunctive cases cannot establish disease modification or ME/CFS efficacy.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06

Population / setting: Patent report of 10 patients with MS and a separate 10-patient chronic-fatigue group, plus animal experiments; concurrent medicines were used.
Source reviewed: The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.

Study limitations

Patent assertions, not a peer-reviewed efficacy trial; multiple simultaneous interventions prevent attribution.
The described baseline brain MRI had no pathological changes, making a claim of MRI remission uninterpretable.
Animal MPTP, glutamate and haloperidol experiments are not experimental autoimmune demyelination models.

Reviewed 2026-11-06.

Read the source ↗

2015 · Efficacy of Cytoflavin in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue

2015Human comparative studyFull text available

Efficacy of Cytoflavin in patients with multiple sclerosis and fatigue

Format: Publisher full text · Reviewed: Methods and results reviewed

O. A. Mialovitska · Ukrainian Medical Journal. Published 18 March 2015

The Cytoflavin group’s MFIS score fell from 45.1±4.5 to 29±4.2 (reported within-group p<0.05). The comparator regimen included pentoxifylline, piracetam, meldonium and B vitamins. The result cannot be attributed to either piracetam or meldonium.

Population / setting: 62 screened; 53 with fatigue allocated to Cytoflavin (20) or conventional therapy (33)
Source reviewed: The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.

Study limitations

Unequal groups; randomization and blinding are not established.
62 is the screened population, not the number allocated to treatment groups.
A within-group change is not a demonstrated between-group effect; fatigue improvement is not disease modification.

Reviewed 2026-10-03.

Read the source ↗

2008 · A comparative study of noopept and piracetam in the treatment of mild and moderate cognitive impairment in patients with organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin

2008Human comparative studyBibliographic record

A comparative study of noopept and piracetam in the treatment of mild and moderate cognitive impairment in patients with organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin

Format: Indexed citation · Reviewed: Metadata only

Neznamov GG, Teleshova ES · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova

Clinical publication located; results are not summarized because the indexed record provides no abstract.

Population / setting: Clinical population; enrollment and allocation not verified
Source reviewed: Indexed citation checked; complete article not recovered. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.

Study limitations

No effect size, participant count or safety conclusion is inferred from the title.
The 2008/2009 comparison and related EEG report may overlap; not counted as independent replication.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

2009 · Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin

2009Human comparative studyBibliographic record

Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin

Format: Indexed citation · Reviewed: Metadata only

Neznamov GG, Teleshova ES · Neuroscience and behavioral physiology

Clinical publication located; results are not summarized because the indexed record provides no abstract.

Population / setting: Clinical population; enrollment and allocation not verified
Source reviewed: Indexed citation checked; complete article not recovered. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.

Study limitations

No effect size, participant count or safety conclusion is inferred from the title.
The 2008/2009 comparison and related EEG report may overlap; not counted as independent replication.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

2012 · Piracetam for acute ischaemic strokeOne-month death trend: Approximately 31% increase; interval from 5% reduction to 81% increase

2012ReviewEnglish abstract

Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke

Format: Systematic review · Reviewed: Abstract and reference list

S. Ricci, M. G. Celani, T. A. Cantisani, E. Righetti · Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(9):CD000419

The review found insufficient evidence on dependence. A nonsignificant early-mortality trend was sensitive to baseline stroke-severity imbalance.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Three acute-stroke trials, 1,002 patients aged 40–85; one trial supplied 93% of the data. Search cutoff May 2011.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
One-month death trend	Approximately 31% increase; interval from 5% reduction to 81% increase	Not statistically significant
After severity-imbalance adjustment	Unfavorable trend no longer apparent in the large trial
Dependence/function	Insufficient evidence; limited data showed no difference

The later page date does not indicate a newly searched trial set. Adverse effects were unreported, not proven absent.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Three trials, 1,002 patients; one trial supplied 93% of the data
Source reviewed: Indexed abstract and included-trial list checked. The current Cochrane page dates the same DOI to 2022 but still reports a May 2011 search cutoff; this is not evidence of a newly searched trial set.

Study limitations

Condition-specific historical review, not a conclusion about healthy-person cognition.
Harms were not adequately reported; absence of reporting is not evidence of safety.
The review includes participants from the trials it summarizes.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

1994 · Drug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairmentCompleted study: 135 overall; 45 per arm

1994Randomized trialEnglish abstract

Drug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairment

Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Abstract

Israel L, Melac M, Milinkevitch D, Dubos G · International psychogeriatrics

Three-month randomized, double-blind trial compared two piracetam groups with placebo alongside memory training. Reported benefits depended on baseline performance and training timing.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

162 adults aged 55+ randomized into three groups of 54; piracetam 2.4 g, 4.8 g or placebo alongside cognitive training for three months; ten-day placebo washout.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Completed study	135 overall; 45 per arm
Non-completion	27 overall	Calculated from 162 enrolled minus 135 completed
Best reported combination	4.8 g and training beginning after six weeks	No numerical memory-score effect size in abstract

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 162 adults aged 55 or older with age-associated memory impairment; 54 per arm; 135 completed
Source reviewed: Europe PMC indexed abstract checked; complete trial methods not reviewed.

Study limitations

Memory training is a co-intervention; this is not a drug-only comparison.
27 participants did not complete; reasons and handling require full text.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

1994 · Effect of piracetam on recovery and rehabilitation after stroke: a double-blind, placebo-controlled studyAachen Aphasia Test multivariate comparison: Favored piracetam at 12 weeks

1994Randomized trialEnglish abstract

Effect of piracetam on recovery and rehabilitation after stroke: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Abstract

Enderby P, Broeckx J, Hospers W, Schildermans F, Deberdt W · Clinical neuropharmacology

A 12-week placebo comparison reported an aphasia signal but no demonstrated improvement in activities of daily living. Persistence at 24 weeks was unresolved.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

The 158-patient rehabilitation trial found a favorable aphasia analysis at 12 weeks (p=0.02), but no demonstrated daily-living benefit. Only 88 patients were available at 24 weeks, leaving persistence uncertain.

Results · Primary indexed abstract checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Aachen Aphasia Test multivariate comparison	Favored piracetam at 12 weeks	p=0.02
Activities of daily living	No demonstrated treatment effect
Follow-up availability	158 enrolled; 137 after treatment; 88 at week 24

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01

Population / setting: 158 post-stroke rehabilitation patients; 137 assessed after treatment and 88 at 24 weeks
Source reviewed: Europe PMC indexed abstract checked; complete trial methods not reviewed.

Study limitations

Substantial loss to later follow-up limits interpretation.
Aphasia findings require confirmation and do not establish healthy-person cognitive enhancement.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

2004 · Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and SydnocarbPiracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction: Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation mass

2004Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and Sydnocarb

· Dissertation transcription

Format: Author’s-abstract transcription · Reviewed: Selected methods, ratio-dependent findings and pharmacokinetic conclusions

A. E. Kim · Candidate dissertation author’s abstract, Saint Petersburg, 2004

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

122-page dissertation supervised by E. B. Shustov, with separate animal models, human experiments and pharmacokinetic observations.

Results · Original dissertation conclusions in catalog transcription; primary tables not retrieved
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction	Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation mass	The dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings.
Bemitil elimination	Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetam	Author-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables.
Animal swim experiment	Piracetam 90 mg/kg: +25%; Bemitil 37.5 mg/kg: +45%	Author conclusions; separate tested doses, not a clinical comparison.
Other formulations	Pirafen: piracetam + phenibut; Pirasid: piracetam + sydnocarb	Distinct preparations and task-dependent results. The excerpt does not establish a universal benefit.
Human performance evidence	Group-level estimates and complete allocation not recovered	Separate studies within the dissertation; no basis for a clinical regimen.

An interaction can change direction with dose and endpoint. The animal and pharmacokinetic observations do not validate a human combination.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08

Population / setting: Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table
Source reviewed: Dissertation excerpt and conclusions checked against the earlier source record; exact original interaction and pharmacokinetic tables not recovered.

Study limitations

Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication.
OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal.
Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy.

Reviewed 2026-11-08.

Read the source ↗

1995 · [Ratio of neuromediator amino acids in a comparative analysis of the stress protective effects of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam].

1995Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

[Ratio of neuromediator amino acids in a comparative analysis of the stress protective effects of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam].

DSIP + piracetam

Mendzheritskiĭ AM, Uskova NI, Lysenko AV, Matsionis AE, Sametskiĭ EA · Voprosy meditsinskoi khimii 41(5):16-19

Combined DSIP and piracetam administration was associated with stronger stress-related effects on the balance of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids than individual compounds.

Population / setting: Rats exposed to one-hour restricted movement
Source reviewed: Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.

Study limitations

Biochemical animal endpoints; no evidence of human cognitive or occupational benefit. Full data are needed to assess additivity versus synergy.

Reviewed 2026-10-01.

Read the source ↗

1999 · Metabolic features of the adaptive effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam under hyperoxic conditions.Combination response: Greater protection than individual treatments reported

1999Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Metabolic features of the adaptive effect of delta-sleep inducing peptide and piracetam under hyperoxic conditions.

DSIP + piracetam

Lysenko AV, Alperovich DV, Uskova NI, Mendzheritsky AM · Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 64(6):652-657

The combination enhanced reported protection alongside changes in neurotransmitter amino acids, membrane ATPase activity and lipid-peroxidation products.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Rat cortical-membrane experiment: single IP DSIP 12 micrograms/100 g and IP piracetam 3 mg/100 g/day for three days; hyperbaric oxygen 0.3 MPa for two hours.

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Combination response	Greater protection than individual treatments reported	No numerical biochemical effect size supplied

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Rats exposed to hyperbaric oxygen at 0.3 MPa for two hours
Source reviewed: Indexed metadata and abstract checked via PubMed / Europe PMC; full methods and risk-of-bias assessment pending.

Study limitations

Hyperoxia is excess oxygen, not oxygen deprivation. These animal findings do not establish a human diving, sleep or performance regimen.

Reviewed 2026-10-01.

Read the source ↗

1976 · Increase in the power of human memory in normal man through the use of drugsDaily piracetam amount: 4.8 g

1976Randomized trialEnglish abstract

Increase in the power of human memory in normal man through the use of drugs

Dimond SJ, Brouwers EM · Psychopharmacology 49(3). PMID 826948

The double-blind verbal-learning experiment reported no effect at seven days and an improvement at fourteen days. This describes one experiment, not a universal onset schedule.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Double-blind verbal-learning experiment in healthy volunteers; twelve 400 mg capsules/day (3 × 4 capsules).

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Daily piracetam amount	4.8 g	Calculated from the printed capsule schedule
Day-7 verbal learning	No detected effect
Day-14 verbal learning	Significant improvement reported	No numerical effect size or p-value supplied

Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Healthy volunteers; enrollment not specified in the abstract
Source reviewed: Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.

Study limitations

Historical, task-specific study; full allocation and effect-size appraisal pending.
Does not establish broad cognitive enhancement or occupational safety.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

1985 · Quantitative EEG and neuropsychological effects of piracetam and of the association piracetam-lecithin in healthy volunteersEEG changes: Increased power in 8.5–12 Hz and faster components

1985Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Quantitative EEG and neuropsychological effects of piracetam and of the association piracetam-lecithin in healthy volunteers

Sannita WG, Balestra V, Rosadini G, Salama M, Timitilli C · Neuropsychobiology 14(4). PMID 3835497

EEG changes were observed, but the tested neuropsychological measures did not improve. Electrophysiological activity is not synonymous with better cognition.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Placebo-controlled healthy-volunteer experiments: single oral piracetam 800–6,400 mg; combination arm piracetam 4,800 mg plus lecithin 25 g.

Dose, route and schedule

Single oral piracetam doses of 800–6,400 mg were studied in healthy volunteers. A separate combination comparison used piracetam 4,800 mg with lecithin 25 g. These were experimental single-dose comparisons, not a daily treatment schedule.

Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
EEG changes	Increased power in 8.5–12 Hz and faster components	Lower-frequency power decreased
Neuropsychological variables	No benefit detected on the tested measures

EEG changes are distinct from cognitive-performance improvement.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: Healthy volunteers in placebo-controlled single-dose experiments
Source reviewed: Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.

Study limitations

Acute exposure cannot settle questions about repeated use.
Individual variability and statistical methodology affected EEG interpretation.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

2024 · Cognitive effects of piracetam in adults with memory impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2024ReviewEnglish abstract

Cognitive effects of piracetam in adults with memory impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Gouhie FA, Barbosa KO, Cruz ABR, Wellichan MM, Zampolli TM · Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 243(). PMID 38878641

The 2024 meta-analysis did not establish a statistically significant pooled memory benefit: SMD 0.75, 95% CI −0.19 to 1.69; p=0.12; I²=96%.

Population / setting: 18 studies; 886 adults with memory impairment
Source reviewed: Europe PMC indexed citation and abstract checked; complete original methods not appraised.

Study limitations

Very high heterogeneity limits a single pooled interpretation.
Clinical memory impairment is not a healthy-operator population; this review is not an additional trial.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

1976 · Piracetam-induced improvement of mental performance: a controlled study on normally aging individualsPerceptual-motor tasks: Significantly better performance on most tasks

1976Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Piracetam-induced improvement of mental performance: a controlled study on normally aging individuals

P. Mindus, B. Cronholm, S. E. Levander, D. Schalling · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 54(2):150–160

An 18-person double-blind crossover report found better performance on most tested tasks during piracetam than placebo, without numerical task-score changes in its abstract.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

An 18-person double-blind crossover report found better performance on most tested tasks during piracetam than placebo, without numerical task-score changes in its abstract.

18 older adults without deterioration; two four-week periods.

Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Perceptual-motor tasks	Significantly better performance on most tasks	No task-by-task scores or exact p values supplied
Participants	18 older adults
Treatment periods	Two 4-week crossover periods

The small historical report does not quantify the size of a cognitive benefit or establish treatment of dementia.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01

Population / setting: 18 aging, non-deteriorated participants
Source reviewed: Citation and abstract checked; full methods not appraised.

Study limitations

Small historical study.
The available summary leaves the outcome figures, treatment order and washout period unclear.

Reviewed 2026-11-01.

Read the source ↗

1999 · Single-dose piracetam effects on global complexity measures of human spontaneous multichannel EEGEEG complexity: Both complexity measures decreased versus placebo at 2.4 g; dimensional complexity returned toward placebo at 9.6 g

1999Human comparative studyEnglish abstract

Single-dose piracetam effects on global complexity measures of human spontaneous multichannel EEG

· PMID 10555876

A 12-person experiment found dose-related resting EEG changes after piracetam; these were physiological measurements, not demonstrated cognitive improvement.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

A 12-person experiment found dose-related resting EEG changes after piracetam; these were physiological measurements, not demonstrated cognitive improvement.

Healthy volunteers; 47-channel EEG after placebo and three single-dose levels.

Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
EEG complexity	Both complexity measures decreased versus placebo at 2.4 g; dimensional complexity returned toward placebo at 9.6 g	No numerical complexity difference in abstract · 1–1.5 hours
Participants	12 healthy volunteers
Studied doses	2.4, 4.8 and 9.6 g; placebo comparator

EEG complexity is a surrogate measurement, and the largest dose did not reproduce the low-dose pattern.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01

Population / setting: 12 healthy volunteers
Source reviewed: Indexed title and abstract excerpt checked; full paper not reviewed.

Study limitations

Very small sample; surrogate electrical endpoint.
The available record gives limited methods and authorship details.

Reviewed 2026-11-01.

Read the source ↗

2002 · Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis

2002ReviewFull text available

Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis

T. Waegemans, C. R. Wilsher, A. Danniau, S. H. Ferris, A. Kurz, B. Winblad · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 13:217–224

Reported a favorable pooled clinical global impression of change. This differs from the memory-specific outcome in the 2024 analysis.

Population / setting: 19 double-blind placebo comparisons in older patients with cognitive impairment
Source reviewed: University-hosted PDF: title page, abstract and study-selection methods checked; full risk-of-bias reassessment pending.

Study limitations

Several authors were affiliated with UCB; the search included the manufacturer’s document database.
Older diagnostic definitions and outcome measures varied.
A review is not independent replication of its underlying trials.

Reviewed 2026-09-30.

Read the source ↗

2019 · Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2Pirabel per administration: Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g

2019Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2

Format: Recovered monograph section · Reviewed: Section 6.2; allocation appraisal incomplete

S. V. Okovityi, E. B. Shustov, V. Ts. Bolotova · Work Capacity, Fatigue, Correction. Knorus; section 6.2, pp. 184–189

The book describes a double-blind comparison including placebo, Bemitil, and Pirabel, with performance and recovery measures. It reports endpoint-specific differences, not universal improvement.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Recovered monograph section 6.2: 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25 in eight baseline-matched groups; double-blind description; six-hour cyclic physical workload.

Dose, route and schedule

Pirabel contained piracetam 0.6 g plus Bemitil 0.25 g per administration, immediately before the six-hour physical load and again four hours after its start. Route is not explicitly established in the inspected passage. The 78 volunteers were divided among eight groups; they were not all given Pirabel.

Protocol source ↗ · Original monograph, printed page 184; visually checked

Results · Previously reviewed monograph section 6.2, printed pages 184–189; methods and regimen notes
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Pirabel per administration	Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g
Timing	Immediately before loading and four hours after it began
Workload duration	Six hours
Trial grouping	Eight groups	78 is the entire program, not the Pirabel-only arm
Performance and recovery	Endpoint-dependent differences reported	No piracetam-only arm; exact numerical result tables deferred

Existing visually checked monograph methods used. Randomization is unconfirmed; combination versus placebo does not establish synergy.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29

Population / setting: 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25, divided into eight groups; six-hour physical-load model
Source reviewed: Recovered 330-page monograph: section 6.2, printed pages 184–189, text checked; page 184 visually verified for groups, doses, timing and double-blind description. Original cited experiments still require retrieval.

Study limitations

Group allocation is described as equivalent groups; randomization has not been established.
No piracetam-only group appears in the listed comparison, so this cannot establish pharmacological synergy.
A monograph report is not independent replication; original cited reports require retrieval.
Young volunteers performing controlled physical work do not establish effects on sleep, watchkeeping, or toxic-exposure safety.

Reviewed 2026-10-02.

Read the source ↗

Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.

Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗

PiracetamПирацетам

What the studies found

Stroke review did not establish improved independence

Phenotropil and piracetam in a Russian chronic fatigue comparison

No significant nerve-regeneration improvement at the 14-day endpoint

About Piracetam

Names in this research collection

More study findings

Rat behavioral assays: piracetam

DSIP analogues ID-1, ID-3 and ID-8 in age-stratified rat stress models

Drug therapy and memory training programs: a double-blind randomized trial of general practice patients with age-associated memory impairment

A program linking hypoxia, training and drug exposure

Predicted piracetam crystal Form VI experimentally resolved

Three-case clinical communication located; outcome details require the article

Performance research in context

Understanding the evidence

Connections in the research

CPG & GZK-111 ↗

MS evidence and its limits

What remains unclear

Condition-specific review and original trials added

What remains unresolved

Kim: hypoxia comparison

Kim: visuomotor learning

Kim: human pharmacokinetics

Pirabel: prolonged physical work

Piracetam: clinical and performance research

Repeated use and verbal learning

EEG and cognitive outcomes

Different reviews, different outcomes

The Soviet and Russian research branch

Kim’s 2004 combination program

Maritime guidance and hypoxia

Related compounds, separate evidence

Personal field notes

Bibliography and sources to locate

Pharmacology of integrative activity of the brain: attempt at a nootropic concept ↗

UCB history — Nootropil launch ↗

USSR authorization of piracetam — Order No. 463 ↗

Clinical efficacy of piracetam in cognitive impairment — PDF ↗

Pharmacological correction of operator-skill learning under intensive physical loading ↗

H1 multi-component hypoxia formulation — original experiment acquisition ↗

Piracetam and piracetam-like drugs: from basic science to novel clinical applications to CNS disorders ↗

Patents and claimed inventions

Linked sources

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported patent results

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Related compound research

Bemitil research ↗

DSIP research ↗

Noopept research ↗

Cerebrolysin research ↗