← Combination research matrixSOVIET, RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN RESEARCH / REVIEWED 8 NOVEMBER 2026

Thymalin + Dalargin: immune regulation and tissue repair

A human research lead, a long mechanistic trail, and an unresolved question about whether the pair was actually administered together.

The 1998 Lukash–Polishchuk–Ludan paper is the direct human lead. The wound, cell and differentiation papers below largely tested individual preparations. They support a research hypothesis, while leaving combined efficacy, interaction and safety unresolved.

1998 HUMAN REPORT

120 patients

Plus 30 healthy-reference donors. Treatment-arm sizes and simultaneous dual treatment remain unclear.

1988 RAT WOUNDS

3-fold mitotic index

Dalargin-associated fibroblast proliferation, not threefold faster human healing.

2020 HUMAN-CELL EXPERIMENT

6.8-fold CD28 expression

A Thymalin differentiation-marker finding, not a patient response or functional T-cell count.

Three questions that need different evidence

How the sources relate to the proposed pair
Question	What is available	What remains unresolved
Were both peptides in the same clinical program?	Yes: the 1998 report names Thymalin and Dalargin.	Who received which agent, whether they overlapped, and their doses and concurrent care.
Do the individual peptides have relevant biological activity?	Repair, proliferation, immune-cell and cytokine results in separate experiments.	Whether those effects combine, cancel or change with injury stage and immune state.
Is combined efficacy established?	No verified formal interaction test or modern confirmatory combination trial in these sources.	A direct comparison with known exposure assignments, clinical endpoints and safety follow-up.

Reported doses are historical study methods. This review does not establish a human combination regimen. Publication years are distinct from the source-review date.

The direct human lead: 1998

Healthy donors supplied immune reference values. The abstract does not establish a concurrent untreated ulcer arm or simultaneous Thymalin–Dalargin treatment.

1998 · Comparison in people · Original journal publication

The lymphocyte subpopulation in patients with duodenal ulcer and the immunocorrective activity of thymalin and dalargin ↗

The abstract reports movement of reduced T-cell rosette indices toward healthy-reference values during peptide-containing care. It does not establish which patients received each peptide or whether the pair was given together.

120 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; 30 healthy donors used as immune-reference controls. Treatment-arm sizes and allocation are unavailable.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

120 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; 30 healthy donors used as immune-reference controls. Treatment-arm sizes and allocation are unavailable.

Protocol information

Dose, route and treatment schedule are not sufficiently described in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; protocol unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
T-cell immune measurements	Improvement toward healthy-reference levels reported; no numerical treatment effect or arm-specific denominator supplied	E-rosette and theophylline-sensitive/resistant assays; healthy donors are reference controls, not an untreated ulcer-treatment arm
Unchanged index and source inconsistency	The abstract says TFS-RFC did not differ from controls before or after treatment	The same abstract uses inconsistent TPP/TPS/TFP/TFS abbreviations and also lists reduced indices; exact subset interpretation requires the original paper
Clinical cohort	120 ulcer patients and 30 healthy donors	These totals do not establish randomization, treatment-group sizes or simultaneous dual treatment
Clinical healing and safety	No ulcer-closure rate, relapse rate, adverse-event count or combination-specific clinical endpoint in the checked abstract
Dose, route and schedule	Not supplied in the checked abstract

This is the direct human research lead, with unresolved exposure assignment. It is not a verified combination trial or a validated healing regimen. The neutral sentence and inconsistent abbreviations remain visible.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original treatment-arm table, doses, routes, concurrent care, allocation and follow-up not recovered. Historical rosette subpopulations must not be relabeled as modern flow-cytometry CD4/CD8 or regulatory T-cell measurements. Healthy donor references do not control for other ulcer treatments. The abstract does not prove simultaneous coadministration, additive benefit or synergy.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

The earlier animal comparison: 1995

The compounds were compared as separate preparations; this is not evidence of a combined treatment effect.

1995 · Animal research · Original journal publication

The effect of thymalin, dalargin and "Mucosalin" on the course of an experimental duodenal ulcer ↗

The authors described protection in the order Mucosalin > Dalargin > Thymalin. The abstract gives no numerical lesion scores or combined-treatment result.

80 male Wistar rats across an experimental duodenal-ulcer comparison; per-arm numbers unavailable.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The authors described protection in the order Mucosalin > Dalargin > Thymalin. The abstract gives no numerical lesion scores or combined-treatment result.

80 male Wistar rats across an experimental duodenal-ulcer comparison; per-arm numbers unavailable.

Protocol information

Dose, route and treatment schedule are not sufficiently described in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; protocol unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Relative protective activity	Mucosalin > Dalargin > Thymalin, as ranked in the abstract	Qualitative ranking; no effect size, uncertainty or pairwise significance provided
Animal program	80 male Wistar rats in total	Not 80 rats per peptide and not a human cohort
Combination exposure	No simultaneous Thymalin plus Dalargin administration established by the abstract

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Dose, route, duration, individual arm sizes and lesion-score tables are unavailable in the checked abstract. Mucosalin is a separate experimental extract; its result is not transferred to either Thymalin or Dalargin. Comparative animal protection is not evidence of synergy or human ulcer healing.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

Dalargin: repair and microcirculation evidence

These single-agent or formulation experiments explain a repair hypothesis. They do not establish benefit from adding Thymalin.

1987 · Animal research · Original journal publication

Blood flow in skin wound tissue and systemic hemodynamics as affected by a collagen-dalargin complex ↗

A collagen–Dalargin preparation increased wound-granulation blood flow and capillary formation, while capillary blood flow in unaffected tissue was unchanged.

Rat skin-wound/granulation-tissue experiment; sample sizes unavailable in the indexed abstract.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

A collagen–Dalargin preparation increased wound-granulation blood flow and capillary formation, while capillary blood flow in unaffected tissue was unchanged.

Rat skin-wound/granulation-tissue experiment; sample sizes unavailable in the indexed abstract.

Protocol information

Dose, route and treatment schedule are not sufficiently described in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; protocol unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Wound microcirculation	Increased granulation-tissue blood flow, new capillary formation and lower vascular resistance described	Microsphere method; no numerical flow values or effect uncertainty in the abstract
Unaffected tissue	No effect on capillary blood flow reported	Neutral tissue-specific finding
Preparation boundary	The tested preparation was a collagen–Dalargin complex	No Thymalin co-treatment or general formulation equivalence established

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original carrier controls, dose, route, sample sizes and numerical hemodynamic tables require full text. A local wound-flow finding is not a general increase in systemic circulation or proof of clinical healing.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1988 · Animal research · Original journal publication

Effects of opioid peptide dalargin on reparative processes in wound healing ↗

The abstract reports a threefold fibroblast mitotic-index increase, capillary growth and faster maturation/epithelialization in rat wounds. It does not give a numerical reduction in healing days.

Rat skin wounds; group sizes and observation times absent from the checked abstract.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

The abstract reports a threefold fibroblast mitotic-index increase, capillary growth and faster maturation/epithelialization in rat wounds. It does not give a numerical reduction in healing days.

Rat skin wounds; group sizes and observation times absent from the checked abstract.

Dose, route and schedule

Intraperitoneal injection and local Dalargin application; dose, frequency and observation duration unavailable in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Fibroblast proliferation	3-fold increase in mitotic index reported	Rat wound tissue; raw indices, uncertainty and route-specific contrasts unavailable
Repair outcomes	Capillary growth, granulation/scar maturation and epithelialization described as faster	No verified numerical days-to-closure estimate; threefold mitosis is not threefold faster healing
Reported routes	Intraperitoneal injection and local application	Dose, frequency and duration not supplied by the checked abstract
Safety	No adverse-event counts or long-term scarring outcomes supplied

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

No dose, denominator, exact observation schedule or numerical healing-time table in the checked abstract. Separate single-agent animal research; it does not establish Thymalin–Dalargin synergy or human wound benefits.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1991 · Comparison in people · Original journal publication

Effect of dalargin on repair capacity of gastroduodenal mucosa in patients with duodenal ulcer ↗

After 20 days, Dalargin was associated with a higher index of DNA-synthesizing epithelial nuclei in fundal and duodenal-bulb mucosa than conventional care. No numerical index was supplied.

Duodenal-ulcer patients treated with Dalargin or conventional spasmolytic/antacid care; group sizes unavailable in the checked abstract.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

After 20 days, Dalargin was associated with a higher index of DNA-synthesizing epithelial nuclei in fundal and duodenal-bulb mucosa than conventional care. No numerical index was supplied.

Duodenal-ulcer patients treated with Dalargin or conventional spasmolytic/antacid care; group sizes unavailable in the checked abstract.

Dose, route and schedule

Twenty-day Dalargin course. Dose, route and administration frequency are unavailable in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Mucosal DNA-synthesis marker	Significant increase in labelled epithelial nuclei described after Dalargin	Fundal and duodenal-bulb biopsies; exact indices, p-value and group sizes unavailable · 20 days
Clinical endpoint gap	No numerical ulcer-closure, relapse, symptom or safety comparison in the checked abstract

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Historical active comparator; allocation, masking and other ulcer care require full text. A proliferation marker is not a demonstrated clinical healing or combination-treatment benefit.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

2007 · Animal research · Original animal journal publication

On the character of Dalargin’s influence on duodenal secretory epithelial cells ↗

The paper reports phase- and tissue-dependent mucin changes: a villus mucin-production index rose from a reported baseline 60.56±4.01 to 110.2±0.75 by day 3; early crypt and trefoil responses were mixed.

Male Wistar rats, intact mucosa and experimental duodenal-ulcer conditions; three described groups, but animal counts not reported.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Male Wistar rats, intact mucosa and experimental duodenal-ulcer conditions; three described groups, but animal counts not reported.

Dose, route and schedule

Dalargin 24 µg/kg every 12 hours in the intact-animal parenteral group; the ulcer group received subcutaneous Dalargin every 12 hours without restating its dose. Intact-group assessments days 1, 2, 4 and 7; ulcer-group days 1–3. No missing ulcer-group dose is silently filled in.

Protocol source ↗ · Original methods, p.33; route and dose statements kept source-specific

Reported findings and study figures · Original publisher PDF indexed narrative, pp.33–36; no page-image verification
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Villus mucin-production index	Reported baseline 60.56±4.01; 110.2±0.75 at day 3 with Dalargin	Histochemical index, source-specific units; not an 82% clinical healing benefit. Original uncertainty type not defined.
Separate untreated-ulcer reference	57.7±0.95 reported for villus mucin production without Dalargin	Conclusion gives this reference separately; no matched-time treatment effect or confidence interval inferred
Crypt mucin response in ulcer conditions	No response to Dalargin over the first three days described	Neutral location-specific finding, despite the favorable villus narrative
Intact-mucosa early crypt coefficient	2.19±0.07 in controls versus 1.85±0.1 after Dalargin	Neutral-mucin cytochemical coefficient; an early decrease, not uniform stimulation · Day 1 · p<0.01
Trefoil-peptide signal	Early fall after Dalargin in ulcer-bearing animals, followed by return toward initial levels on days 2–3	Qualitative histochemistry; no clinical consequence established

This paper extends the mucosal-repair hypothesis while showing phase- and compartment-dependent responses. It is not a Thymalin combination experiment or a quantified clinical healing trial.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

No animal group sizes, masking or complete statistical plan supplied. Histochemical indices are surrogate tissue measures, not clinical ulcer-healing percentages. The source gives both a general baseline and an untreated-ulcer reference; they are not interchangeable control time points. Intact and ulcer-bearing animals show different time courses. Dose is explicitly printed for the intact group but not repeated for the ulcer group.

Original publisher indexed PDF pp.33–36, including the untreated-ulcer value and neutral/early-decrease passages. Sample sizes and the type of ± uncertainty are not established. Original PDF page images unavailable.

Source record and all reported results ↗

Immune responses depend on the assay and starting state

Proliferation, NK-cell activity, differentiation markers and cytokines are different endpoints. Their directions cannot be collapsed into a single immune-boosting effect.

1987 · Lab research · Original journal publication

Importance of opiate receptor ligands in regulating lymphocyte proliferative activity ↗

Dalargin inhibited phytohemagglutinin-driven lymphocyte proliferation at 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁷ M; naloxone blocked that effect.

Cultured human peripheral-blood lymphocytes stimulated with polyclonal mitogens; donor and replicate counts unavailable.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Dalargin inhibited phytohemagglutinin-driven lymphocyte proliferation at 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁷ M; naloxone blocked that effect.

Cultured human peripheral-blood lymphocytes stimulated with polyclonal mitogens; donor and replicate counts unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Dalargin 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁷ M in stimulated human lymphocyte cultures; the abstract lists naloxone 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁶ M. Exposure duration unavailable.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Mitogen-induced proliferation	Inhibited by Dalargin at 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁷ M	Human-cell assay; no numerical inhibition percentage or donor count supplied
Naloxone contrast	Blocked the reported Dalargin-associated inhibition	Assay-specific pharmacology, not proof of a beneficial immune effect in people
Experimental concentration	Dalargin 10⁻¹²–10⁻⁷ M; naloxone range 10⁻⁸–10⁻⁶ M	Culture concentrations, not human doses; timing unavailable

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

No donor count, numerical response curve or effect uncertainty in the abstract. Opioid ligands and mitogen conditions differ; no Thymalin combination or human immune outcome was tested.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1987 · Lab research · Original journal publication

Immunomodulating action of neuropeptides in in vitro systems ↗

Dalargin increased or decreased mitogen-driven proliferation depending on the initial cellular response, and inhibited leukocyte migration at 0.1 µg/mL.

Human-serum observational component from 55 patients, plus separate in-vitro lymphocyte and leukocyte assays. The 55 is not a Dalargin-treated cohort.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Dalargin increased or decreased mitogen-driven proliferation depending on the initial cellular response, and inhibited leukocyte migration at 0.1 µg/mL.

Human-serum observational component from 55 patients, plus separate in-vitro lymphocyte and leukocyte assays. The 55 is not a Dalargin-treated cohort.

Dose, route and schedule

Dalargin 0.1 µg/mL in the leukocyte-migration assay. A complete concentration/time protocol for the proliferation assay is not given.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Lymphocyte proliferation	Increase or decrease depended on baseline responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin	Bidirectional culture response; not a uniform immune stimulant
Leukocyte migration	Inhibition reported with Dalargin 0.1 µg/mL	Culture assay; numerical migration change unavailable
Serum correlation component	Serum from 55 patients; endogenous leu-enkephalin inversely correlated with mitogen responsiveness	Observational association, not 55 patients receiving Dalargin

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

In-vitro donor counts, response magnitudes and exposure duration unavailable in the abstract. Observational serum results and drug-exposure experiments are different components.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1988 · Lab research · Original journal publication

Effect of the synthetic endogenous opioid analog dalargin on the natural cytotoxicity of human lymphocytes ↗

Dalargin increased NK–target binding and the proportion of active NK cells in vitro. The abstract gives concentrations but no numerical cytotoxicity effect size.

Human peripheral-blood lymphocytes tested against K-562 target cells; donor and replicate counts unavailable.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Dalargin increased NK–target binding and the proportion of active NK cells in vitro. The abstract gives concentrations but no numerical cytotoxicity effect size.

Human peripheral-blood lymphocytes tested against K-562 target cells; donor and replicate counts unavailable.

Dose, route and schedule

Human lymphocytes preincubated with Dalargin 10⁻¹⁴–10⁻⁸ M; naloxone 10⁻⁶ M tested separately. Incubation duration and full dose–response table unavailable.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
NK-cell function	More effector–target contacts and active NK cells described	K-562 laboratory target assay; no clinical cancer outcome or numerical benefit estimate
Experimental exposure	Dalargin preincubation at 10⁻¹⁴–10⁻⁸ M	Duration unavailable; the later peak-range sentence has a malformed exponent and is not reconstructed
Naloxone finding	At 10⁻⁶ M, naloxone itself enhanced target contacts and lytic activity in this assay	Different response from the 1987 proliferation-blockade experiment; receptor effects are assay-dependent

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Original response curves, donor counts and route-independent safety require full text. One activity-peak exponent is malformed in the indexed abstract; no corrected range is asserted. Natural cytotoxicity in vitro is not anticancer efficacy.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1994 · Lab research · Original journal publication

The effect of endogenous opioid peptides and their synthetic analogs on T-cell immunity ↗

The abstract describes an opioid-class stimulation maximum when added 24–48 hours after culture initiation under suboptimal antigen conditions. It does not isolate a quantitative Dalargin-specific maximum.

Alloantigen-stimulated mixed-lymphocyte cultures; species, sample counts and quantitative Dalargin-specific response unresolved in the abstract.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Alloantigen-stimulated mixed-lymphocyte cultures; species, sample counts and quantitative Dalargin-specific response unresolved in the abstract.

Dose, route and schedule

The abstract describes opioid addition 24–48 hours after culture initiation for a class-level maximum; Dalargin-specific concentration and timing are not fully resolved.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; historical research methods

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Timing-dependent culture response	Largest opioid-class stimulation described after addition at 24–48 hours	Class-level statement under suboptimal antigen conditions; not a Dalargin-specific human schedule
Ligand differences	Selective mu- and delta-ligands had effects in different directions	DAGO and DADLE findings are not assigned to Dalargin
Dalargin-specific quantitative gap	No separate numerical Dalargin effect or concentration table provided

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Concentrations, denominators, uncertainty and precise ligand-specific contrasts require the full paper. Culture timing is not a clinical administration schedule and does not establish Thymalin combination benefit.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

1994 · Lab research · Original journal publication

The effect of endogenous opioid peptides and their synthetic analogs on the activity of natural killer cells ↗

Dalargin and endogenous opioid peptides enhanced NK-cell cytolytic activity in the abstract; no numerical effect size was supplied.

Natural-killer-cell culture assays; the indexed record includes mouse/animal terms, not a human treatment cohort. Sample counts unavailable.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Dalargin and endogenous opioid peptides enhanced NK-cell cytolytic activity in the abstract; no numerical effect size was supplied.

Natural-killer-cell culture assays; the indexed record includes mouse/animal terms, not a human treatment cohort. Sample counts unavailable.

Protocol information

Dose, route and treatment schedule are not sufficiently described in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; protocol unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
NK-cell cytolysis	Increase described with Dalargin and endogenous peptides	Cell-culture endpoint, not a clinical antitumor response
Numerical extraction gap	No concentration, effect magnitude, denominator or uncertainty in the checked abstract

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Do not substitute the 1988 human-cell assay’s concentration for this separate study. No Thymalin combination, human treatment or cancer-survival benefit established.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

2020 · Lab research · Original journal publication

Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells ↗

CD28 expression increased 6.8-fold, while CD44 and CD117 expression fell by a reported factor of 2–3. These are differentiation-associated markers, not a 6.8-fold increase in functional T-cell production.

Human hematopoietic-cell differentiation experiment; donor count, culture size and uncertainty not provided in the checked abstract.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

Human hematopoietic-cell differentiation experiment; donor count, culture size and uncertainty not provided in the checked abstract.

Protocol information

Dose, route and treatment schedule are not sufficiently described in the checked abstract.

Protocol source ↗ · Original indexed abstract; protocol unavailable

Reported findings and study figures · Original indexed abstract; full outcome tables unavailable
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
CD28 expression	6.8-fold increase reported	Cell differentiation marker; raw levels, denominator and effect uncertainty unavailable
CD44 and CD117 expression	Reported 2–3-fold reductions	Marker changes alone do not establish lineage conversion or improved patient immunity
Clinical and protocol gap	Dose, duration and donor counts unavailable in the checked abstract; no patient outcome measured

Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Publisher preview and indexed abstract checked; full experimental methods were not recovered. No dose, raw marker values, sample count or error bars supplied by the checked abstract. Markers indirectly support a differentiation hypothesis; they do not establish antiviral prevention or Thymalin–Dalargin efficacy.

Original PubMed / Europe PMC indexed abstract checked. Missing group sizes, doses, raw outcomes and uncertainty are not reconstructed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

2023 · Lab research · Original human-cell and computational journal research

The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. ↗

Thymalin lowered LPS-stimulated TNF-α to 44.9% and IL-1β to 37.5% of the LPS control. Stimulated IL-6 was 80.0% without a significance mark; unstimulated IL-6 increased to 79.9% versus a 20.6% resting reference.

PBMCs from four healthy middle-aged donors; repeated ELISA experiments and parallel samples are not additional donors

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

PBMCs from four healthy middle-aged donors; repeated ELISA experiments and parallel samples are not additional donors

Dose, route and schedule

Thymalin, KE or EW at 1 mg/mL for 18 hours in human PBMC cultures with or without LPS; cytokines measured by ELISA. Four donors; repeated experiments and parallel laboratory samples. This is a cell concentration, not an injectable human dose.

Protocol source ↗ · Original Table 3 and methods, pp.11 and 14–15

Reported findings and study figures · Original Table 3, p.11, and pp.14–15 methods; table and p.14 visually checked
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Thymalin: stimulated TNF-α	44.9% of the LPS control	Median; LPS without peptides = 100% · p<0.05 versus LPS control; n=4–8 laboratory observations
Thymalin: stimulated IL-6	80.0% of the LPS control; no significance mark	The numerical decrease is not established as significant in Table 3
Thymalin: unstimulated IL-6	79.9% versus 20.6% in resting controls, about 3.9-fold higher	Both numbers use the LPS reference denominator; the fold is a calculation from Table 3 · p<0.05 versus unstimulated no-peptide control; n=4 laboratory observations
Thymalin: stimulated IL-1β	37.5% of the LPS control	Median; LPS reference = 100% · p<0.05 versus LPS control
Thymalin: unstimulated TNF-α and IL-1β	10.3% versus 17.2%, and 12.3% versus 11.4%, respectively	No significance marks for these extract-versus-resting-control contrasts
Isolated KE and EW	Stimulated TNF-α: 16.8% with KE, 19.7% with EW; different from the extract’s 44.9%	Separate experimental conditions; no transfer of isolated-peptide results to the whole Thymalin preparation
Experimental exposure	1 mg/mL for 18 hours; PBMCs from four donors	The biological sample size is not the number of repeated wells or assay measurements

Table 3: LPS-stimulated cells

Table 3: LPS-stimulated cells
Preparation	TNF-α (% LPS reference)	IL-1β (% LPS reference)	IL-6 (% LPS reference)
LPS without peptides	100 (reference)	100 (reference)	100 (reference)
KE	16.8 *	56.9	39.4 *
EW	19.7 *	70.9	47.5
Thymalin	44.9 *	37.5 *	80.0

Adapted data from Linkova et al. (2023), original Table 3, CC BY 4.0. Medians relative to LPS-only reference; * p<0.05 versus that reference, Mann–Whitney U, n=4–8 laboratory observations. Four blood donors; these are not 4–8 independent patients.

Table 3: unstimulated cells, same LPS-reference scale

Table 3: unstimulated cells, same LPS-reference scale
Preparation	TNF-α (% LPS reference)	IL-1β (% LPS reference)	IL-6 (% LPS reference)
No LPS or peptide	17.2	11.4	20.6
KE	3.5 #	5.4	10.9 #
EW	1.5 #	12.3	11.4 #
Thymalin	10.3	12.3	79.9 #

Adapted from the same Table 3, CC BY 4.0. # p<0.05 versus the resting no-peptide control, n=4 laboratory observations. All cells remain on the LPS-reference percentage scale; resting control is not reset to 100. Unmarked contrasts are not reported as significant.

This is an inflammatory cell model, not a patient trial or an infection experiment. The extract and isolated dipeptides behaved differently; resting-cell IL-6 increased with Thymalin. No Dalargin combination, functional immune restoration or clinical antiviral benefit was established.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Four donors; laboratory n=4–8 and parallel samples are not a larger human cohort. Dependence among repeated measurements needs consideration. Results are medians expressed relative to LPS control. A missing significance symbol is not evidence of equivalence. Thymalin increased resting-cell IL-6; it is not uniformly anti-inflammatory. KE and EW differed from the extract. Docking and pathway predictions do not establish direct gene regulation, antiviral efficacy, clinical COVID-19 benefit or Thymalin–Dalargin synergy.

Original Table 3 and pp.14–15 methods checked; Table 3 and p.14 visually verified in an open-access full-paper copy. Original record retained; no duplicate publication added. Isolated dipeptide results and computational hypotheses are separate from extract results.

Source record and all reported results ↗

The 1991 psoriasis patent selected alternatives

Malova, Skvortsova and Kuznetsova’s filing selected different peptides for different starting lymphocyte profiles, alongside photochemotherapy. It did not establish simultaneous Thymalin–Dalargin use. Historical “T-suppressor” assay labels are not modern regulatory-T-cell measurements.

1991 · Experiment described in a patent · Patent publication

Immune-profile-directed peptide selection with psoriasis photochemotherapy — SU1674849A1 ↗

The patent chose alternative peptides for opposing lymphocyte profiles. Case immune measures changed during combined care; no simultaneous Thymalin–Dalargin regimen was established.

Three disclosed individual psoriasis cases, each receiving a different peptide alongside photochemotherapy; these are not controlled treatment groups.

Reported methods, doses, results and limitations

Reported patent results

Reported findings

The patent chose alternative peptides for opposing lymphocyte profiles. Case immune measures changed during combined care; no simultaneous Thymalin–Dalargin regimen was established.

Three disclosed individual psoriasis cases, each receiving a different peptide alongside photochemotherapy; these are not controlled treatment groups.

Reported findings and study figures · Original Russian patent text as indexed, three selected examples; scan and aggregate table not recovered
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Alternative-treatment examples	Dalargin case B cells 10%→20%; Thymalin case 32%→13%; T-activin case 28.6%→14%	One selected patient per peptide, with photochemotherapy; changes are not comparative treatment effects
Dalargin case: immune measures	T-suppressor index 9%→25%; T-helper index 71%→55%	Example 2; B cells 10%→20%; historical subset methods are not modern Treg measurements
Thymalin case: immune measures	T-suppressor index 33%→30%; T-helper index 35%→57%	Example 3; B cells 32%→13%
T-activin case: immune measures	T-suppressor index 40%→34%; T-helper index 31.4%→52%	Example 1; B cells 28.6%→14%
Clinical course in selected cases	Discharge reported on day 19 with Dalargin and day 21 with Thymalin or T-activin	Individual clinical descriptions; no matched control or causal days-saved estimate
Russian-text peptide schedules	Dalargin 1 mg intramuscularly twice daily for 5 days; Thymalin 5 mg intramuscularly once daily for 4 days; or T-activin 50 µg subcutaneously daily for 5 days	Alternative historical treatments with photochemotherapy, not a combined or current prescribing regimen
Translation and extraction gaps	English abstract mistranslates T-activin as 50 mg; one Thymalin case mistranslates frequency as four times daily	Russian text and course totals specify 50 µg and once daily, respectively. Patent PDF and aggregate comparison table not recovered.

Three selected patent cases: before → after

Three selected patent cases: before → after
Historical immune measure	Dalargin, example 2	Thymalin, example 3	T-activin, example 1
B-lymphocytes (%)	10→20	32→13	28.6→14
T-suppressor index (%)	9→25	33→30	40→34
T-helper index (%)	71→55	35→57	31.4→52

Case descriptions, not study-arm means; n=1 selected patient per preparation. Photochemotherapy was concurrent. Historical subset labels do not establish modern regulatory-T-cell phenotypes.

This patent supports an early hypothesis of immune-profile-dependent peptide selection, not Thymalin–Dalargin synergy. The before/after changes cannot isolate peptide effects from photochemotherapy, natural fluctuation or selection of favorable cases.

Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08

Selected case reports with photochemotherapy and historical immune assays; no controlled pair trial or isolated peptide effect. Russian dose/frequency statements are distinguished from mistranslated English text. This patent supports an early hypothesis of immune-profile-dependent peptide selection, not Thymalin–Dalargin synergy. The before/after changes cannot isolate peptide effects from photochemotherapy, natural fluctuation or selection of favorable cases. Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments. Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.

Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.

Source record and all reported results ↗

The English index mistranslates some dose and frequency statements. The source record distinguishes the Russian text from those translation errors; the original patent scan and aggregate comparison table remain acquisition gaps.

Thymogen + Dalargin is a separate pairing

Thymogen is a defined Glu–Trp dipeptide. Thymalin is a multipeptide thymus extract. In the already-reviewed 2021 rat fracture paper, the Thymogen/Dalargin group had a phagocytic index of 54.6±5.1%, compared with 30.8±3.1% in fracture controls and 53.2±4.1% with Thymogen alone.

The activation index was 1.8±0.1 versus 0.4±0.03 in fracture controls. Table 1 lists n=8/group at day 10 and marks p<0.05 versus fracture controls; it does not mark superiority to Thymogen alone or establish synergy. Delivery was local/intraosseous, with Thymogen 0.5 µg/kg and Dalargin 1.2 µg/kg in the ten-day experimental course.

Original fracture-study table and reported methods ↗ · Thymogen card ↗

Follow the authors and original documents

The strongest acquisition target is the complete three-page 1998 paper: N. V. Lukash, T. F. Polishchuk and V. V. Ludan, Likars’ka Sprava (3):56–58, PMID 9695565. Recovering its treatment-arm table could resolve the pairing question. Their 1995 animal paper is a separate model, not long-term follow-up of those patients.

The later trail connects Timoshin and Alekseenko’s 1991 mucosal work to Bolonyaeva’s 2005 dissertation; the latter cites both the 1998 paper and Malova’s 1993 dermatology conference abstract. Mogilnaya’s 2007 paper cites the 1995 comparative study. Khavinson and Linkova’s 2020/2023 work supplies a different mechanistic branch, without Dalargin combination treatment.

Modulation of the proliferative response of lymphocytes with a new enkephalin analog--dalargin

Vinogradov VA, Vasil'eva EV, Nasonov EL, Titov MI, Mazneva LM. · 1984 · Ter Arkh. 56(11):114–116. PMID 6523372

Primary indexed bibliographic record; no abstract. Original article acquisition lead. No effect direction, dose, model or numerical result is inferred from the title.

Bibliography and acquisition source ↗

Dalargin for prevention of NSAID gastropathy — 2005 author’s abstract

N. A. Bolonyaeva · 2005 · Candidate dissertation author’s abstract, Khabarovsk

Third-party author’s-abstract transcription; acquisition and citation trail. Transcription lists 79 osteoarthritis patients in 25/25/29 groups receiving diclofenac alone, plus omeprazole, or plus Dalargin. Not a Thymalin pairing or independent confirmation of the 1998 study. Original scan and complete outcome tables not appraised here. Reference 39 cites Lukash et al. (1998); reference 40 identifies Malova’s 1993 dermatology conference abstract, pp.12–13.

Bibliography and acquisition source ↗

Dalargin in complex therapy — 1993 Khabarovsk dermatology conference lead

I. O. Malova · 1993 · 16th regional scientific/practical dermatology and venereology conference, Khabarovsk, pp.12–13, as cited in Bolonyaeva (2005), reference 40

Citation in a later author’s-abstract transcription; original conference pages unavailable. Named-author connection to the 1991 psoriasis patent. No patient count, measured outcome, independent cohort or replication is claimed.

Bibliography and acquisition source ↗

Citation links establish a research trail. They do not establish independent cohorts, a longitudinal outcome series or current researcher affiliations. No researcher has been contacted.

Thymalin research ↗ · Dalargin research ↗ · Combination matrix ↗ · Related autoimmune research ↗