The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen
A. A. Chulanova, M. Yu. Smakhtin, K. I. Sunaykin, A. M. Smakhtina · 2019 · Russian Journal of Immunology. 2019:644–646. Publisher record: 22(2-1); PDF header: 13(22), №2.
Reported findings and study design
Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete
Liver proliferation and immune responses differed between peptides and injury models; these were separate treatments, not combination therapy.
Separate GHK, Thymogen and saline groups in two rat toxic-liver-injury models; ten daily intraperitoneal injections. Group sizes unavailable.
Dose, route and schedule
Ten daily intraperitoneal injections with saline controls. Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg in the paired dose statement, with the per-kg denominator not repeated. Spleen antibody-producing cells assessed on day 5 after immunization.
Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher PDF indexed text; abbreviated GHL dose denominator
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| GHK and liver proliferation | Stronger hepatocyte-proliferation effect than Thymogen described; numerical effect sizes not supplied | |
| GHK and antibody responses | Suppression in both injury models; no correction of the already-suppressed response in the hydrazine model | Baseline response increased with tetrachloromethane injury but decreased with hydrazine injury |
| Thymogen and antibody responses | Normalization described in hydrazine injury | Separate Thymogen group, not an effect of adding Thymogen to GHK |
| Dose statement | Thymogen 1 µg/kg; GHL 1.5 µg, with the per-kg denominator not repeated for GHL | Ten daily intraperitoneal injections; antibody-producing cells measured day 5 after immunization |
| Numerical outcomes and safety | No group sizes, outcome means, exact p-values, confidence intervals or adverse-event counts supplied |
Qualitative preclinical evidence only. GHK did not consistently normalize immune responses; the apparent proliferation advantage cannot be equated with clinical liver recovery. The abbreviated GHL denominator remains an extraction limitation.
Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08
Molekul summary of the linked publication. Educational information, not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.
Methods, limitations & source review
Study limitations
- Animal comparison, not a human liver-disease trial; GHK and Thymogen were tested separately.
- The paired dose statement gives Thymogen 1 µg/kg and GHL 1.5 µg without repeating the per-kg denominator for GHL. That abbreviation is retained rather than treated as a fully resolved dose.
- No group sizes, outcome means, confidence intervals or exact p-values supplied. A stronger proliferation signal does not establish healthier liver tissue.
Publication counts are not counts of independent trials. Reviews, translations and reports sharing participants may overlap. Findings apply to the studied preparation, population and endpoints.
Document format: Original publisher PDF, indexed text
Review depth: Publisher PDF indexed text checked; PDF page images not visually verified
Related-report group: kursk-ghk-thymogen-liver-2019. Reports in this group are not assumed to be independent trials.
Source access and review scope
Original three-page publisher PDF indexed text checked for methods, outcomes and references. Qualitative comparisons retained; denominators and effect sizes not supplied. Same author network as the historical program; independence unresolved.
Recorded source-check date: 2026-11-08. This date does not imply a completed systematic review.
Source type: Original experimental journal publication
Citation and original source
Original source: A. A. Chulanova, M. Yu. Smakhtin, K. I. Sunaykin, A. M. Smakhtina. The immunoregulatory and hepatotropic action of Gly-His-Lys and Timogen Russian Journal of Immunology. 2019:644–646. Publisher record: 22(2-1); PDF header: 13(22), №2. 2019.
Molekul research summary: https://molekul.io/research/ghk-thymogen-liver-2019. Cite the original publication for its findings and this page when referring to Molekul’s summary or evidence appraisal.
Bibliography entryRelated compound profiles
GHK-Cu & GHK family
A single research family collecting GHK-Cu, unbound GHK, Russian terminal extensions, stereochemical variants and related delivery constructs. The member map identifies which molecule each source actually studied; a shared card does not establish interchangeable biological activity.
Thymogen
EW is discussed in the thymus-derived research program. Thymalin extract outcomes cannot be assigned to this defined peptide.