Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxia
Ya. V. Krushinskaya · 1996 · Moscow State University candidate dissertation, 142 pp.
Related evidence maps: Military & occupational ↗
Reported findings and study design
Mortality after severe hemorrhage was reported as 23% with pretreatment and 79% in controls. The same three-peptide program reported hypobaric-hypoxia and biochemical effects.
595 outbred male and female rats, 220–320 g, across the whole program; not 595 animals in the mortality comparison
Dose, route and schedule
Hemorrhage pretreatment: 40-minute intra-arterial infusion of FMRFamide 0.01, TRH 0.01 and Semax 0.002 mg/kg/min. Hypoxia experiments used a separate intraperitoneal schedule: FMRFamide 0.5, TRH 0.5 and Semax 0.05 mg/kg in narrative; the figure transcription appears to read TRH 0.6 mg/kg. Original scan needed to resolve that value.
Protocol source ↗ · Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Severe hemorrhage · mortality | 23% with three-peptide pretreatment versus 79% in controls | Mortality in the stated pretreatment comparison, not the whole 595-rat program. · p<0.025 as reported |
| Naloxone comparator · mortality | 83% mortality (n=6) | Small separate pretreatment group; no clear benefit. |
| Serum malondialdehyde after hypoxia | +192% versus baseline controls after hypoxia; +66% with peptide pretreatment | The mixture alone did not significantly change the measure; p-values are not a formal direct contrast between the two hypoxia groups. · p<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively versus control as described |
| Acute hypobaric model | Improved selected survival-related measures at simulated 11,000–11,500 m | Distinct experiment; routes and doses differ from the hemorrhage protocol. |
| Behavior after severe stress | Motor and exploratory effects at day 2; contextual-memory changes by day 6 | Author reports effects on selected post-stress behavior measures, not validated neurological recovery. |
This is defined-mixture research. The outcomes cannot be assigned to Semax alone, and the magnitude of interaction among the three components was not established for human use.
Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08
Molekul summary of the linked publication. Educational information, not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.
Methods, limitations & source review
Study limitations
- Small mortality groups; percentages cannot be converted into exact counts without the original group denominators.
- Pretreatment of rats before extreme blood loss is a distinct model from emergency treatment, athlete performance or environmental prophylaxis in people.
- The related 1997 report is part of this research program; its independence is not established.
Publication counts are not counts of independent trials. Reviews, translations and reports sharing participants may overlap. Findings apply to the studied preparation, population and endpoints.
Document format: Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable
Review depth: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
Related-report group: ashmarin-regulatory-peptide-shock. Reports in this group are not assumed to be independent trials.
Source access and review scope
Author-abstract transcription, methods, result narrative and figure captions checked; original scan and complete arm tables unavailable
Recorded source-check date: 2026-11-08. This date does not imply a completed systematic review.
Source type: Dissertation
Citation and original source
Original source: Ya. V. Krushinskaya. Semax, TRH and FMRFamide in rat hemorrhage and hypobaric hypoxia Moscow State University candidate dissertation, 142 pp. 1996.
Molekul research summary: https://molekul.io/research/krushinskaya-semax-trh-fmrfamide-1996. Cite the original publication for its findings and this page when referring to Molekul’s summary or evidence appraisal.
Bibliography entryRelated compound profiles
Semax
ACTH-fragment-derived peptide with clinical stroke and optic-nerve reports, healthy-volunteer imaging and preclinical neuroregulation research. Precursor, patent and dissertation sources remain separately labeled.
Semax + TRH + FMRFamide
A defined three-peptide experimental combination studied in rats during acute hemorrhage and severe hypobaric hypoxia. It contains Semax, thyrotropin-releasing hormone and FMRFamide.