BemitilБемитил
What the studies found
Controlled study in people · 1991
Faster reactions and fewer errors during long voyages
- Fatigue, poor mood, headache and insomnia complaints
- 20% lower frequencyAuthors’ reported change in treated sailors; absolute complaint counts are not givenAfter the course; precise assessment interval is not separately stated
- Simple sensorimotor reaction
- 6.7% shorter latencyReported change in treated sailors
- Complex sensorimotor reaction
- Errors reduced twofoldReported change in treated sailors; raw error totals not printed
In a 298-person placebo comparison, treated sailors had 6.7% shorter simple-reaction latency, half as many complex-reaction errors and 13.7% greater static-effort endurance. Complaints fell 20%.
More reported outcomes
- Static-effort endurance
- 13.7% increaseReported change in treated sailors
- Critical flicker fusion and two-minute step-test index
- Both increasedNo numerical amount given in the narrative
- Phagocyte uptake capacity
- 40.2% increaseNarrative report after the 14-day course; Table 1 gives 20.08 → 28.15 relative units
- Phagocytosis intensity
- 18% increase reported in narrativeThe narrative separately says the degree of phagocytic reaction did not change; Table 1 reports a different measure. These endpoints should not be merged.
- Phagocyte loss after 120 minutes
- 24.4% → 14.9%Reported reduction in relative cell lossp<0.05
- Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity
- Maintained in treated sailorsControl values fell 11.7% and 6.1%, respectively
- Skin bactericidal index
- 18.9% increaseNarrative change after treatment; raw values in Table 1
- Skin microbial contamination
- 41% reductionp<0.01
- Overall morbidity
- 18.3% treated; 81.7% controlThe paper prints these percentages without raw case counts or a clear denominator. They must not be converted to individual illness risks or a relative-risk reduction.
- Respiratory and class-I illnesses
- 29% treated; 42% controlShare of first medical consultations, not the proportion of all sailors who became ill
- Allergic reactions
- 2% reportedDenominator and diagnostic criteria not separately tabulated
- Reduced appetite
- 2.7% reported
- Nausea
- 0.7% reported
- Persistence after stopping treatment
- Measurements repeated 30 days after withdrawalAuthors describe resistance and performance as maintained or improved; Tables 1–2 provide the laboratory values
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 298 maritime operators aged 19–38: 148 Bemitil, 150 placebo controls; detailed laboratory and performance tests in a 20-person subset
Design 298 maritime operators aged 19–38: Bemitil 148, placebo control 150. Detailed resistance and performance testing involved 20 people; their allocation is not stated clearly. Treatment began after one month at sea: 250–500 mg/day for 14 days. Examinations took place before, during and after prolonged voyages.
Important limitations
- Detailed testing used a 20-person subset; assignment and blinding were not described.
- Randomization and blinding procedures are not described. The 20-person testing subset is not broken down by treatment arm. The overall morbidity figures, 18.3% and 81.7%, lack underlying counts and an unambiguous denominator; they cannot be treated as individual illness risks. The narrative reports an 18% increase in phagocytosis intensity while a separate degree-of-reaction endpoint is unchanged; distinct measures must not be combined.
- Placebo comparison; randomization and blinding procedures are not described. Performance findings apply to this voyage setting. Morbidity denominators and the detailed-testing subgroup require clarification; no risk reduction has been calculated from the printed morbidity percentages.
Gig Sanit. (3):37–39 · Publication record
Comparison in people · 2004
Bemitil after surgery for lung abscesses
- Complete recovery or improvement
- 82.6% vs 60.0%Bemitil plus standard care (n=23) vs standard care (n=25)Author-reported p<0.05
- Circulating CD3+ T cells
- 1.082 vs 0.631 × 10⁹/LBemitil vs standard care; healthy donor mean 1.122 × 10⁹/Lp<0.05 between treatment groups
- Circulating CD4+ T cells
- 0.687 vs 0.442 × 10⁹/LBemitil vs standard carep<0.05 between treatment groups
The dissertation reports recovery or improvement in 82.6% of 23 patients receiving Bemitil plus postoperative care versus 60.0% of 25 receiving postoperative care alone.
More reported outcomes
- Humoral measures
- Lower circulating immune complexesThe author reports little difference in other humoral measures.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 48 postoperative patients within a program of 94 patients with lung abscesses and 37 healthy donors
Design Of 94 patients, 46 received conservative care and 48 had surgery. Standard postoperative care was antibacterial and detoxification therapy (n=25). The adjunct arm (n=23) received the same care plus Bemitil 250 mg twice daily for 7 days. The author abstract does not state the route. Blood was assessed at admission and on hospital days 14–19, corresponding to postoperative days 7–10.
Important limitations
- The source does not describe randomized allocation or blinded outcome assessment. The published percentage and significance label are the author’s reported values. The full clinical outcome figure and statistical procedure could not be verified from the transcription.
- Treatment assignment and outcome assessment are insufficiently described to estimate a causal clinical effect.
Chelyabinsk State Medical Academy. Dissertation author abstract, 2004. · Dissertation author abstract
Randomized study in people · 2005
Bemitil and immune markers in chronic hepatitis
- CD3+ T cells
- 829.52 vs 628.84 cells/µLBemitil (n=70) vs placebo (n=20), noncirrhotic subgroupDay 21p<0.05 between arms
- CD4+ T cells
- 558.44 vs 400.72 cells/µLBemitil vs placeboDay 21p<0.05 between arms
- CD19+ B cells
- 59.85 vs 159.32 cells/µLBemitil vs placeboDay 21p<0.05 between arms
At day 21 in the noncirrhotic subgroup, CD3+ counts were 829.52 versus 628.84 cells/µL with placebo, while CD19+ counts were 59.85 versus 159.32 cells/µL.
More reported outcomes
- Circulating immune complexes
- 45.52 vs 101.73 assay unitsBemitil vs placeboDay 21p<0.05 between arms
- Interferon-alpha
- No significant effect reportedSmall cytokine subset, five per reported group
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Hospitalized chronic hepatitis patients, with and without cirrhosis, and a separate healthy reference group
Design The authors describe a blinded randomized placebo comparison. Both arms received background care. Bemitil was 250 mg twice daily for three 5-day courses separated by 2-day breaks. Table 1 lists 100 Bemitil and 40 placebo patients, including 30 and 20 with cirrhosis, respectively. Thirty healthy people were reference controls. Measurements included flow cytometry, circulating immune complexes and a cytokine subset of five.
Important limitations
- The paper calls the design blinded and randomized but gives limited details on sequence generation and concealment. The text reports 210 enrolled patients, while Table 1 accounts for 140 patients across treatment arms. The paper separately describes 30 healthy controls and five exclusions without reconciling those totals. Results primarily concern laboratory markers, and overlap with the authors’ related 2002 chronic-liver report is unresolved.
- Higher T-cell counts and lower B-cell counts describe a mixed immune response. The paper does not establish viral clearance or prevention of cirrhosis progression.
Medical Immunology (Russia). 2005;7(1):93–99. · Publication record
About Bemitil
Names in this research collection
Bemethyl · Bemithyl · Metaprot · Bemetil · Метапрот
A synthetic benzimidazole compound, also known as bemethyl or Metaprot. It is studied as an actoprotector: a compound investigated for maintaining work capacity under demanding conditions.
Identity / background source ↗
Research background
A benzimidazole-derived actoprotector, also indexed as bemethyl and Metaprot. Research spans patient asthenia, occupational settings, neuromuscular and liver studies, metabolism and preclinical safety; these are research contexts, not established uses.
Autoimmune research: disease-specific findings, immune effects and open questions ↗
Russian ME/CFS and fatigue research ↗
Archival sources and remaining questions ↗ · Conference sources and research collaborators ↗ · Pyatibrat tables: recovery values and conflicting counts ↗ · Shustov papers, coauthors and archival leads ↗
More study findings
Comparison in people · 1997
Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stress
Study of multiple preparations
- Hypobaric comparison
- Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measuresAbstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable.
- Coriolis motion tolerance
- Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68%Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm.
- Sustained work
- Author reported recovery of selected Thymogen-group measures to baseline by three hoursFour per arm. Cortexin and oral Bemitil plus sydnocarb were separate comparators.
The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.
More reported outcomes
- Postflight respiratory infections
- 1 of 4 in Thymogen arm versus 4 of 4 salineReported during the following year, a descriptive count from four pairs.
- Program headcount
- 328 stated; stage rows add to 338The 116 and 8 are subseries, with no additional headcount contributed to the historical tally.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 116 men across three stress comparisons (30, 70 and 16), plus an eight-cosmonaut comparison within the reported dissertation program of 328.
Design Hypobaric test: three arms of 10 at 5,000 m for 60 min. Motion: seven arms of 10 in a Coriolis test. Work: four arms of four at 50% of individually tolerated load. Postflight: four mission pairs, one participant per pair given Thymogen.
- Reported study exposure
- Hypoxia: intranasal Cortexin or Thymalin, 20 mg per course over two days, or placebo. Motion: single intranasal 5 mg Thymalin, Cortexin, Prostatilen or Epithalamin, or 50 µg Thymogen, with oral scopolamine 0.1 mg and placebo controls. Work: nasal Thymogen 100 µg or Cortexin 10 mg before work and after 6 and 12 h, or oral sydnocarb plus Bemitil, or saline. Postflight: intranasal Thymogen 100 µg/day for seven days.
Important limitations
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications.
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications. The 47 modeling experts were outside the participant table.
- The aerospace findings concern separate stress and recovery tasks, with no reliable pooled treatment effect.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods · Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods
Animal research · 1991
Bemitil and related compounds in a mouse macrophage assay
- Phagocytic activity and index
- Increased with the tested derivativesLargest effect reported with the 5-ethoxy derivative
- Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and lysosomal secretion
- IncreasedThe abstract supplies no effect magnitudes.
Bemitil and two related compounds increased macrophage phagocytic measures in mice. The 5-ethoxy derivative had the largest reported effect.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Mouse peritoneal macrophages
Design Mouse peritoneal macrophage comparison of Bemitil, methoxybemitil and a 5-ethoxy derivative at 25 mg/kg. Route and group sizes are absent from the abstract.
Important limitations
- The abstract gives no sample sizes, administration route or numerical effect sizes.
Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia. 1991;54(2):57–59. PMID 1884800. · Indexed abstract
Lab research · 2014
Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assays
Study of multiple preparations
- Peritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes
- 292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM eachTrekrezan plus Metaprot, relative to saline control (100%).Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.
- Alveolar macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes
- 302 ± 15% with Metaprot; 20 ± 2% with Metaprot plus Trekrezan20 mM per included agent, relative to saline control.Each marked p < 0.05 vs control.
- Polyoxidonium in alveolar macrophages, 40 minutes
- 163 ± 16% at 500 µg/mL; 69 ± 4% at 1,500 µg/mLRelative to saline control.Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.
After 40 minutes, low-concentration Trekrezan plus Metaprot raised peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence to 292% of saline control. With the higher concentrations it fell to 38%.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Isolated peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from rats. The paper labels each results table n = 10.
Design The assay used 10 million cells per cuvette and a saline reference normalized to 100%. Metaprot and Trekrezan were tested at 0.1 or 20 mM, Polyoxidonium at 500 or 1,500 µg/mL, and combinations at matched low or high concentrations. Luminescence was recorded after 20 and 40 minutes of incubation.
Important limitations
- Chemiluminescence is a superoxide-related assay signal. It does not measure infection resistance or a clinical immune response. The significance labels compare conditions with saline. They do not test an interaction between the two drugs.
- The direction changed with concentration and cell source. The authors did not test pharmacological synergy.
Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2014;12(1):15–18. · Publication record
Animal research · 2016
Metaprot and succinic acid in acute hypoxia in mice
Study of multiple preparations
- Combination vs control
- 18.8% longer survival timeReported p ≤ 0.05 vs control.
- Metaprot vs control
- 16.1% longer survival timeReported p ≤ 0.05 vs control.
- Succinic acid vs control
- 14.9% longer survival timeNo p value supplied.
Survival time under hypoxia was reported as 16.1% longer with Metaprot, 14.9% longer with succinic acid and 18.8% longer with both, each relative to control.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 40 outbred white mice in four groups of ten.
Design Four groups of 10 mice received control, Metaprot, succinic acid or their combination. Each active ingredient was given intragastrically at 50 mg/kg. The endpoint was survival time in the acute hypoxia model.
Important limitations
- The abstract gives no absolute survival times, uncertainty intervals, direct combination-versus-monotherapy test or formal interaction test. Related proceedings versions should be treated as the same experiment.
- The combination exceeded the Metaprot estimate by 2.7 percentage points. A difference between those arms and a synergistic interaction were not established.
Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences. Vol. 5, no. 12, p. 1770. Posted 30 January 2016. · Conference abstract
Controlled study in people · 1999
[Effect of bemithyl (bemactor) on the bronchial epithelium regeneration and the main protector mechanisms of the respiratory system in chronic inflammation].
- Mucociliary / local bronchial-defense mechanisms
- No direct effect reported
The respiratory-inflammation report found no direct bemithyl effect on the evaluated mucociliary and local bronchial-defense mechanisms. Its proposal for a specialized application requires the original methods.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Not established from the available abstract or citation
Important limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed. Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- Population and method details are unresolved. The proposed specialized application is not a demonstrated treatment effect; no numerical outcome is supplied.
Tsitologiia; 1999 · Indexed abstract
Comparison in people · 2004
A program linking hypoxia, training and drug exposure
Study of multiple preparations
- Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction
- Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation massThe dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings.
- Bemitil elimination
- Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetamAuthor-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables.
- Animal swim experiment
- Piracetam 90 mg/kg: +25%; Bemitil 37.5 mg/kg: +45%Author conclusions; separate tested doses, not a clinical comparison.
Piracetam combinations were tested with Bemitil, phenibut or sydnocarb. In animals, the author describes a narrow range of supra-additivity, additive or antagonistic effects at other ratios, and faster Bemitil elimination with piracetam.
More reported outcomes
- Other formulations
- Pirafen: piracetam + phenibut; Pirasid: piracetam + sydnocarbDistinct preparations and task-dependent results. The excerpt does not establish a universal benefit.
- Human performance evidence
- Group-level estimates and complete allocation not recoveredSeparate studies within the dissertation; no basis for a clinical regimen.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table
Design 122-page dissertation supervised by E. B. Shustov, with separate animal models, human experiments and pharmacokinetic observations.
Important limitations
- Several experiments from one dissertation, not independent replications.
- Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication. OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal. Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy.
- An interaction can change direction with dose and endpoint. The animal and pharmacokinetic observations do not validate a human combination.
Candidate dissertation author’s abstract, Saint Petersburg, 2004 · Dissertation transcription
Animal research · 2015
Metaprot in the rat treadmill comparison
Study of multiple preparations
- Metaprot · treadmill time
- Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 minWithin-arm baseline comparisons. The authors report a decline to about 10 min on day 11 after cessation.
- Training effect
- All three treadmill groups improved during trainingThe paper attributes some early improvement to training. Baseline-relative changes do not establish a between-drug effect.
Within-group running time increased during training.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 24 five-month-old male outbred rats (250–300 g), four groups; three treadmill groups and one vivarium control
Design 24 male rats; vivarium control, trained control, Metaprot and Pinealon. Daily treadmill to exhaustion.
- Reported study exposure
- 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the rat experiment.
Important limitations
- Different baselines prevent direct efficacy ranking.
- Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety. No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review. The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers.
- The treadmill study documents an animal training experiment. Different starting values, small groups and mixed hematology limit any comparative performance claim.
Biotekhnosfera. 2(38):25–31 · Publication record
Performance research in context
Military & occupational evidence map ↗ Sports performance evidence map ↗
- Compound class
- Actoprotector
- Research collection
- Actoprotection & occupational pharmacology · editorial grouping
- Research institutions
- No institutional affiliation recorded
- Source review
- Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Asthenia, voyage and small clinical reports; hearing patent
Study methods
Mixed designs; abstract-level review unless stated otherwise
Independent replication
Related reports may share cohorts; independent confirmation remains unresolved
Source access
Indexed abstracts, patent text, dissertation excerpts and archival leads
Safety evidence
Preclinical adverse findings included; human long-term safety and interactions unresolved
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and history
Chlodantane, Cyclontane and the ADK research program ↗
MS evidence and its limits
A patent describes ten MS cases, with one detailed example receiving several treatments. Related SLE and neuromuscular studies concern different diseases and cannot establish MS efficacy.
Explore the studies, patents and archival sources ↗What remains unclear
The 1991 abstract gives a dose of 0.5 mg. The original paper is needed to verify the unit. Allocation and adverse events are unclear in several historical occupational reports.
Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Browse original study records ↗Combination-source links repaired
The Trekrezan–Metaprot animal report and Bromitil pharmacokinetic source are linked. The Pirabel program now has separate experiment descriptions.
What remains unresolved
The 1991 voyage scan has been checked: 298 participants, with detailed testing in a 20-person subset; reported outcomes, regimen and adverse reactions are now transcribed. Allocation and ambiguous morbidity wording still require care. The 130-patient asthenia paper and 1984/1993/1994 proceedings remain retrieval targets.
Kim: hypoxia comparison
48 healthy men aged 20–28 · Drug and placebo exposures separated by 2–3 weeks; four baseline-matched groups
Measures: Laboratory mental and physical performance. Transcription loses some denominators; allocation order and washout adequacy remain unresolved.
Program source ↗Kim: human pharmacokinetics
18 healthy men aged 21–25; three groups of six · Single-exposure comparison of combination and individual components
Measures: Blood concentration time course. Pharmacokinetics does not establish efficacy or clinical synergy.
Program source ↗Pirabel: prolonged physical work
78 volunteers aged 18–25; eight baseline-matched groups · Described as double-blind; six-hour cyclic physical-work model
Measures: Dynamic work, endurance and recovery measures. Randomization unconfirmed; no piracetam-only arm. Separate from the subsequent 20-man Bemitil/Sydnocarb experiment.
Program source ↗Bemitil clinical and performance research
Bemitil—also indexed as bemethyl, bemithyl and Metaprot—is a benzimidazole-derived small molecule associated with the Military Medical Academy’s fatigue and adaptation research. The expanded record spans occupational studies, clinical comparisons, biochemical experiments and unresolved archival leads.
Human evidence, with limits
The archive now includes the 130-patient asthenia comparison, small neuromuscular reports, liver-cell measurements, pharmacokinetic studies and the existing voyage report. Different populations, endpoints and possible overlapping cohorts prevent a single efficacy ranking.
Asthenia comparison ↓Occupational hearing research
The 148-worker comparison comes from a patent, filed in 1989 and published in 1994. It reports fewer hearing-loss cases in the Bemitil group, but randomization, blinding and comparable noise exposure are not established. A later hearing-loss combination patent is a separate source.
Inspect the patent report ↓Metabolism and safety
Glutathione experiments, CYP450 work and the 2021 metabolite study address different steps in a proposed mechanism. Rat enzyme induction and reduced spermatogenesis after prolonged exposure belong in this record too. Human interactions and long-term safety remain unresolved.
Metabolism record ↓Research topics and source coverage
The 62-topic index covers heat, cold, maritime work, neuromuscular disease, liver research, surgery and injury models. Each topic distinguishes recovered reports from historical accounts and acquisition targets. Pregnancy and toxic-exposure leads are not treatment recommendations.
Additional Bemitil and Metaprot publications
Added October 7, 2026: 38 abstract-based records and three bibliographic leads. These are publication records, not independent trial counts. Possible overlap between the 1991 erysipelas reports remains unresolved.
- 2018: Detection of bemitil and its metabolite in urine by means of LC-MS/MS in view of doping control analysis. — analytical
- 2015: Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats. — animal
- 2014: [Features of bemithyl pharmacokinetics upon inhalation administration]. — animal
- 2012: [Protective effects of metaprot and ethomerzol in carbophos intoxications]. — animal
- 2011: [Pharmacokinetics of domestic actoprotector drug Metaprot in healthy volunteers]. — analytical
- 2008: [Effects of phytoecdysteroids and bemithyl on functional, metabolic, and immunobiological parameters of working capacity in experimental animals]. — animal
- 2008: [Modification of impulse activity of cat brainstem monoaminergic cells caused by bemitil]. — animal
- 2007: [Transplacental effects of bemithyl]. — animal
- 2007: [Correlative interconnections between impulse activity of aminergic neurons of the brainstem and spectral components of electroencephalogram during action of bemitil]. — animal
- 2006: Distribution of bemitil in organs and tissues of rats after single or repeated administration. — animal
- 1995: [The stimulation of pulmonary epithelial regeneration and of the clearance function of the mucociliary apparatus by using bemetil]. — human comparative
- 2006: [Studying the hepatoprotector effect of bemithyl on a model of chronic toxic liver damage]. — animal
- 2005: [The effect of bemithyl on the onthogenesis of rats]. — animal
- 2003: [Membrane mechanisms of effects of antihypoxic agents bemethyl and almide on neurons of Mollusca]. — in vitro
- 2005: [Efficacy of bemithyl and pyrazidol in patients with cerebroasthenia due to brain injury]. — observational
- 2004: Cerebroprotective effect of combined treatment with pyrazidol and bemitil in craniocerebral trauma. — animal
- 2004: [The influence of hepatoprotector 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on the content of glycogen in cirrhotic rat liver hepatocytes located in various microenvironments]. — animal
- 2003: Effects of the 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on carbohydrate metabolism in cirrhotic rat liver. — animal
- 1991: [The action of bemitil on the self-regulation systems during short-term immobilization]. — animal
- 2002: Antioxidant effects of Bemitil during acute cerebral hypoxia. — animal
- 2002: [The effect of bemithyl in rats with experimental pneumonia]. — animal
- 2000: [Effects of bemethyl, ethomersol, and yakton on the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy]. — animal
- 2000: [Acute toxicity of bemithyl and bromithyl]. — animal
- 1999: [Effect of bemithyl (bemactor) on the bronchial epithelium regeneration and the main protector mechanisms of the respiratory system in chronic inflammation]. — controlled clinical
- 1999: [The effect of bemitil on conditioned-reflex memory in normal rats and under stress exposures]. — animal
- 1998: [A new approach to the therapy of pyoderma in servicemen: the use of the actoprotector bemitil]. — human comparative
- 1995: [Changes in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in the rat hippocampus under the influence of bemitil]. — animal
- 1997: [The effect of bemitil on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and nitrogen metabolism in epilepsy in children]. — observational
- 1997: [The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut]. — human comparative
- 1991: [Effectiveness of bemitil in recurrent erysipelas]. — human comparative
- 1991: [The dynamics of the immunological indices during the treatment of recurrent erysipelas with the new immunostimulant bemitil]. — observational
- 1987: [Bemetil pharmacokinetics in an experiment on rats]. — animal
- 1991: [The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection]. — observational
- 1991: [Effect of bemitil on metabolic processes and work capacity at high altitude]. — Bibliographic lead
- 1991: [Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate]. — observational
- 1987: [Experimental and clinical data on the ability of bemetil to penetrate the hemato-encephalic barrier]. — analytical
- 1987: [Effect of bemetil on the perception of visual stimuli]. — Bibliographic lead
- 1989: [Antihypoxic and antioxidative properties of bemitil]. — animal
- 1990: [Changes in the nature of the time concordance of the functional brain structures under the influence of bemitil]. — Bibliographic lead
- 1986: [Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of bemitil]. — animal
- 1987: [Structural analysis of the functional status of the brain as affected by bemethyl using pattern recognition theory]. — animal
Patents and claimed inventions
These 4 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2016 · RU2578412C1 · Bemitil plus carnitine: asthenia and fatigue claimsFormulation · Combination reportedly reduced fatigue in swim and rotating-rod tests at a selected tested combination
Reported findings
The combination improved some fatigue- and depression-like behaviors, while episodic-memory testing was neutral.
- Physical-fatigue tasks
- Combination reportedly reduced fatigue in swim and rotating-rod tests at a selected tested combinationExact mean differences not transcribed; individual drugs and combinations differed
- Depression-like behavior
- Reduced stress-associated immobility reported across tested combination exposuresBehavioral proxy, not clinical depression recovery
Formulation. The filing describes ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide combined with carnitine for proposed fatigue-related applications.
This is a combination, not Etomerzol and not a demonstration of Bemitil monotherapy efficacy in ME/CFS.
- Publication
- RU2578412C1 ↗ · 2016-03-27
- Earliest priority / filing
- 2014-12-02 / 2014-12-02
- Original applicant / assignee
- Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Валента - Интеллект"
- Indexed status
- Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
- Patent family
- 55656639 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Pharmaceutical composition for treating asthenia and/or chronic fatigue syndrome
Inventors: Аллан Герович Бениашвили; Маргарита Алексеевна Морозова.
RU2578412C1 · KR101942205B1 · CN107205944A · EA027170B1 · UA112719C2 · WO2016089251A1
2006 · RU2267319C2 · Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its applicationUse · Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleep
Reported findings
The clinical examples describe improvement during adjunctive Bemitil treatment, without group-level efficacy scores or a controlled patient comparison.
- MS illustrative case
- Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleepAfter approximately 3 weeksOne 47-year-old patient also receiving piracetam, pentoxifylline and vitamins
- Chronic-fatigue illustrative case
- Reported improvement in general condition, tremor, headaches, coordination and perceived weaknessAfter a 15-day courseOne 29-year-old patient receiving several other medicines
Use. Bemitil in multiple sclerosis, with a small historical case series and concurrent treatment; not a controlled MS efficacy trial.
A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.
- Publication
- RU2267319C2 ↗ · 2006-01-10
- Earliest priority / filing
- 2003-07-15 / 2003-07-15
- Original applicant / assignee
- Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Интер-Кэр"
- Indexed status
- Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
- Patent family
- 35208242 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its application
Inventors: Олег Валентинович Дорожко (RU); Олег Валентинович Дорожко; Георгий Иванович Ковалев (RU); Георгий Иванович Ковалев; Рамиз Меджидович Салимов (RU); Рамиз Меджидович Салимов.
2000 · RU2157684C2 · Method of treating systemic lupus erythematosusUse · Reported within-group reductions in both Bemitil-containing arms
Reported findings
The patent reports lower anti-DNA antibodies and steroid changes in adjunctive Bemitil arms of the historical lupus program; unequal groups and follow-up prevent a causal efficacy estimate.
- Anti-DNA antibodies
- Reported within-group reductions in both Bemitil-containing arms
- Mean daily prednisolone, group 3
- 23.5 → 18.7 mg/day during observation
Use. Bemitil as an adjunct to glucocorticoids, with or without cyclophosphamide, in lupus. The patent and 1999 publication describe the same research program, not independent replications.
A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.
- Publication
- RU2157684C2 ↗ · 2000-10-20
- Earliest priority / filing
- 1997-12-22 / 1997-12-22
- Original applicant / assignee
- Научно-исследовательский институт фармакологии Российской академии медицинских наук
- Indexed status
- Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
- Patent family
- 20200796 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Agent for treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosis
Inventors: Т.А. Лисицына; А.Д. Дурнев; М.М. Иванова; С.Б. Середенин; В.А. Насонова.
1994 · RU2017483C1 · Bemitil for prevention of occupational hearing loss — patent RU2017483C1Use · 5/84 with Bemitil, 7/39 with conventional prophylaxis, 8/25 with placebo
Reported findings
The patent reports less hearing loss after one year in the Bemitil group.
- Hearing loss at one year
- 5/84 with Bemitil, 7/39 with conventional prophylaxis, 8/25 with placebo1 yearHearing loss of varying degree; allocation and masking unverified
- Illustrative worker: recovery time
- 4.5 hours without Bemitil versus 2 hours after a treatment cycleSingle-worker before/after example, not a cohort mean
Use. Historical Bemitil-related hearing-protection use disclosure; patent reports are not independent randomized clinical evidence.
A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.
- Publication
- RU2017483C1 ↗ · 1994-08-15
- Earliest priority / filing
- 1989-11-09 / 1989-11-09
- Original applicant / assignee
- Глазников Лев Александрович
- Indexed status
- Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
- Patent family
- 21478461 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Agent for prophylaxis of professional hypoacusis
Inventors: Ю.К. Ревской; Л.А. Глазников; Б.Л. Макеев; В.Р. Гофман; М.А. Нестеров.
Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →
Linked sources
Separate personal WHOOP observation ↗ — uncontrolled n=1 data; not included as clinical evidence.
Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗
1997 · Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stressHypobaric comparison: Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measures
Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stress
· Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods
Format: Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable. · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
V. V. Cheprasov · Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods
The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.
Hypobaric test: three arms of 10 at 5,000 m for 60 min. Motion: seven arms of 10 in a Coriolis test. Work: four arms of four at 50% of individually tolerated load. Postflight: four mission pairs, one participant per pair given Thymogen.
Dose, route and schedule
Hypoxia: intranasal Cortexin or Thymalin, 20 mg per course over two days, or placebo. Motion: single intranasal 5 mg Thymalin, Cortexin, Prostatilen or Epithalamin, or 50 µg Thymogen, with oral scopolamine 0.1 mg and placebo controls. Work: nasal Thymogen 100 µg or Cortexin 10 mg before work and after 6 and 12 h, or oral sydnocarb plus Bemitil, or saline. Postflight: intranasal Thymogen 100 µg/day for seven days.
Protocol source ↗ · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Hypobaric comparison | Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measures | Abstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable. |
| Coriolis motion tolerance | Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68% | Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm. |
| Sustained work | Author reported recovery of selected Thymogen-group measures to baseline by three hours | Four per arm. Cortexin and oral Bemitil plus sydnocarb were separate comparators. |
| Postflight respiratory infections | 1 of 4 in Thymogen arm versus 4 of 4 saline | Reported during the following year, a descriptive count from four pairs. |
| Program headcount | 328 stated; stage rows add to 338 | The 116 and 8 are subseries, with no additional headcount contributed to the historical tally. |
The aerospace findings concern separate stress and recovery tasks, with no reliable pooled treatment effect.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09
- Population / setting
- 116 men across three stress comparisons (30, 70 and 16), plus an eight-cosmonaut comparison within the reported dissertation program of 328.
- Source reviewed
- Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Study limitations
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications.
- The 47 modeling experts were outside the participant table.
Reviewed 2026-11-09.
2004 · Bemitil after surgery for lung abscessesComplete recovery or improvement: 82.6% vs 60.0%
Bemitil after surgery for lung abscesses
· Dissertation author abstract
O. V. Maslova · Chelyabinsk State Medical Academy. Dissertation author abstract, 2004.
The dissertation reports recovery or improvement in 82.6% of 23 patients receiving Bemitil plus postoperative care versus 60.0% of 25 receiving postoperative care alone.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
Of 94 patients, 46 received conservative care and 48 had surgery. Standard postoperative care was antibacterial and detoxification therapy (n=25). The adjunct arm (n=23) received the same care plus Bemitil 250 mg twice daily for 7 days. The author abstract does not state the route. Blood was assessed at admission and on hospital days 14–19, corresponding to postoperative days 7–10.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Complete recovery or improvement | 82.6% vs 60.0% | Bemitil plus standard care (n=23) vs standard care (n=25) · Author-reported p<0.05 |
| Circulating CD3+ T cells | 1.082 vs 0.631 × 10⁹/L | Bemitil vs standard care; healthy donor mean 1.122 × 10⁹/L · p<0.05 between treatment groups |
| Circulating CD4+ T cells | 0.687 vs 0.442 × 10⁹/L | Bemitil vs standard care · p<0.05 between treatment groups |
| Humoral measures | Lower circulating immune complexes | The author reports little difference in other humoral measures. |
Selected postoperative blood-cell measures (Table 3)
| Measure | Bemitil + care (n=23) | Standard care (n=25) | Healthy donors (n=37) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lymphocytes, × 10⁹/L | 2.121 ± 0.04 | 1.144 ± 0.08 | 2.322 ± 0.04 |
| CD3+, × 10⁹/L | 1.082 ± 0.03 | 0.631 ± 0.04 | 1.122 ± 0.03 |
| CD4+, × 10⁹/L | 0.687 ± 0.04 | 0.442 ± 0.05 | 0.780 ± 0.04 |
| CD8+, × 10⁹/L | 0.480 ± 0.02 | 0.334 ± 0.03 | 0.428 ± 0.01 |
Mean ± standard error as tabulated. The 37 donors served as a laboratory reference group.
Treatment assignment and outcome assessment are insufficiently described to estimate a causal clinical effect.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-10
- Population / setting
- 48 postoperative patients within a program of 94 patients with lung abscesses and 37 healthy donors
- Source reviewed
- Russian author-abstract transcription, methods, Table 3 and Figure 4 description checked.
Study limitations
- The source does not describe randomized allocation or blinded outcome assessment.
- The published percentage and significance label are the author’s reported values. The full clinical outcome figure and statistical procedure could not be verified from the transcription.
Reviewed 2026-11-10.
2005 · Bemitil and immune markers in chronic hepatitisCD3+ T cells: 829.52 vs 628.84 cells/µL
Bemitil and immune markers in chronic hepatitis
S. V. Okovityi, O. V. Ivanova, A. A. Boykova, N. M. Kalinina, N. I. Davydova, V. G. Radchenko, S. N. Shulenin · Medical Immunology (Russia). 2005;7(1):93–99.
At day 21 in the noncirrhotic subgroup, CD3+ counts were 829.52 versus 628.84 cells/µL with placebo, while CD19+ counts were 59.85 versus 159.32 cells/µL.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
The authors describe a blinded randomized placebo comparison. Both arms received background care. Bemitil was 250 mg twice daily for three 5-day courses separated by 2-day breaks. Table 1 lists 100 Bemitil and 40 placebo patients, including 30 and 20 with cirrhosis, respectively. Thirty healthy people were reference controls. Measurements included flow cytometry, circulating immune complexes and a cytokine subset of five.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| CD3+ T cells | 829.52 vs 628.84 cells/µL | Bemitil (n=70) vs placebo (n=20), noncirrhotic subgroup · Day 21 · p<0.05 between arms |
| CD4+ T cells | 558.44 vs 400.72 cells/µL | Bemitil vs placebo · Day 21 · p<0.05 between arms |
| CD19+ B cells | 59.85 vs 159.32 cells/µL | Bemitil vs placebo · Day 21 · p<0.05 between arms |
| Circulating immune complexes | 45.52 vs 101.73 assay units | Bemitil vs placebo · Day 21 · p<0.05 between arms |
| Interferon-alpha | No significant effect reported | Small cytokine subset, five per reported group |
Selected blood markers in noncirrhotic chronic hepatitis (Tables 2–3)
| Measure | Bemitil baseline | Bemitil day 21 | Placebo baseline | Placebo day 21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD3+, cells/µL | 518.13 ± 59.11 | 829.52 ± 60.90 | 573.12 ± 33.79 | 628.84 ± 42.17 |
| CD4+, cells/µL | 307.34 ± 45.58 | 558.44 ± 59.81 | 377.52 ± 51.04 | 400.72 ± 49.16 |
| CD8+, cells/µL | 266.25 ± 25.17 | 394.41 ± 37.84 | 249.20 ± 32.59 | 326.02 ± 36.86 |
| CD19+, cells/µL | 100.73 ± 15.35 | 59.85 ± 10.14 | 121.73 ± 15.85 | 159.32 ± 13.92 |
| Immune complexes, assay units | 91.40 ± 5.85 | 45.52 ± 4.31 | 94.00 ± 12.11 | 101.73 ± 9.62 |
Means ± standard error. The paper gives p<0.05 for the post-treatment comparison for each row. Groups include several etiologies.
Higher T-cell counts and lower B-cell counts describe a mixed immune response. The paper does not establish viral clearance or prevention of cirrhosis progression.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-10
- Population / setting
- Hospitalized chronic hepatitis patients, with and without cirrhosis, and a separate healthy reference group
- Source reviewed
- Original seven-page journal PDF. Methods and selected results from Tables 1–6 checked.
Study limitations
- The paper calls the design blinded and randomized but gives limited details on sequence generation and concealment.
- The text reports 210 enrolled patients, while Table 1 accounts for 140 patients across treatment arms. The paper separately describes 30 healthy controls and five exclusions without reconciling those totals.
- Results primarily concern laboratory markers, and overlap with the authors’ related 2002 chronic-liver report is unresolved.
Reviewed 2026-11-10.
1991 · Bemitil and related compounds in a mouse macrophage assayPhagocytic activity and index: Increased with the tested derivatives
Bemitil and related compounds in a mouse macrophage assay
V. I. Ratnikov, L. I. Ratnikova · Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia. 1991;54(2):57–59. PMID 1884800.
Bemitil and two related compounds increased macrophage phagocytic measures in mice. The 5-ethoxy derivative had the largest reported effect.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete
Mouse peritoneal macrophage comparison of Bemitil, methoxybemitil and a 5-ethoxy derivative at 25 mg/kg. Route and group sizes are absent from the abstract.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Phagocytic activity and index | Increased with the tested derivatives | Largest effect reported with the 5-ethoxy derivative |
| Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and lysosomal secretion | Increased | The abstract supplies no effect magnitudes. |
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-10
- Population / setting
- Mouse peritoneal macrophages
- Source reviewed
- Original article abstract available. Full methods and numerical tables require the complete article.
Study limitations
- The abstract gives no sample sizes, administration route or numerical effect sizes.
Reviewed 2026-11-10.
2014 · Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assaysPeritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes: 292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM each
Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assays
I. V. Zarubina, E. V. Antonenkova, A. V. Bolekhan, E. V. Mokrenko · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2014;12(1):15–18.
After 40 minutes, low-concentration Trekrezan plus Metaprot raised peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence to 292% of saline control. With the higher concentrations it fell to 38%.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
The assay used 10 million cells per cuvette and a saline reference normalized to 100%. Metaprot and Trekrezan were tested at 0.1 or 20 mM, Polyoxidonium at 500 or 1,500 µg/mL, and combinations at matched low or high concentrations. Luminescence was recorded after 20 and 40 minutes of incubation.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Peritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes | 292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM each | Trekrezan plus Metaprot, relative to saline control (100%). · Both marked p < 0.05 vs control. |
| Alveolar macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes | 302 ± 15% with Metaprot; 20 ± 2% with Metaprot plus Trekrezan | 20 mM per included agent, relative to saline control. · Each marked p < 0.05 vs control. |
| Polyoxidonium in alveolar macrophages, 40 minutes | 163 ± 16% at 500 µg/mL; 69 ± 4% at 1,500 µg/mL | Relative to saline control. · Both marked p < 0.05 vs control. |
Selected luminescence intensities from Tables 1 and 2 (% of saline control)
| Exposure | Peritoneal, 20 min | Peritoneal, 40 min | Alveolar, 20 min | Alveolar, 40 min |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saline | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Metaprot 20 mM | 21 ± 2 | 36 ± 4 | 297 ± 23 | 302 ± 15 |
| Trekrezan + Metaprot, 0.1 mM each | 191 ± 6 | 292 ± 5 | 133 ± 2 | 124 ± 3 |
| Trekrezan + Metaprot, 20 mM each | 28 ± 1 | 38 ± 2 | 40 ± 3 | 20 ± 2 |
| Polyoxidonium 500 µg/mL | 115 ± 5 | 108 ± 3 | 180 ± 16 | 163 ± 16 |
| Polyoxidonium 1,500 µg/mL | 86 ± 6 | 92 ± 9 | 85 ± 5 | 69 ± 4 |
| Polyoxidonium 1,500 µg/mL + Metaprot 20 mM | 27 ± 3 | 36 ± 3 | 66 ± 4 | 85 ± 5 |
Values and uncertainty terms as printed. This table extracts intensity rather than peak luminescence.
The direction changed with concentration and cell source. The authors did not test pharmacological synergy.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11
- Population / setting
- Isolated peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from rats. The paper labels each results table n = 10.
- Source reviewed
- Original journal PDF, experimental methods and Tables 1–2 checked.
Study limitations
- Chemiluminescence is a superoxide-related assay signal. It does not measure infection resistance or a clinical immune response.
- The significance labels compare conditions with saline. They do not test an interaction between the two drugs.
Reviewed 2026-11-11.
2006 · Bolekhan’s dissertation on Bemitil and immunomodulators in lung inflammationMetabolic markers: Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP
Bolekhan’s dissertation on Bemitil and immunomodulators in lung inflammation
· Dissertation excerpts
A. V. Bolekhan · Kirov Military Medical Academy. Candidate dissertation, St. Petersburg, 2006. The author names Project Talent, 4.04.133.п.12.
The dissertation describes lower lactate and higher ATP with the immunomodulators and their Bemitil combinations. Bemitil led the reported energy measures among individual agents, while Polyoxidonium led selected immune measures.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete
Compared the three drugs and Bemitil combinations in rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, with lung histology, ATP and other metabolites, and phagocyte and lymphocyte endpoints.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Metabolic markers | Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP | Reported for the immunomodulators and their Bemitil combinations. |
| Relative individual activity | Bemitil led selected energy measures; Polyoxidonium led selected immunotropic measures | |
| Cellular respiration markers | Bemitil increased flavoprotein fluorescence and lowered reduced pyridine nucleotide fluorescence | In alveolar macrophages and blood lymphocytes. The other agents and the combinations did not show the same pattern. |
| Combination outcomes | Greater reported changes in selected metabolic and immune markers | The accessible transcription does not provide numerical estimates or an interaction analysis. |
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11
- Population / setting
- Rats with experimental acute bronchopulmonary inflammation.
- Source reviewed
- Dissertation contents, introduction and conclusions in Russian transcription.
Study limitations
- Complete group tables, arm denominators and the separate Project Talent report require recovery.
- Related papers from the same laboratory may share animals or assays. No separate cohort is inferred.
Reviewed 2026-11-11.
2016 · Metaprot and succinic acid in acute hypoxia in miceCombination vs control: 18.8% longer survival time
Metaprot and succinic acid in acute hypoxia in mice
· Conference abstract
V. D. Dekkanova, V. R. Danilov, M. S. Polyakova · Bulletin of Medical Internet Conferences. Vol. 5, no. 12, p. 1770. Posted 30 January 2016.
Survival time under hypoxia was reported as 16.1% longer with Metaprot, 14.9% longer with succinic acid and 18.8% longer with both, each relative to control.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
Four groups of 10 mice received control, Metaprot, succinic acid or their combination. Each active ingredient was given intragastrically at 50 mg/kg. The endpoint was survival time in the acute hypoxia model.
Dose, route and schedule
Each active agent was administered intragastrically at 50 mg/kg. The combination used 50 mg/kg of each agent.
Protocol source ↗ · Conference abstract
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Combination vs control | 18.8% longer survival time | Reported p ≤ 0.05 vs control. |
| Metaprot vs control | 16.1% longer survival time | Reported p ≤ 0.05 vs control. |
| Succinic acid vs control | 14.9% longer survival time | No p value supplied. |
The combination exceeded the Metaprot estimate by 2.7 percentage points. A difference between those arms and a synergistic interaction were not established.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11
- Population / setting
- 40 outbred white mice in four groups of ten.
- Source reviewed
- Original conference abstract and the reported comparisons checked.
Study limitations
- The abstract gives no absolute survival times, uncertainty intervals, direct combination-versus-monotherapy test or formal interaction test.
- Related proceedings versions should be treated as the same experiment.
Reviewed 2026-11-11.
1989 · Shustov’s seven-component cosmonaut recovery formulationFormulation documented: Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin, methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit
Shustov’s seven-component cosmonaut recovery formulation
· Archival citation in dissertation author abstract
E. B. Shustov, L. I. Voronin, I. V. Davydov, A. L. Zyuban, V. M. Vinogradov, V. F. Katkov, E. N. Sumina · Soviet inventor’s certificate No. 292694, application No. 3167086. Cited in Shustov’s 1996 dissertation author abstract.
The author abstract identifies Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin (inosine), methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit in one formulation. It cites the 1989 certificate and a 21 November 1988 Pharmacological Committee protocol.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
No measured outcomes in the accessed disclosure
Historical formulation and provenance record. It is not a recovered clinical trial report.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Formulation documented | Bemitil, piracetam, Riboxin, methionine, glutamic acid, Panangin and Aerovit | |
| Archival identifiers | Application 3167086; certificate 292694, 3 May 1989; Pharmacological Committee protocol 6, 21 November 1988 | |
| Quantitative results for the complete formulation | Unavailable in the cited record |
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11
- Population / setting
- Postflight recovery and work-capacity research described in an author abstract from the Military Medical Academy and Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center.
- Source reviewed
- Russian dissertation author-abstract transcription, formulation passage and invention citation.
Study limitations
- The underlying certificate, committee minutes, arm-level results and formulation quantities have not been recovered.
- The author abstract also describes other formulations. Their results and participant totals cannot be attributed to this recipe.
Reviewed 2026-11-11.
2016 · Bemitil plus carnitine: asthenia and fatigue claims — RU2578412C1Physical-fatigue tasks: Combination reportedly reduced fatigue in swim and rotating-rod tests at a selected tested combination
Bemitil plus carnitine: asthenia and fatigue claims — RU2578412C1
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Аллан Герович Бениашвили, Маргарита Алексеевна Морозова · RU2578412C1 · patent family 55656639
The combination improved some fatigue- and depression-like behaviors, while episodic-memory testing was neutral.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The combination improved some fatigue- and depression-like behaviors, while episodic-memory testing was neutral.
Repeated-stress mouse experiments comparing Bemitil, levocarnitine and their combination; not a human ME/CFS trial.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Physical-fatigue tasks | Combination reportedly reduced fatigue in swim and rotating-rod tests at a selected tested combination | Exact mean differences not transcribed; individual drugs and combinations differed |
| Depression-like behavior | Reduced stress-associated immobility reported across tested combination exposures | Behavioral proxy, not clinical depression recovery |
| Episodic memory | No detected effect of the tested substances; stress itself did not significantly impair this endpoint | Control preference index 67.7 ± 4.4%; neutral treatment result retained |
Animal stress tasks and a combination do not establish Bemitil monotherapy, ME/CFS benefit or synergy. A neutral memory test cannot be rephrased as cognitive improvement.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- Repeated-stress mouse experiments comparing Bemitil, levocarnitine and their combination; not a human ME/CFS trial.
- Source reviewed
- Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
- This is a combination, not Etomerzol and not a demonstration of Bemitil monotherapy efficacy in ME/CFS.
- Animal stress tasks and a combination do not establish Bemitil monotherapy, ME/CFS benefit or synergy. A neutral memory test cannot be rephrased as cognitive improvement.
- Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
- Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
2020 · Actoprotective screening of aminoethanol–Krebs-cycle derivativesFDES in the heavier-load dose-response comparison: The largest reported increase did not reach statistical significance against placebo.
Actoprotective screening of aminoethanol–Krebs-cycle derivatives
Experimental aminoethanol derivatives; Bemitil was a comparator · Original animal research
Format: Publisher HTML · Reviewed: Methods and results narrative checked; PDF tables not visually appraised
V. Ts. Bolotova, E. B. Shustov, S. V. Okovityi · Pharmacy Formulas. 2020;2(4):28–35
The authors selected FDES, a fumarate–diethylaminoethanol–succinate candidate, for further research. Bemitil and deanol aceglumate served as comparators.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| FDES in the heavier-load dose-response comparison | The largest reported increase did not reach statistical significance against placebo. |
Candidate selection is not evidence of consistent benefit across conditions.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- 490 male mice across the screening program, not per treatment arm
- Source reviewed
- Publisher full text, including the neutral result under the heavier-load condition.
Study limitations
- Mouse performance findings do not establish human fatigue treatment.
- FDES is a distinct experimental compound; it is not interchangeable with DMAE or succinate supplements.
- Overlap with the 2019 monograph’s aminoethanol program requires checking.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
2016 · Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological support of adaptation to professional activity in extreme conditionsStudy stages and unresolved table counts: 570 in methods; 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310
Molecular mechanisms and pharmacological support of adaptation to professional activity in extreme conditions
· Original dissertation text on institute host
Format: 295-page institute-hosted PDF · Reviewed: Selected tables and methods visually checked; denominator reconciliation unresolved
A. O. Pyatibrat · Doctoral dissertation. Minsk, 2016. Institute-hosted PDF, 295 pages
Visually checked tables suggest functional recovery signals and limited Cortexin metabolic recovery, but participant counts and statistical reporting conflict. Drug–placebo superiority is not established.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Exploratory occupational evidence. Figure 10 identifies a second-stage drug comparison, but its participant flow and the table counts remain unresolved. The significance footnotes do not identify drug-versus-placebo tests.
Figure 10 explicitly calls the 320-person drug comparison a second stage of the broader 570-person program. The difference is not by itself an arithmetic error; selection into that stage is unclear. “Group 2” retains the author’s genotype classification. Recovery is the second assessment, about three days after the field exercise. Allocation is not adequately established.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Study stages and unresolved table counts | 570 in methods; 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310 | Figure 10 identifies the 320-person second stage. Its selection from 570 is unclear; the 320-versus-310 discrepancy remains within that stage. |
| Cortexin Group 2 | 24 in Table 49 versus 34 in Figure 10 | The chapter gives 65 total; the table gives 31 + 24 = 55. Do not silently replace the printed count. |
| Selected recovery observations | Bemitil has more favorable work-capacity and lactate values; Cortexin has more favorable work-capacity values with limited lactate recovery. | Descriptive patterns only; see selected cells below. |
Population reconciliation — stage selection and table-count conflict
| Arm | Methods, pp. 97–98 | Second stage, p. 203 | Table 49, groups 1 + 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metaprot / Bemitil | 111 | 61 | 29 + 32 = 61 |
| Cytoflavin | 113 | 63 | 31 + 32 = 63 |
| Cortexin | 115 | 65 | 31 + 24 = 55 |
| Gliatilin | 116 | 66 | 33 + 33 = 66 |
| Placebo | 115 | 65 | 30 + 35 = 65 |
Methods total 570; stated second stage 320; table total 310. Different stage sizes need a selection account, rather than being treated as inherently contradictory. Figure 10 labels Cortexin Group 2 as 34, but its caption still gives Group 2 total 156. The within-stage discrepancies remain unresolved.
Selected Group 2 recovery cells — values printed as M±m
| Measure / source table | Drug: baseline | Drug: recovery | Placebo: baseline | Placebo: recovery |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bemitil PWC170, W / Table 50 | 350.4±8.6 | 343.5±9.7 | 351.2±9.3 | 317.4±8.6*# |
| Bemitil lactate, mmol/L / Table 51 | 0.72±0.13 | 0.86±0.37 | 0.71±0.14 | 1.63±0.45* |
| Cortexin PWC170, W / Table 54 | 353.2±9.2 | 346.4±6.8 | 351.2±9.3 | 317.4±11.6*# |
| Cortexin lactate, mmol/L / Table 55 | 0.73±0.25 | 1.56±0.35* | 0.71±0.34 | 1.63±0.45* |
Cell symbols retained. Printed footnotes: * versus baseline; # versus Group 1, p≤0.01. These symbols are not identified as drug-versus-placebo comparisons. Table 49 gives Group 2 n=32 for Bemitil and n=35 for placebo; Cortexin n is disputed. Some tables give different uncertainty figures for identical placebo means. The figures are reproduced as printed.
These selected cells do not establish efficacy, genotype-guided treatment or comparative superiority. A within-arm change is not a between-arm effect. The source’s Cortexin discussion describes limited metabolic recovery despite functional signals. Unresolved denominators, repeated controls, statistical-reporting ambiguities and missing systematic harms reporting limit confidence.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- 570 overall in methods; a stated second stage of 320 in Chapter 5; Table 49 adds to 310. Cortexin totals 55 in the table versus 65 in the chapter. Denominators unresolved.
- Source reviewed
- The original dissertation’s Tables 49–55 and Figure 10 were visually checked. The review also covers selected methods and conclusions. Participant flow is only partially documented here.
Study limitations
- Figure 10 identifies 320 as a second stage of the broader 570-person program; the different stage sizes alone are not an arithmetic error. Selection into the second stage is unclear, and Table 49 adds to 310. Cortexin Group 2 is 24 in the table and 34 in Figure 10.
- One related program, not independent trials. The same placebo means recur, with differing uncertainty figures in some tables; pooling is inappropriate.
- Randomization and allocation concealment were not established. Printed significance symbols compare baseline or genotype Group 1, not explicitly drug against placebo.
- The normality decision rule printed on p. 106 appears reversed. The analysis code and implementation were not available to resolve this statistical-reporting ambiguity.
- The p. 98 ethics-reference placeholder is incomplete; p. 203 names another ethics committee without an identifier. This does not establish absence of approval.
- No systematic adverse-event table was identified in the reviewed methods and Chapter 5. Occupational observations and intranasal Cortexin cannot be transferred to injectable formulations.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
2018 · Detection of bemitil and its metabolite in urine by means of LC-MS/MS in view of doping control analysis.
Detection of bemitil and its metabolite in urine by means of LC-MS/MS in view of doping control analysis.
Kwiatkowska D, Kowalczyk K, Grucza K, Szutowski M, Bulska E, Wicka M · Drug testing and analysis; 2018 Nov
In six healthy volunteers, urine analysis detected Bemitil and its glucuronide conjugate. The conjugate was more abundant and detectable for longer. This was a detection study, not a performance trial.
- Population / setting
- Healthy adult volunteers
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2015 · Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats.
Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats.
Zarubina IV, Shabanov PD · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2015 Dec
In rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, combined Polyoxidonium and Metaprot showed a greater antioxidant effect than either alone. In macrophage assays, the direction of the biochemiluminescence response depended on concentration.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2014 · [Features of bemithyl pharmacokinetics upon inhalation administration].
[Features of bemithyl pharmacokinetics upon inhalation administration].
Kurpiakova AF, Geĭbo DS, Bykov VN, Nikiforov AS · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2014
The report compared inhaled, intragastric and intravenous pharmacokinetics and identified metabolites. The authors favored inhalation on pharmacokinetic grounds; the abstract does not identify the study population or establish clinical safety.
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2012 · [Protective effects of metaprot and ethomerzol in carbophos intoxications].Forced-swimming and biochemical changes: Both preparations favored; ethomerzol stronger in the authors’ comparison
[Protective effects of metaprot and ethomerzol in carbophos intoxications].
Vorob'eva VV, Zarubina IV, Shabanov PD · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2012
In carbophos-intoxicated rats, Metaprot improved swimming and selected biochemical measures. Ethomerzol was more effective in the reported tests.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat carbophos-intoxication model: toxin dose 256.0 ± 8.7 mg/kg. Metaprot and ethomerzol tested at 25 and 50 mg/kg.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Forced-swimming and biochemical changes | Both preparations favored; ethomerzol stronger in the authors’ comparison | Numerical treatment-specific effect magnitudes absent |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2011 · [Pharmacokinetics of domestic actoprotector drug Metaprot in healthy volunteers].Peak concentration: 0.91 ± 1.05 micrograms/mL
[Pharmacokinetics of domestic actoprotector drug Metaprot in healthy volunteers].
Kibal'chich DA, Belolipetskaia VG, Blagodatskikh SV, Martsevich SIu, Rudenko LI, Iatsuk VR · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2011
After oral Metaprot in healthy adults, mean time to peak concentration was about one hour. The report describes substantial variability and a multimodal distribution of pharmacokinetic parameters.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Healthy adults; oral Metaprot capsule, single 250 mg dose; HPLC/UV measurement.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Peak concentration | 0.91 ± 1.05 micrograms/mL | |
| Time to peak | 1.06 ± 0.16 hours | |
| Distribution of pharmacokinetic parameters | Multimodal | Sample size and absolute bioavailability are not given |
The abstract alternates serum and plasma terminology; variability is larger than the mean peak concentration.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Healthy adult volunteers
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2008 · [Effects of phytoecdysteroids and bemithyl on functional, metabolic, and immunobiological parameters of working capacity in experimental animals].
[Effects of phytoecdysteroids and bemithyl on functional, metabolic, and immunobiological parameters of working capacity in experimental animals].
Syrov VN, Shakhmurova GA, Khushbaktova ZA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2008 Sep-Oct
In mouse and rat swimming experiments, turkesterone and cyasterone showed stronger effects on work duration and recovery than the bemithyl comparator.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2008 · [Modification of impulse activity of cat brainstem monoaminergic cells caused by bemitil].Measured biochemical/electrophysiological response: Changes described
[Modification of impulse activity of cat brainstem monoaminergic cells caused by bemitil].
Kolotilova OI, Koreniuk II, Fokina IuO · Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine : 1994); 2008
Bemitil modified noradrenergic and serotonergic brainstem-neuron activity in cats, with dose-dependent effects.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Cat brainstem neuronal experiment; Bemitil 100 mg/kg.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Measured biochemical/electrophysiological response | Changes described | No numerical effect magnitude supplied in the indexed abstract |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2007 · [Transplacental effects of bemithyl].Fetal loss and offspring development: Lower post-implantation death and higher fetal weight reported
[Transplacental effects of bemithyl].
Bugaeva LI, Denisova TD, Spasov AA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2007 Jan-Feb
Exposure during rat pregnancy was associated with lower post-implantation fetal loss, higher fetal weight and faster postnatal development. These endpoints do not establish human pregnancy safety.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Pregnant rats received Bemitil 20 mg/kg/day on gestational days 6–16.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Fetal loss and offspring development | Lower post-implantation death and higher fetal weight reported | Absolute fetal counts, weights and effect sizes absent |
An animal reproduction study, not evidence supporting use during pregnancy.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- Animal reproductive and developmental endpoints do not establish safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2007 · [Correlative interconnections between impulse activity of aminergic neurons of the brainstem and spectral components of electroencephalogram during action of bemitil].Measured biochemical/electrophysiological response: Changes described
[Correlative interconnections between impulse activity of aminergic neurons of the brainstem and spectral components of electroencephalogram during action of bemitil].
Kolotilova OI, Pavlenko VB, Koreniuk II, Kulychenko OM, Fokina IuO · Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine : 1994); 2007
In five cats, Bemitil altered correlations between brainstem neuronal firing and cortical electrical activity.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Five cats; Bemitil 50 mg/kg; neuronal firing/neocortical electrical correlations.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Measured biochemical/electrophysiological response | Changes described | No numerical effect magnitude supplied in the indexed abstract |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2006 · Distribution of bemitil in organs and tissues of rats after single or repeated administration.
Distribution of bemitil in organs and tissues of rats after single or repeated administration.
Sergeeva SA, Gulyaeva IL · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2006 May
Rat tissue measurements detected Bemitil in several organs. The authors interpreted repeated-exposure findings as accumulation in blood rather than tissues; human accumulation was not assessed.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1995 · [The stimulation of pulmonary epithelial regeneration and of the clearance function of the mucociliary apparatus by using bemetil].
[The stimulation of pulmonary epithelial regeneration and of the clearance function of the mucociliary apparatus by using bemetil].
Kobylianskiĭ VI · Tsitologiia; 1995
The abstract describes a method intended to promote bronchial epithelial regeneration and mucociliary function with Bemitil, including immunocorrection. It does not supply population, group sizes or numerical results.
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2006 · [Studying the hepatoprotector effect of bemithyl on a model of chronic toxic liver damage].
[Studying the hepatoprotector effect of bemithyl on a model of chronic toxic liver damage].
Oskovityĭ SV, Bezborodkina NN, Zarubina IV, Mironova OP, Kudrivtsev BN, Shulenin SN · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2006 Mar-Apr
In experimental rat cirrhosis, bemithyl improved selected liver-function, antioxidant and histological measures and reduced fibrosis severity.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2005 · [The effect of bemithyl on the onthogenesis of rats].Transfer into milk: Reported
[The effect of bemithyl on the onthogenesis of rats].
Spasov AA, Bugaeva LI, Denisova TD, Smirnova LA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2005 Mar-Apr
During lactation in rats, bemithyl transferred through milk and altered offspring maturation, sensorimotor development and later pubertal processes. Developmental change is not evidence of safety.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Lactating rats received Bemitil 20 or 100 mg/kg by gastric tube for 16 days.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Transfer into milk | Reported | |
| Offspring development | Early and later changes reported | No numerical milk concentrations or development effect sizes supplied |
Developmental changes are not evidence of benefit in nursing infants.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- Animal reproductive and developmental endpoints do not establish safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2003 · [Membrane mechanisms of effects of antihypoxic agents bemethyl and almide on neurons of Mollusca].Reversible ion-channel block: 100–1,000 microM concentration range
[Membrane mechanisms of effects of antihypoxic agents bemethyl and almide on neurons of Mollusca].
Vislobokov AI, Marysheva VV, Shabanov PD · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2003 Nov-Dec
In isolated mollusk neurons, bemithyl and almide reversibly blocked ion currents in a concentration-dependent manner. Proposed systemic antihypoxic effects were not established by these cell experiments.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Isolated Lymnaea stagnalis neurons; Bemitil and Almide at high concentrations.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Reversible ion-channel block | 100–1,000 microM concentration range | |
| Complete channel block | 10 mM |
Cell-assay concentrations are not human dose or blood-concentration recommendations.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2005 · [Efficacy of bemithyl and pyrazidol in patients with cerebroasthenia due to brain injury].
[Efficacy of bemithyl and pyrazidol in patients with cerebroasthenia due to brain injury].
Zarubina IV, Narmanbetova FN, Agadzhanian EF, Shabanov PD · Klinicheskaia meditsina; 2005
A clinical report described reduced asthenic symptoms and changes in oxidative-stress measures with combined bemithyl and pyrazidol after brain injury.
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2004 · Cerebroprotective effect of combined treatment with pyrazidol and bemitil in craniocerebral trauma.Combination response: Additive behavioral/metabolic effects reported
Cerebroprotective effect of combined treatment with pyrazidol and bemitil in craniocerebral trauma.
Zarubina IV, Kuritsyna NA, Shabanov PD · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2004 Jul
In rats after brain trauma, Bemitil and pyrazidol had model-dependent individual effects; combined treatment was reported to have additive behavioral and metabolic effects.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Brain-trauma rat model: Bemitil 25 mg/kg, pyrazidol 1 mg/kg, or combination; animals divided by hypoxia resistance.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Combination response | Additive behavioral/metabolic effects reported | No numerical response size or group count in abstract |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
- Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2004 · [The influence of hepatoprotector 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on the content of glycogen in cirrhotic rat liver hepatocytes located in various microenvironments].
[The influence of hepatoprotector 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on the content of glycogen in cirrhotic rat liver hepatocytes located in various microenvironments].
Kudriavtseva MV, Bezborodkina NN, Okovityĭ SV, Kudriavtsev BN · Tsitologiia; 2004
In cirrhotic rat liver, bemithyl-associated glycogen changes differed between hepatocytes within lobules and the wider cell population.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2003 · Effects of the 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on carbohydrate metabolism in cirrhotic rat liver.Total glycogen in untreated cirrhosis: About threefold the normal level
Effects of the 2-ethylthiobenzimidazole hydrobromide (bemithyl) on carbohydrate metabolism in cirrhotic rat liver.
Kudryavtseva MV, Bezborodkina NN, Okovity SV, Kudryavtsey BN · Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie; 2003 Mar
In cirrhotic rat liver, bemithyl reduced glycogen content and altered glycogen-related enzyme activity. These are metabolic findings rather than clinical liver outcomes.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Cirrhotic rat-liver experiment measuring glycogen fractions and related enzymes.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Total glycogen in untreated cirrhosis | About threefold the normal level | |
| Stable glycogen fraction | 7.5-fold the normal level | |
| Glucose-6-phosphatase activity | 25% of normal | |
| Bemitil-associated changes | Lower glycogen with enzyme changes | No numerical treatment-specific magnitude supplied |
The threefold, 7.5-fold and 25% values describe the disease model, not the magnitude of Bemitil benefit.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1991 · [The action of bemitil on the self-regulation systems during short-term immobilization].Motor/cardiovascular regulation: Normalization described
[The action of bemitil on the self-regulation systems during short-term immobilization].
Kirichek LT, Bobkov IuG · Farmakologiia i toksikologiia; 1991 Nov-Dec
In immobilized rats, the authors reported changes toward normal in motor, cardiovascular and stress-related measures after bemithyl.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Immobilized-rat stress model; single Bemitil dose 50 mg/kg.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Motor/cardiovascular regulation | Normalization described | No numerical physiological changes supplied |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2002 · Antioxidant effects of Bemitil during acute cerebral hypoxia.Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system: Adverse changes prevented in the authors’ report
Antioxidant effects of Bemitil during acute cerebral hypoxia.
Zarubina IV, Mironova OP · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2002 Feb
In acute hypoxic hypoxia in rats, Bemitil limited brain lipid peroxidation and suppression of antioxidant-system activity.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat acute-hypoxia model; Bemitil 25 mg/kg.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system | Adverse changes prevented in the authors’ report | Numerical effect size absent |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2002 · [The effect of bemithyl in rats with experimental pneumonia].Mortality, lung lactate and lipid peroxidation: Reductions reported
[The effect of bemithyl in rats with experimental pneumonia].
Solov'ev MV, Krivoruchko BI, Zarubina IV, Mironova OP · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2002 Jul-Aug
In experimental rat pneumonia, bemithyl reduced mortality frequency, lung lactate accumulation and lipid peroxidation.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Experimental pneumonia in rats; Bemitil 50 mg/kg IP.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Mortality, lung lactate and lipid peroxidation | Reductions reported | Death counts and biochemical effect sizes absent |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2000 · [Effects of bemethyl, ethomersol, and yakton on the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy].
[Effects of bemethyl, ethomersol, and yakton on the liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy].
Gaĭvoronskaia VV, Okovityĭ SV, Shustov EB, Smirnov AV · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2000 Sep-Oct
The experimental report described faster liver regeneration and changes in biochemical and morphological measures after partial hepatectomy with bemithyl, etomerzol or yakton. The abstract does not specify the species.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2000 · [Acute toxicity of bemithyl and bromithyl].Bemitil LD50: 581.48 mg/kg; interval 350.17–965.57
[Acute toxicity of bemithyl and bromithyl].
Bugaeva LI, Spasov AA, Verovskiĭ VE, Iezhitsa IN · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 2000 Nov-Dec
Acute rat toxicity testing found different lethal-dose estimates and dose-dependent physiological effects for bemithyl and bromithyl. The preparations should not be treated as equivalent.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat toxicity comparison of Bemitil and Bromitil.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Bemitil LD50 | 581.48 mg/kg; interval 350.17–965.57 | |
| Bromitil LD50, male | 1,750.30 mg/kg; interval 1,463.07–2,093.92 | |
| Bromitil LD50, female | 1,584.29 mg/kg; interval 1,280.46–1,960.22 | |
| Therapeutic ratios | 4–6 for both preparations as reported | |
| Toxicity indices | Bemitil 10–15; Bromitil 20–22 | |
| Bemitil dose-related response | Ergotropic effects at 20–80 mg/kg; trophotropic effects above 100 mg/kg |
Animal toxicity measures are not human dose limits. The confidence level of the printed intervals is not specified in the saved abstract.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1999 · [Effect of bemithyl (bemactor) on the bronchial epithelium regeneration and the main protector mechanisms of the respiratory system in chronic inflammation].Mucociliary / local bronchial-defense mechanisms: No direct effect reported
[Effect of bemithyl (bemactor) on the bronchial epithelium regeneration and the main protector mechanisms of the respiratory system in chronic inflammation].
Kobylianskiĭ VI, Artiushkin AV, Svetavskaia MA · Tsitologiia; 1999
The respiratory-inflammation report found no direct bemithyl effect on the evaluated mucociliary and local bronchial-defense mechanisms. Its proposal for a specialized application requires the original methods.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Mucociliary / local bronchial-defense mechanisms | No direct effect reported |
Population and method details are unresolved. The proposed specialized application is not a demonstrated treatment effect; no numerical outcome is supplied.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-05
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1999 · [The effect of bemitil on conditioned-reflex memory in normal rats and under stress exposures].Learning performance: Improvement reported
[The effect of bemitil on conditioned-reflex memory in normal rats and under stress exposures].
Pragina LL, Tushmalova NA, Inozemtsev AN, Smirnov AV · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 1999 Jul-Aug
Bemitil improved conditioned-reflex learning in rat experiments and was reported to attenuate stress-related disruption.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat memory experiment; Bemitil 1.8 mg/kg IP daily, 30 minutes before testing.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Learning performance | Improvement reported | Numerical response scores absent |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1998 · [A new approach to the therapy of pyoderma in servicemen: the use of the actoprotector bemitil].Clinical recovery: 86.3 ± 4.8%
[A new approach to the therapy of pyoderma in servicemen: the use of the actoprotector bemitil].
Samtsov AV, Tarasenko GN, Smirnov AV · Voenno-meditsinskii zhurnal; 1998 May
A report involving 51 men with pyoderma described better recovery and selected immune and local inflammatory measures with Bemitil-containing treatment than conventional care.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Pyoderma study of 51 men aged 20–30, comparing Bemitil-containing approaches with conventional therapy.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical recovery | 86.3 ± 4.8% | Conventional therapy: 62.1 ± 6.8% |
Group-specific denominators, allocation and the meaning of the ± values need the full report. The percentages are retained without calculating an attributable treatment effect.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1995 · [Changes in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in the rat hippocampus under the influence of bemitil].Pathological activity: Suppressed in the authors’ report
[Changes in the activity of an epileptogenic focus in the rat hippocampus under the influence of bemitil].
Mikhaĭlov IB, Sharf MIa, Guzeva VI · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 1995 Jul-Aug
Bemitil pretreatment suppressed activity of an experimentally induced hippocampal epileptogenic focus in male rats.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat hippocampal epileptogenic-focus model induced with penicillin sodium 100 units; Bemitil 12.5 or 25 mg/kg IP 24 hours before focus induction.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Pathological activity | Suppressed in the authors’ report | No numerical seizure/activity counts supplied |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1997 · [The effect of bemitil on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and nitrogen metabolism in epilepsy in children].Erythrocyte malondialdehyde: 3.34 ± 1.13 → 1.57 ± 0.61 micromol/L
[The effect of bemitil on the parameters of lipid peroxidation and nitrogen metabolism in epilepsy in children].
Mikhałlov IB, Guzeva VI, Sharf MIa, Basharina OB, Chałka NA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 1997 May-Jun
A small pediatric epilepsy report described reductions in oxidative-stress markers and seizure frequency in some children receiving Bemitil. Outcomes in two children could not be evaluated.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Pediatric epilepsy report: background phenobarbital 3 mg/kg (n=8) or finlepsin 20 mg/kg (n=7); comparison n=9. Bemitil 20 mg/kg for ten days; treated count is malformed as “n=-7” in the abstract.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Erythrocyte malondialdehyde | 3.34 ± 1.13 → 1.57 ± 0.61 micromol/L | Control 1.58 ± 0.96 · p<0.05 |
| Plasma malondialdehyde | 0.099 ± 0.04 → 0.043 ± 0.02 micromol/L | Control 0.045 ± 0.02 · p<0.05 |
| Urea | 6.7 ± 1.28 → 3.76 ± 0.96 micromol/L as printed | Control 5.76 ± 0.66; unit not silently corrected |
| Ammonia | 31.59 ± 10.46 → 18.17 ± 2.02 micromol/L | Control 26.41 ± 5.96 · p<0.05 |
| Seizure-frequency description | 50% of baseline in four patients; “to 75%” in a fifth | Sixth and seventh patients not evaluable |
Small report with malformed count and ambiguous units/wording. The fifth-patient statement is not rewritten as a 75% reduction.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- The abstract contains a malformed group-size entry and incomplete outcome assessment; robust seizure-efficacy estimates cannot be derived.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1997 · [The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut].Thermal tolerance and work capacity: Reported improvement with both drugs; Phenibut described as producing the best protection
[The enhancement of human thermal resistance by the single use of bemitil and fenibut].
Makarov VI, Tiurenkov IN, Klauchek SV, Nalivaĭko IIu, Antipova AIu · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia; 1997 Jan-Feb
A heat-stress experiment reported maintained work capacity with Bemitil or Phenibut, with the strongest protective effect attributed to Phenibut; the abstract gives no numerical performance difference.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A heat-stress experiment reported maintained work capacity with Bemitil or Phenibut, with the strongest protective effect attributed to Phenibut; the abstract gives no numerical performance difference.
Physical exertion in insulating protective equipment; group sizes not specified in abstract.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Thermal tolerance and work capacity | Reported improvement with both drugs; Phenibut described as producing the best protection | No duration, power or temperature effect size supplied |
| Single studied doses | Bemitil 0.5 g; Phenibut 0.25 g | Separate drugs; not evidence for their combination |
The doses are experimental methods, not measured effect sizes. Allocation, sample sizes and adverse-event rates require the original paper.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care.
- The abstract does not establish a Bemitil–phenibut combination arm; a comparison must not be presented as combination synergy.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
1991 · [Effectiveness of bemitil in recurrent erysipelas].Clinical recovery and discharge: Reported earlier resolution of intoxication/local signs and earlier hospital discharge
[Effectiveness of bemitil in recurrent erysipelas].
Ratnikova LI · Klinicheskaia meditsina; 1991 Jul
A 66-person placebo comparison of recurrent erysipelas reported faster clinical recovery and discharge with adjunctive Bemitil, without supplying days-to-recovery or response counts.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A 66-person placebo comparison of recurrent erysipelas reported faster clinical recovery and discharge with adjunctive Bemitil, without supplying days-to-recovery or response counts.
66 patients receiving conventional therapy plus Bemitil or placebo; allocation counts not specified.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical recovery and discharge | Reported earlier resolution of intoxication/local signs and earlier hospital discharge | No numerical time difference in abstract |
| Participants | 66 overall; arm sizes not given | |
| Studied regimen | 0.25–0.5 g/day orally for 5–7 days |
The abstract does not permit calculation of an absolute benefit or a response rate. This indication is distinct from occupational performance.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- The two 1991 erysipelas reports may share participants.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
1991 · [The dynamics of the immunological indices during the treatment of recurrent erysipelas with the new immunostimulant bemitil].Immune markers: Reported T-cell increase, lymphocyte-balance normalization and higher IgA/IgM
[The dynamics of the immunological indices during the treatment of recurrent erysipelas with the new immunostimulant bemitil].
Ratnikova LI · Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii; 1991 Sep
An adjunctive erysipelas report described higher T-lymphocyte numbers and IgA/IgM levels during Bemitil treatment, without absolute immune-marker values or a clinical effect size.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
An adjunctive erysipelas report described higher T-lymphocyte numbers and IgA/IgM levels during Bemitil treatment, without absolute immune-marker values or a clinical effect size.
Relapsing erysipelas during acute illness; concurrent antibiotics and other treatments.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Immune markers | Reported T-cell increase, lymphocyte-balance normalization and higher IgA/IgM | No absolute concentrations or comparative clinical rates supplied |
| Studied regimen | 0.25–0.5 g/day orally for 5–7 days |
Possible overlap with other erysipelas reports has not been resolved; immune changes do not establish independent clinical benefit.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- The two 1991 erysipelas reports may share participants.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
1987 · [Bemetil pharmacokinetics in an experiment on rats].Time to peak after intragastric dosing: Approximately 1 hour
[Bemetil pharmacokinetics in an experiment on rats].
Boĭko SS, Bobkov IuG, Zherdev VP, Dvorianinov AA · Farmakologiia i toksikologiia; 1987 Sep-Oct
Rat pharmacokinetic experiments found rapid systemic appearance after intragastric dosing, a peak around one hour and elimination largely through metabolites or bound forms rather than unchanged drug.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat pharmacokinetic experiment: intravenous and intragastric administration.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Time to peak after intragastric dosing | Approximately 1 hour | |
| Unchanged urinary excretion | 0.56% | Most drug-related material was excreted as metabolites or in a bound state |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1991 · [The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection].
[The immunocorrective properties of bacterial preparations (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin) and bemitil in pregnant women with a urogenital infection].
Dolgushina VF · Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii i immunobiologii; 1991 Apr
The report used bacterial preparations during pregnancy and Bemitil after delivery, describing immune changes and fewer postnatal complications. It does not establish Bemitil administration during pregnancy.
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1991 · [Effect of bemitil on metabolic processes and work capacity at high altitude].
[Effect of bemitil on metabolic processes and work capacity at high altitude].
Shanazarov AS, Makhnovskiĭ VP · Fiziologiia cheloveka; 1991 Jul-Aug
Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1991 · [Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate].Printed single dose: 0.5 mg
[Use of bemitil for increasing the resistance of the human body to combined effects of carbon monoxide and heating microclimate].
Sedov AV, Kustov VV, Surovtsev NA, Lukicheva TA, Akin'shin AV, Nazarov LIu, Stroganov VP · Gigiena truda i professional'nye zabolevaniia; 1991
The historical human report describes improved physiological resistance during combined carbon-monoxide and heat exposure. The abstract contains a questionable dose unit and provides limited methodological detail.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Human gas/heat exposure record; carbon oxide concentration 300 mg/m³.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Printed single dose | 0.5 mg | Unit reproduced as printed in the indexed abstract; not corrected to grams |
| Response | Greater resistance reported | No quantitative effect size or sample size supplied |
The dose unit is unresolved and must not be used as a dosing reference.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Human report; see summary and review scope
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- The abstract omits group assignment, blinding and numerical outcomes; findings do not establish benefit in healthy users.
- These historical findings do not establish protection from hazardous exposure or replace standard emergency care.
- The apparent dose-unit discrepancy requires the original paper; no dose is reproduced as guidance.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1987 · [Experimental and clinical data on the ability of bemetil to penetrate the hemato-encephalic barrier].
[Experimental and clinical data on the ability of bemetil to penetrate the hemato-encephalic barrier].
Boĭko SS, Bobkov IuG, Dobrokhotova TA, Kniazeva NA, Neznamov GG · Farmakologiia i toksikologiia; 1987 May-Jun
Bemitil concentrations exceeded plasma concentrations in rat brain tissue. In brain-injury patients, cerebrospinal-fluid concentrations were below plasma concentrations. The two measurements do not establish equivalent human brain exposure.
- Population / setting
- Rat tissue and human cerebrospinal-fluid measurements
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Pharmacokinetic or analytical measurements do not establish clinical efficacy or a safe dosing regimen.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1987 · [Effect of bemetil on the perception of visual stimuli].
[Effect of bemetil on the perception of visual stimuli].
Bobkov IuG, Machula AI, Dvalishvili EG · Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny; 1987 Oct
Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1989 · [Antihypoxic and antioxidative properties of bemitil].Oxygen and oxidation measurements: Model-specific protective changes described
[Antihypoxic and antioxidative properties of bemitil].
Plotnikov MB, Saratikov AS, Plotnikova TM, Khazanov VA, Panina OP · Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny; 1989 May
Rat and tissue experiments reported reduced lipid-peroxidation changes during hypoxia. The report also found no antiradical activity, distinguishing antioxidant-associated outcomes from direct radical scavenging.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat circulatory/hypoxic-hypoxia models; Bemitil 50 mg/kg IP pretreatment.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Oxygen and oxidation measurements | Model-specific protective changes described | |
| Direct antiradical activity | Not detected |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1990 · [Changes in the nature of the time concordance of the functional brain structures under the influence of bemitil].
[Changes in the nature of the time concordance of the functional brain structures under the influence of bemitil].
Bobkov IuG, Morozov IuI, Machula AI · Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental'naia terapiia; 1990 Mar-Apr
Bibliographic record located. Original text is needed before findings can be summarized.
- Population / setting
- Not established from the available abstract or citation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation checked; no abstract or full text reviewed. Evidence category checked against indexed publication types, population indexing and available abstract on 2026-10-16; this does not imply full-text methods appraisal.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- No abstract was available in the retrieved record; no treatment finding is assigned.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1986 · [Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of bemitil].
[Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of bemitil].
Seredenin SB, Bobkov IuG, Durnev AD, Dubovskaia OIu · Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny; 1986 Jul
The tested genetic-toxicology assays did not detect the specified mutations or chromosomal damage, and mouse experiments found reduced damage from selected alkylating agents. This does not establish comprehensive human safety.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
1987 · [Structural analysis of the functional status of the brain as affected by bemethyl using pattern recognition theory].
[Structural analysis of the functional status of the brain as affected by bemethyl using pattern recognition theory].
Bobkov IuG, Machula AI, Morozov IuI, Dvalishvili EG · Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny; 1987 Nov
In trained cats, visual evoked potentials and cluster analysis suggested altered coordination among functional brain systems after bemethyl.
- Population / setting
- Experimental animals or tissue preparations
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked.
Study limitations
- Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
- Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-07.
2012 · Influence of Metaprot and Hypoxen on inflammatory-reaction development in an experiment
Influence of Metaprot and Hypoxen on inflammatory-reaction development in an experiment
Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Abstract reviewed
V. E. Novikov, S. A. Ilyukhin, E. V. Pozhilova · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 10(4):63–66
Hypoxen and Metaprot showed weak anti-inflammatory activity alone but enhanced aspirin-associated effects. The publisher abstract identifies Hypoxen plus aspirin as the most effective combination tested.
- Population / setting
- Carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation
- Source reviewed
- Indexed or publisher abstract reviewed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
- Animal inflammation endpoints are not human analgesic or performance outcomes.
- The abstract wording does not establish a Hypoxen-plus-Bemitil performance regimen. Full arm definitions and safety require review.
Reviewed 2026-10-04.
2006 · Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its applicationMS illustrative case: Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleep
Pharmaceutical composition and method for treating chronic fatigue syndrome due to its application
Format: Patent full text · Reviewed: Selected reported results and source limitations reviewed; not a complete risk-of-bias or experimental audit.
O. V. Dorozhko, G. I. Kovalev, R. M. Salimov · RU2267319C2. Filed 15 July 2003; application published 10 February 2005; granted 10 January 2006
Example 5 describes a 47-year-old woman with MS receiving Bemitil alongside piracetam, pentoxifylline, B vitamins and massage. The patent reports improvements in strength, coordination, cognition, mood and sleep. It supplies neither a controlled MS trial nor complete results for all ten MS cases.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The clinical examples describe improvement during adjunctive Bemitil treatment, without group-level efficacy scores or a controlled patient comparison.
Patent report of 10 patients with MS and a separate 10-patient chronic-fatigue group, plus animal experiments; concurrent medicines were used.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| MS illustrative case | Reported clinical/MRI remission, improved strength, coordination, memory, mood and sleep | One 47-year-old patient also receiving piracetam, pentoxifylline and vitamins · After approximately 3 weeks |
| Chronic-fatigue illustrative case | Reported improvement in general condition, tremor, headaches, coordination and perceived weakness | One 29-year-old patient receiving several other medicines · After a 15-day course |
| Animal maze experiment | 216.6 ± 12.1 s with Bemitil versus 304.9 ± 33.3 s after injury alone; uninjured control 224.3 ± 14 s | 25 mice per group; duration to exploration criterion, not a patient disability score |
No aggregate MS relapse, disability-progression or MRI-lesion outcome is supplied for the 10-patient group. Selected adjunctive cases cannot establish disease modification or ME/CFS efficacy.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- Patent report of 10 patients with MS and a separate 10-patient chronic-fatigue group, plus animal experiments; concurrent medicines were used.
- Source reviewed
- The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.
Study limitations
- Patent assertions, not a peer-reviewed efficacy trial; multiple simultaneous interventions prevent attribution.
- The described baseline brain MRI had no pathological changes, making a claim of MRI remission uninterpretable.
- Animal MPTP, glutamate and haloperidol experiments are not experimental autoimmune demyelination models.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
1999 · The effect of bemetil on production of DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosusAntibodies and lupus activity: Reported decreases in anti-DNA antibodies, SLEDAI-1 and ECLAM scores
The effect of bemetil on production of DNA antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Format: Indexed English abstract · Reviewed: Abstract reviewed
T. A. Lisitsyna, A. D. Durnev, M. M. Ivanova, A. I. Speranskii, S. B. Seredenin, V. A. Nasonova · Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 1999;62(5):38–41. PMID 10572751
A four-group lupus report associated Bemitil-containing treatment with lower anti-DNA antibody levels and disease-activity scores; the abstract does not give numerical changes.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A four-group lupus report associated Bemitil-containing treatment with lower anti-DNA antibody levels and disease-activity scores; the abstract does not give numerical changes.
Four groups of 15, 15, 15 and 16 patients; background prednisolone with different adjuncts; eight-week assessment.
Dose, route and schedule
Bemitil: 500–750 mg/day orally for eight weeks, studied alone or with cyclophosphamide. Combination-arm results do not establish Bemitil’s independent effect.
Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Antibodies and lupus activity | Reported decreases in anti-DNA antibodies, SLEDAI-1 and ECLAM scores | No group-level values or effect sizes in abstract |
| Group sizes | 15, 15, 15 and 16 patients | The count spans multiple groups. |
| Bemitil exposure | 500–750 mg/day orally | Eight-week comparison; the indexed background-drug dose units need original verification |
Several concurrent-treatment arms prevent interpreting this as Bemitil monotherapy. Unverified background-drug units are not reproduced as dosing instructions.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01
- Population / setting
- 61 people with SLE; four groups of 15, 15, 15 and 16; eight-week comparison
- Source reviewed
- The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.
Study limitations
- SLE is a different disease; these findings do not establish efficacy in MS.
- Allocation and blinding cannot be established from the abstract; concomitant therapy complicates attribution.
- The 1997 dissertation and 2000 patent appear to describe the same research program.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
2000 · Method of treating systemic lupus erythematosusAnti-DNA antibodies: Reported within-group reductions in both Bemitil-containing arms
Method of treating systemic lupus erythematosus
Format: Russian patent with English translation · Reviewed: Selected reported results and source limitations reviewed; not a complete risk-of-bias or experimental audit.
T. A. Lisitsyna and colleagues · RU2157684C2. Filed 22 December 1997; published 20 October 2000
The patent describes four treatment groups using glucocorticoids with or without cyclophosphamide and Bemitil. It reports improvements in selected clinical and laboratory signs and anti-DNA antibodies in the Bemitil groups. This appears to describe the same research program as the 1999 paper.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The patent reports lower anti-DNA antibodies and steroid changes in adjunctive Bemitil arms of the historical lupus program; unequal groups and follow-up prevent a causal efficacy estimate.
Same 61-patient lupus program as the 1999 publication; all Bemitil arms also received glucocorticoids.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Anti-DNA antibodies | Reported within-group reductions in both Bemitil-containing arms | p<0.001 |
| Mean daily prednisolone, group 3 | 23.5 → 18.7 mg/day during observation | |
| Mean daily prednisolone, group 1 | 14.7 → 29.0 mg/day during observation | |
| Reported relapses / exacerbations | 11/30 without Bemitil at 6–12 months; 5/31 with Bemitil at 12–18 months |
Historical treatment observations, not dosing advice. Unequal follow-up, baseline severity and treatment selection preclude a causal steroid-sparing claim or comparative relapse-risk calculation. Patent and paper are not independent replication.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-05
- Population / setting
- Same 61-patient lupus program as the 1999 publication; all Bemitil arms also received glucocorticoids.
- Source reviewed
- The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.
Study limitations
- Patent reproduction; allocation concealment and blinding are not established. Treatment choice also reflected disease severity.
- Numerous outcomes and unequal follow-up periods prevent a simple comparative relapse-rate interpretation.
- Not an MS study or independent confirmation of the 1999 SLE report.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
1993 · Bioenergetic disturbances and their correction in neuromuscular diseases
Bioenergetic disturbances and their correction in neuromuscular diseases
Format: Russian dissertation abstract, OCR reproduction · Reviewed: Author metadata and relevant text reviewed
L. A. Saikova · Doctoral dissertation author abstract. Saint Petersburg, 1993
The dissertation describes bioenergetic and enzyme-marker changes during treatment, including Bemitil comparisons. It extends the neuromuscular research context of the 1991 and 1992 publications; biochemical changes alone do not establish sustained functional benefit.
- Population / setting
- Neuromuscular disease research program, including hereditary muscular dystrophies
- Source reviewed
- The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.
Study limitations
- Author is Lyudmila Alekseevna Saikova; attribution to Pustozerov as dissertation author is incorrect.
- OCR reproduction; original scan and cohort overlap with the earlier papers require reconciliation.
- Neuromuscular disorders are not MS; heterogeneous treatments and uncontrolled observations limit inference.
Reviewed 2026-10-03.
2009 · Inhibitory effect of 2-substituted benzimidazoles on lymphocyte mitogenesis is associated with AhR-dependent mechanisms
Inhibitory effect of 2-substituted benzimidazoles on lymphocyte mitogenesis is associated with AhR-dependent mechanisms
Format: Russian conference abstract; indexed PDF excerpt · Reviewed: Indexed abstract and table text reviewed
E. S. Sibiryak, S. V. Sadovnikov, S. V. Sibiryak · Medical Immunology. 2009;11(4–5):335. Conference abstract
At the reported Bemitil concentration, the table gives only 3±3% inhibition of mitogenesis. The combination with TCDD differed from the Bliss-model expectation. This supports an experimental interaction question, not a claim that Bemitil strongly suppresses human immunity.
- Population / setting
- Healthy-donor T cells stimulated with anti-CD3; benzimidazoles and TCDD interaction experiment
- Source reviewed
- The summary reflects the results reported in the cited source.
Study limitations
- Conference abstract and indexed table excerpt, not a full clinical study.
- AhR involvement is a proposed mechanism; direct receptor binding and clinical immunosuppression were not demonstrated.
- No MS patients, demyelination outcome or clinical benefit assessment.
Reviewed 2026-10-03.
2019 · Chlorobenzoylaminoadamantane formulation for physical performance at high and low temperaturesCold-exposure motor coordination: 24.0 (17.0–33.0) s with the formulation versus 11.5 (9.5–15.5) s in cold-exposed controls
Chlorobenzoylaminoadamantane formulation for physical performance at high and low temperatures
Format: Patent · Reviewed: Selected reported results and source limitations reviewed; not a complete risk-of-bias or experimental audit.
· RU2704126C2; filed 28 November 2016
The patent reports longer treadmill endurance with the Chlodantane formulation under heat and cold. In heat, the selected comparison was 56.23 ± 5.36 versus 27.69 ± 1.31 minutes in controls. Ladasten showed a heat signal at the higher tested exposure but no significant cold-endurance benefit.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The formulation increased rod-retention time after cold stress but did not restore the intact-animal value.
Animal experiments on a Chlodantane formulation under temperature stress; the cited result below is from the cold-exposure rotating-rod experiment.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Cold-exposure motor coordination | 24.0 (17.0–33.0) s with the formulation versus 11.5 (9.5–15.5) s in cold-exposed controls | Medians and quartiles; intact animals 127.0 (100.5–183.0) s · p=0.04 versus cold control |
| Sydnocarb comparator | 6.5 (5.0–9.0) s versus 11.5 (9.5–15.5) s cold control | Worse retention in this test; not general clinical inferiority · p=0.04 |
These findings concern a specific formulation and mouse model. They do not establish human occupational performance or protection under dangerous temperature exposure.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- Animal experiments on a Chlodantane formulation under temperature stress; the cited result below is from the cold-exposure rotating-rod experiment.
- Source reviewed
- Selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
- Patent-reported animal results are not an independently replicated clinical trial or evidence of safe heat/cold exposure.
- The response was non-linear; formulation-specific effects cannot be assigned to every Chlodantane product.
- The groups were small, and the source gives conflicting comparison-group sizes.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
1995 · Pharmacokinetics of adamantane-derived actoprotectors: Bromitil experiments
Pharmacokinetics of adamantane-derived actoprotectors: Bromitil experiments
· Dissertation transcription
Format: Dissertation excerpt transcription · Reviewed: Contents and reproduced conclusions
L. M. Krasnykh · Candidate dissertation, Kupavna, 1995
The dissertation contents and reproduced conclusions identify a Bromitil pharmacokinetic section. The formulation is discussed as combined Bromantane and Bemitil.
- Population / setting
- Experimental pharmacokinetic program; rat studies
- Source reviewed
- Third-party transcription of original dissertation contents and conclusions checked; complete 162-page dissertation not recovered.
Study limitations
- Transcription is not a verified original scan.
- Pharmacokinetic interaction does not demonstrate clinical synergy or combination safety.
- Exact formulation and experiment-level denominators require the original methods.
Reviewed 2026-10-02.
2004 · Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and SydnocarbPiracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction: Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation mass
Modification of piracetam’s nootropic action by phenibut, Bemitil and Sydnocarb
· Dissertation transcription
Format: Author’s-abstract transcription · Reviewed: Selected methods, ratio-dependent findings and pharmacokinetic conclusions
A. E. Kim · Candidate dissertation author’s abstract, Saint Petersburg, 2004
Piracetam combinations were tested with Bemitil, phenibut or sydnocarb. In animals, the author describes a narrow range of supra-additivity, additive or antagonistic effects at other ratios, and faster Bemitil elimination with piracetam.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
122-page dissertation supervised by E. B. Shustov, with separate animal models, human experiments and pharmacokinetic observations.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Piracetam + Bemitil · experimental interaction | Supra-additivity reported with Bemitil at 16–30% of total formulation mass | The dissertation reports additive effects outside that window and possible partial antagonism with further dose escalation. Animal hypoxia findings. |
| Bemitil elimination | Approximately twice as fast when co-administered with piracetam | Author-reported pharmacokinetic conclusion; underlying estimates, sampling and model require the original tables. |
| Animal swim experiment | Piracetam 90 mg/kg: +25%; Bemitil 37.5 mg/kg: +45% | Author conclusions; separate tested doses, not a clinical comparison. |
| Other formulations | Pirafen: piracetam + phenibut; Pirasid: piracetam + sydnocarb | Distinct preparations and task-dependent results. The excerpt does not establish a universal benefit. |
| Human performance evidence | Group-level estimates and complete allocation not recovered | Separate studies within the dissertation; no basis for a clinical regimen. |
An interaction can change direction with dose and endpoint. The animal and pharmacokinetic observations do not validate a human combination.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08
- Population / setting
- Several animal and human experiments; human study settings separated in the program table
- Source reviewed
- Dissertation excerpt and conclusions checked against the earlier source record; exact original interaction and pharmacokinetic tables not recovered.
Study limitations
- Experiments within one dissertation are not independent program replication.
- OCR gaps, small groups and incomplete allocation details limit appraisal.
- Combination exposure changes do not establish clinical synergy.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
2009 · Pharmacology of the immunomodulator Trekrezan
Pharmacology of the immunomodulator Trekrezan
Format: Author’s-abstract transcription · Reviewed: Selected experimental passages
A. B. Zhumasheva · Kirov Military Medical Academy; dissertation author’s abstract
The dissertation transcription compares Trekrezan, Metaprot and Polyoxidonium, including combinations. Trekrezan plus Metaprot produced larger changes in selected energy-metabolism and immune endpoints than either alone.
- Population / setting
- Experimental immune models, including bronchopulmonary inflammation in rats
- Source reviewed
- Citation and available abstract or selected source passages checked; complete methods and risk-of-bias appraisal pending.
Study limitations
- Author’s abstract/transcription is not a completed appraisal of the original thesis.
- This is animal combination research, not a human regimen or independent replication of the same program.
Reviewed 2026-10-02.
1993 · Experimental rationale for the use of drugs to increase the resistance of the human body to the combined action of carbon monoxide and hyperthermia]Bemitil arm: 0.5 g
Experimental rationale for the use of drugs to increase the resistance of the human body to the combined action of carbon monoxide and hyperthermia]
Sedov AV, Lukicheva TA, Surovtsev NA, Akin'shin AV, Nazarov LIu, Miroshnik SV · Meditsina truda i promyshlennaia ekologiia (9-10):10-11. PMID 8087458
Compared placebo, Bemitil, Bromantane and their combination. The abstract favors Bromantane-containing groups under the experimental exposure.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Volunteer comparison under heat and gas exposure; ambient 50 ± 2 °C, relative humidity 20 ± 5%, gas concentration 300 mg/m³.
Dose, route and schedule
Experimental exposure comparison: Bemitil 0.5 g, bromantane 0.25 g, their combination, or placebo. The indexed abstract does not specify a route or repeat-dose schedule. These experimental conditions do not establish protection during real-world hazardous work.
Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Bemitil arm | 0.5 g | |
| Bromantane arm | 0.25 g | |
| Combination arm | Bemitil 0.5 g + Bromantane 0.25 g | |
| Best-performing arms as described | Bromantane and the combination | Numerical effect magnitude not supplied |
The English abstract says carbon dioxide; other source descriptions say monoxide. Gas identity remains unresolved. This is an exposure experiment, not protection guidance.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Volunteers exposed to a combined heat and gas model; enrollment not given
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.
Study limitations
- The title identifies carbon monoxide, while the English abstract says carbon dioxide: the original Russian methods are needed to resolve this inconsistency.
- Randomization, blinding and effect sizes are not established by the abstract.
- Not evidence that toxic or heat exposure is safe, or a substitute for exposure controls.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2014 · Possibilities of the pharmacological correction of adaptive reactions of human organism in short-term moving from middle to high altitude]Adaptation timing: Combination: within first hours; Hypoxen: by day 3; placebo: still developing on day 3
Possibilities of the pharmacological correction of adaptive reactions of human organism in short-term moving from middle to high altitude]
Kundashev UK, Zurdinov AZ, Barchukov VG · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 77(9):32-37. PMID 25365868
An altitude-adaptation comparison reported earlier metabolic adaptation with combined Metaprot and Ladasten than with Hypoxen or placebo. The abstract does not quantify the work-capacity improvement.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
An altitude-adaptation comparison reported earlier metabolic adaptation with combined Metaprot and Ladasten than with Hypoxen or placebo. The abstract does not quantify the work-capacity improvement.
Volunteers acclimatized for 15 days at 1,670 m before moving to 3,750 m; group sizes not supplied.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Adaptation timing | Combination: within first hours; Hypoxen: by day 3; placebo: still developing on day 3 | Authors’ descriptive metabolic time course, not a timed endurance effect |
| Exercise tolerance and blood-cell measures | Reported stronger responses with the combination | No absolute work or blood-cell effect sizes supplied |
| Studied arms | Metaprot 0.125 g + Ladasten 0.1 g; Hypoxen 0.5 g; placebo | Combination effect cannot be assigned to either component alone |
No component-only arms are described in the abstract. Earlier metabolic adaptation does not establish safe high-altitude use or independent bromantane efficacy.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-01
- Population / setting
- Volunteers moving from 1,670 m to 3,750 m after 15 days at middle altitude
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC / PubMed. Original methods and risk of bias not fully appraised.
Study limitations
- No single-component arms are described, so the study cannot isolate contributions or establish synergy.
- Enrollment and allocation details require full-text review.
- Not a validated altitude-illness prevention strategy.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
1988 · Use of the new psychotropic preparation Bemitil in treating asthenic disordersOverall asthenic symptom complex: Bemitil favored in the authors’ comparison
Use of the new psychotropic preparation Bemitil in treating asthenic disorders
Iu. A. Aleksandrovskii, Iu. G. Bobkov, G. G. Neznamov, T. V. Serebriakova, S. S. Boiko · Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 88(3):109–115. PMID 3381606
Compared Bemitil with piracetam and pyrithioxine. The authors report earlier and greater changes in asthenic symptoms with Bemitil.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Comparison involving 130 patients with asthenic conditions; Bemitil versus piracetam and pyriditol, continuous or intermittent administration.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Overall asthenic symptom complex | Bemitil favored in the authors’ comparison | No group-level counts, dose or numerical effect size in the abstract |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- 130 patients with asthenic conditions related to neuropsychiatric disturbances
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Randomization, blinding, arm sizes and effect estimates are not established from the abstract.
- Historical diagnostic categories do not necessarily correspond to current diagnoses.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
1986 · Pharmacokinetics and the clinical effect of Bemitil after a single administration
Pharmacokinetics and the clinical effect of Bemitil after a single administration
S. S. Boiko, Iu. G. Bobkov, G. G. Neznamov, T. V. Serebriakova · Farmakol Toksikol. 49(5):17–20. PMID 3770166
Plasma kinetic curves differed between clinical-response patterns after a test administration.
- Population / setting
- Patients with asthenic states
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Correlation is not a validated rule for selecting treatment or predicting an individual response.
- Abstract gives no sample size; full methodology remains pending.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
1991 · The role of Bemitil pharmacokinetics in realizing its therapeutic efficacy
The role of Bemitil pharmacokinetics in realizing its therapeutic efficacy
S. S. Boiko, V. P. Zherdev, G. G. Neznamov · Farmakol Toksikol. 54(2):64–66. PMID 1679400
Reports correlations between selected pharmacokinetic parameters and overall clinical response.
- Population / setting
- Patients with asthenoneurotic disturbances, including monotherapy and phenazepam combination contexts
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Does not validate a safe combination, dosing schedule or general interaction rule.
- Sample size and underlying statistical analyses need full-text review.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2002 · Effect of bemethyl on the glutathione system in the rat liver in acute hypoxiaGlutathione-system measurements: Decreases prevented or attenuated
Effect of bemethyl on the glutathione system in the rat liver in acute hypoxia
I. V. Zarubina, O. P. Mironova · Eksp Klin Farmakol. 65(3):28–30. PMID 12227091
Reports preservation of glutathione-related measures and enzyme activities. Actinomycin D inhibition experiments implicate an RNA-dependent process.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat hypobaric-hypoxia experiment: simulated 8,000–11,000 m for 30 minutes. Bemitil 25 mg/kg IP 30 minutes before hypoxia.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Glutathione-system measurements | Decreases prevented or attenuated | No numerical enzyme or glutathione effect sizes supplied |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Rats in a pressure-chamber hypoxia model
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Actinomycin D inhibits transcription; this does not by itself isolate a specific protein-synthesis pathway.
- Liver biochemical measures in rats do not establish treatment of human liver disease or altitude safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2005 · Bemithyl potentiates the antioxidant effect of intermittent hypoxic trainingHypoxia resistance and metabolic adaptation: Enhancement reported
Bemithyl potentiates the antioxidant effect of intermittent hypoxic training
I. V. Zarubina, F. N. Nurmanbetova, P. D. Shabanov · Bull Exp Biol Med. 140(2):190–193. PMID 16282998
Reports changes in brain metabolism and resistance to hypoxia after combined intermittent exposure and Bemitil.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rats received three days of intermittent hypoxic training; Bemitil 25 mg/kg IP for three days starting after training day 1.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Hypoxia resistance and metabolic adaptation | Enhancement reported | Numerical magnitude and persistence interval not specified |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Rats undergoing repeated pressure-chamber hypoxia
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Animal conditioning results do not establish human altitude or exercise benefits.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2021 · Investigation of Bemethyl Biotransformation Pathways by Combination of LC–MS/HRMS and In Silico Methods
Investigation of Bemethyl Biotransformation Pathways by Combination of LC–MS/HRMS and In Silico Methods
D. A. Belinskaia, E. I. Savelieva, G. V. Karakashev, O. I. Orlova, M. A. Leninskii, N. S. Khlebnikova, N. N. Shestakova, A. R. Kiskina · Int J Mol Sci. 22(16):9021. PMID 34445727
Identifies nine metabolites with six molecular formulas in rat urine and proposes biotransformation pathways involving glutathione conjugation.
- Population / setting
- Rat urine, mass spectrometry and computational metabolism / docking models
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Rat metabolite identification and docking do not establish human efficacy, detoxification benefit or clinical interactions.
- Full-text host was located; this entry was appraised from the indexed abstract.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
1994 · Bemitil for prevention of occupational hearing loss — patent RU2017483C1Hearing loss at one year: 5/84 with Bemitil, 7/39 with conventional prophylaxis, 8/25 with placebo
Bemitil for prevention of occupational hearing loss — patent RU2017483C1
L. A. Glaznikov, Iu. K. Revskoi, B. L. Makeev, V. R. Gofman, M. A. Nesterov · Russian patent RU2017483C1; priority 1989
The patent reports hearing loss at one year in 8/25 placebo recipients, 7/39 receiving a standard multi-agent regimen, and 5/84 receiving Bemitil. Filed 9 November 1989; published 15 August 1994.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The patent reports less hearing loss after one year in the Bemitil group.
148 workers aged 22–24 exposed to intense aircraft-engine noise: placebo n=25, conventional prophylaxis n=39, Bemitil n=84.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Hearing loss at one year | 5/84 with Bemitil, 7/39 with conventional prophylaxis, 8/25 with placebo | Hearing loss of varying degree; allocation and masking unverified · 1 year |
| Illustrative worker: recovery time | 4.5 hours without Bemitil versus 2 hours after a treatment cycle | Single-worker before/after example, not a cohort mean |
| Illustrative worker: high-frequency threshold shift | 45–55 dB without versus 30 dB after a Bemitil cycle | An individual example; exposure comparability not established |
Unequal, apparently nonrandom groups and incomplete baseline/exposure data prevent a causal prevention estimate. Hearing protection remains a separate requirement.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-06
- Population / setting
- 148 workers aged 22–24 exposed to intense aircraft-engine noise: placebo n=25, conventional prophylaxis n=39, Bemitil n=84.
- Source reviewed
- Patent text and dates checked. The numerical comparison is attributed to the patent, not independently verified patient data.
Study limitations
- Random allocation, blinding, exposure comparability and attrition are not established by the patent.
- Patent claims are not equivalent to a peer-reviewed clinical trial or confirmed prevention.
- This does not replace hearing protection or occupational exposure controls.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
1991 · Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of Bemitil in neuromuscular diseasesMetabolic and membrane measurements: Changes reported
Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of Bemitil in neuromuscular diseases
V. S. Lobzin, L. A. Saikova, M. L. Chukhlovina, V. G. Pustozerov · Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 91(9):22–24. PMID 1664607
Examined lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte-membrane permeability during Bemitil treatment.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
21 patients with neuromuscular diseases; lipid peroxidation and erythrocyte membrane permeability measured.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Metabolic and membrane measurements | Changes reported | Magnitude, dose and comparator results not quantified in the abstract |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- 21 patients with neuromuscular diseases
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Clinical-trial indexing does not establish randomization or a concurrent control.
- Biochemical changes do not establish durable functional improvement.
- Possible cohort overlap with the 1992 report needs full-text checking.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
1992 · Use of Bemitil in patients with progressive muscular dystrophiesLipid peroxidation and metabolic exchange: Favorable changes reported
Use of Bemitil in patients with progressive muscular dystrophies
V. S. Lobzin, L. A. Saikova, M. L. Chukhlovina, V. G. Pustozerov · Lik Sprava. (4):85–87. PMID 1441389
Reports changes in lipid peroxidation and discusses glucose metabolism in patients receiving Bemitil.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
22 patients with progressive muscular dystrophy treated with Bemitil.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid peroxidation and metabolic exchange | Favorable changes reported | No numerical treatment effect or regimen given |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- 22 patients with progressive myodystrophy
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- The abstract does not establish a randomized comparison or durable disease-modifying benefit.
- The 1991 and 1992 publications may share patients; they are not assumed to be independent replications.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2002 · Effect of bemethyl on glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes of diseased human liverGlycogen decrease versus glucose-6-phosphatase activity: r = 0.75
Effect of bemethyl on glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes of diseased human liver
M. V. Kudriavtseva, N. N. Bezborodkina, S. V. Okovityi, O. V. Ivanova, B. N. Kudriavtsev · Tsitologiia. 44(7):668–675. PMID 12455377
Reports changes in glycogen content and composition versus basic therapy. Structural liver abnormalities persisted and metabolic indices did not normalize.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Hepatocyte glycogen analysis in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis; Bemitil compared with basic treatment.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Glycogen decrease versus glucose-6-phosphatase activity | r = 0.75 | p<0.05 |
| Glycogen decrease versus pretreatment glycogen level | r = 0.87 | p<0.01 |
| Metabolic normalization | Not complete | Structural liver abnormalities also persisted |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Hepatocyte measurements from patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Biochemical measures are not survival, fibrosis reversal or confirmed clinical recovery.
- Allocation, sample size and clinical endpoints need the full paper.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2002 · Bemethyl and cytochrome P450: rat liver and human lymphocytesHepatic CYP450/monooxygenase activity: Induction reported
Bemethyl and cytochrome P450: rat liver and human lymphocytes
E. A. Sorokina, S. V. Sibiriak, S. A. Sergeeva · Eksp Klin Farmakol. 65(3):31–34. PMID 12227093
Reports mixed-type hepatic enzyme induction in rats and concentration-dependent enzyme-activity changes in cultured human lymphocytes.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Rat Bemitil 50 mg/kg orally, single or five administrations; human lymphocytes studied in vitro over a printed concentration range of “0.(1)–100 microM”.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatic CYP450/monooxygenase activity | Induction reported | No numerical enzyme fold changes supplied |
| Lymphocyte EROD/BROD response | Concentration-dependent changes reported | Malformed lower concentration bound retained as unresolved |
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Rat liver after administration; human lymphocytes in vitro
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- The indexed English title says human liver, but the abstract identifies rat liver and human cells in vitro.
- This raises an interaction-research question, not a validated list of human drug interactions.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
2006 · Effect of bemithyl on sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in ratsThree-day exposure: Sexual activity and spermatogenesis increased
Effect of bemithyl on sexual behavior and spermatogenesis in rats
L. I. Bugaeva, A. A. Spasov, E. A. Kuzubova · Eksp Klin Farmakol. 69(1):38–41. PMID 16579058
Short exposure and a 60-day course produced opposite directions of change; prolonged exposure reduced sexual activity and the spermatogenesis index.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Male rats received oral Bemitil 20 or 200 mg/kg; short treatment three days versus prolonged treatment 60 days.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Three-day exposure | Sexual activity and spermatogenesis increased | |
| Sixty-day exposure | Sexual activity and spermatogenesis index decreased |
Opposite findings at different durations are preserved; this does not establish a human reproductive effect.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- Male rats in short and prolonged administration experiments
- Source reviewed
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias remain unreviewed.
Study limitations
- Animal results cannot quantify human fertility risk.
- This is adverse-effect evidence, not a rationale for a fertility regimen.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
1991 · Efficiency of preventive use of bemethyl during long-term voyagesFatigue, poor mood, headache and insomnia complaints: 20% lower frequency
Efficiency of preventive use of bemethyl during long-term voyages
Format: Recovered original journal scan, pages 37–39 · Reviewed: All three pages and Tables 1–2 visually checked
V. S. Novikov, V. N. Bortnovskii, I. A. Shamarin · Gig Sanit. (3):37–39
The voyage comparison reported 20% fewer complaints, 6.7% shorter simple-reaction latency, half as many complex-reaction errors and 13.7% greater static-effort endurance in Bemitil-treated sailors. The original also reports laboratory results, adverse reactions and 30-day post-treatment follow-up.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The 298-person voyage comparison reported fewer complaints and better performance measures with Bemitil. Detailed immune and performance measurements were made in a 20-person subset. The paper also reports laboratory changes, adverse reactions and follow-up 30 days after treatment stopped.
298 maritime operators aged 19–38: Bemitil 148, placebo control 150. Detailed resistance and performance testing involved 20 people; their allocation is not stated clearly. Treatment began after one month at sea: 250–500 mg/day for 14 days. Examinations took place before, during and after prolonged voyages.
Dose, route and schedule
250–500 mg/day for 14 days, beginning after one month at sea. Placebo controls. Measurements before, during and after voyages, including 30 days after treatment stopped. Route not explicitly stated in the inspected Russian methods.
Protocol source ↗ · Original scan, printed page 37
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Fatigue, poor mood, headache and insomnia complaints | 20% lower frequency | Authors’ reported change in treated sailors; absolute complaint counts are not given · After the course; precise assessment interval is not separately stated |
| Simple sensorimotor reaction | 6.7% shorter latency | Reported change in treated sailors |
| Complex sensorimotor reaction | Errors reduced twofold | Reported change in treated sailors; raw error totals not printed |
| Static-effort endurance | 13.7% increase | Reported change in treated sailors |
| Critical flicker fusion and two-minute step-test index | Both increased | No numerical amount given in the narrative |
| Phagocyte uptake capacity | 40.2% increase | Narrative report after the 14-day course; Table 1 gives 20.08 → 28.15 relative units |
| Phagocytosis intensity | 18% increase reported in narrative | The narrative separately says the degree of phagocytic reaction did not change; Table 1 reports a different measure. These endpoints should not be merged. |
| Phagocyte loss after 120 minutes | 24.4% → 14.9% | Reported reduction in relative cell loss · p<0.05 |
| Serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity | Maintained in treated sailors | Control values fell 11.7% and 6.1%, respectively |
| Skin bactericidal index | 18.9% increase | Narrative change after treatment; raw values in Table 1 |
| Skin microbial contamination | 41% reduction | p<0.01 |
| Overall morbidity | 18.3% treated; 81.7% control | The paper prints these percentages without raw case counts or a clear denominator. They must not be converted to individual illness risks or a relative-risk reduction. |
| Respiratory and class-I illnesses | 29% treated; 42% control | Share of first medical consultations, not the proportion of all sailors who became ill |
| Allergic reactions | 2% reported | Denominator and diagnostic criteria not separately tabulated |
| Reduced appetite | 2.7% reported | |
| Nausea | 0.7% reported | |
| Persistence after stopping treatment | Measurements repeated 30 days after withdrawal | Authors describe resistance and performance as maintained or improved; Tables 1–2 provide the laboratory values |
Table 1 · Nonspecific-defense measures
| Measure / unit | Group | Baseline | Day 14 of treatment | 30 days after withdrawal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phagocyte uptake capacity / relative units | Control | 20.97 ± 1.75 | 19.67 ± 2.19 | 11.54 ± 1.19* |
| Phagocyte uptake capacity / relative units | Bemitil | 20.08 ± 0.87 | 28.15 ± 2.17** | 23.53 ± 2.28** |
| Degree of phagocytic reaction / relative units | Control | 0.66 ± 0.03 | 1.33 ± 0.08* | 1.44 ± 0.09* |
| Degree of phagocytic reaction / relative units | Bemitil | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.82 ± 0.04** | 0.60 ± 0.06** |
| Serum lysozyme activity / % | Control | 48.63 ± 1.78 | 42.96 ± 1.15* | 39.90 ± 0.97* |
| Serum lysozyme activity / % | Bemitil | 49.68 ± 1.76 | 49.11 ± 1.66** | 50.15 ± 1.62** |
| Serum bactericidal capacity / % | Control | 16.27 ± 0.45 | 15.30 ± 0.31 | 14.44 ± 0.30* |
| Serum bactericidal capacity / % | Bemitil | 16.81 ± 0.34 | 16.89 ± 0.39 | 17.80 ± 0.54** |
| Skin bactericidal index / % | Control | 70.91 ± 2.28 | 66.05 ± 1.08 | 62.39 ± 1.36* |
| Skin bactericidal index / % | Bemitil | 66.40 ± 2.59 | 79.0 ± 1.11*** | 82.40 ± 2.01*** |
Values reproduced as M ± m in the source. * versus baseline, p<0.025; ** versus control, p<0.01; *** versus control p<0.02 and baseline p<0.01. Measures are laboratory endpoints; the original does not specify the 20-person subset split.
Table 2 · Leukocyte cytochemical measures
| Measure / relative units | Group | Baseline | Day 14 of treatment | 30 days after withdrawal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycogen | Control | 1.62 ± 0.04 | 1.58 ± 0.03 | 1.51 ± 0.04 |
| Glycogen | Bemitil | 1.70 ± 0.05 | 1.86 ± 0.02* | 1.91 ± 0.03* |
| Lipids | Control | 1.68 ± 0.03 | 1.67 ± 0.03 | 1.64 ± 0.03 |
| Lipids | Bemitil | 1.72 ± 0.02 | 1.82 ± 0.02* | 1.83 ± 0.03* |
| Peroxidase | Control | 1.80 ± 0.06 | 1.78 ± 0.06 | 1.73 ± 0.05 |
| Peroxidase | Bemitil | 1.86 ± 0.05 | 1.93 ± 0.03** | 1.97 ± 0.03* |
Values reproduced as M ± m. * versus baseline, p<0.02; ** versus control, p<0.002.
Placebo comparison; randomization and blinding procedures are not described. Performance findings apply to this voyage setting. Morbidity denominators and the detailed-testing subgroup require clarification; no risk reduction has been calculated from the printed morbidity percentages.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- 298 maritime operators aged 19–38: 148 Bemitil, 150 placebo controls; detailed laboratory and performance tests in a 20-person subset
- Source reviewed
- Recovered original scan, printed pages 37–39: cohort, regimen, all narrative numerical findings and Tables 1–2 visually checked on 29 October 2026. Morbidity percentages lack clear denominators; no risk reduction was calculated.
Study limitations
- Randomization and blinding procedures are not described. The 20-person testing subset is not broken down by treatment arm.
- The overall morbidity figures, 18.3% and 81.7%, lack underlying counts and an unambiguous denominator; they cannot be treated as individual illness risks.
- The narrative reports an 18% increase in phagocytosis intensity while a separate degree-of-reaction endpoint is unchanged; distinct measures must not be combined.
Reviewed 2026-10-29.
2015 · Investigation of the actoprotective properties of the tripeptide PinealonMetaprot · treadmill time: Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 min
Investigation of the actoprotective properties of the tripeptide Pinealon
G. S. Belyaeva, O. K. Davydova, A. I. Erofeev, V. A. Maydan, G. A. Ryzhak, T. V. Siretskaya, V. Kh. Khavinson · Biotekhnosfera. 2(38):25–31
Treadmill time improved in all training arms. The authors report day-10 increases of 18 minutes with Pinealon and 13.8 minutes with Metaprot relative to their own baselines.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
24 male rats; vivarium control, trained control, Metaprot and Pinealon. Daily treadmill to exhaustion.
Dose, route and schedule
Pinealon T-33 75 µg/kg or Metaprot 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 10 treatment days with a 2-day interval after day 5. Daily treadmill testing at 35 m/min; trained control received no drug.
Protocol source ↗ · Original publisher PDF methods
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Pinealon · treadmill time | Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 min | Reported as 175%, 214% and 254% of its baseline, respectively. The paper reports persistence for three days after stopping. |
| Metaprot · treadmill time | Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 min | Within-arm baseline comparisons. The authors report a decline to about 10 min on day 11 after cessation. |
| Training effect | All three treadmill groups improved during training | The paper attributes some early improvement to training. Baseline-relative changes do not establish a between-drug effect. |
| Pinealon · hemoglobin | 158.2±8.8 → 128.6±4.3 g/L | Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.01 versus own baseline. Trained control: 137.0±3.8 → 158.0±8.2 g/L. |
| Pinealon · erythrocytes | 8.8±0.6 → 7.0±0.5 million/µL | Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.05 versus own baseline. The decrease is a separate finding, not established as beneficial. |
Table 1 · selected hematology values (M±m)
| Group, measure | Baseline | Day 5 | Day 10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pinealon · leukocytes (thousands/µL) | 14.6±1.2 | 8.4±1.2** | 10.2±1.3* |
| Pinealon · erythrocytes (millions/µL) | 8.8±0.6 | 8.4±0.3 | 7.0±0.5* |
| Pinealon · hemoglobin (g/L) | 158.2±8.8 | 144.7±7.0 | 128.6±4.3** |
| Pinealon · platelets (thousands/µL) | 847±103 | 789±111 | 575±120 |
| Trained control · hemoglobin (g/L) | 137.0±3.8 | 142.0±8.5 | 158.0±8.2** |
| Metaprot · hemoglobin (g/L) | 166.8±11.7 | 139.2±12.6 | 150.8±8.4 |
* p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01 relative to each group’s own baseline. No between-arm statistical test inferred.
The treadmill study documents an animal training experiment. Different starting values, small groups and mixed hematology limit any comparative performance claim.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-08
- Population / setting
- 24 five-month-old male outbred rats (250–300 g), four groups; three treadmill groups and one vivarium control
- Source reviewed
- Original 7-page PDF, methods, treadmill narrative and selected hematology values checked.
Study limitations
- Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety.
- No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review.
- The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
2019 · Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2Pirabel per administration: Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g
Pirabel during prolonged physical work and recovery — monograph section 6.2
Format: Recovered monograph section · Reviewed: Section 6.2; allocation appraisal incomplete
S. V. Okovityi, E. B. Shustov, V. Ts. Bolotova · Work Capacity, Fatigue, Correction. Knorus; section 6.2, pp. 184–189
The book describes a double-blind comparison including placebo, Bemitil, and Pirabel, with performance and recovery measures. It reports endpoint-specific differences, not universal improvement.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Recovered monograph section 6.2: 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25 in eight baseline-matched groups; double-blind description; six-hour cyclic physical workload.
Dose, route and schedule
Pirabel contained piracetam 0.6 g plus Bemitil 0.25 g per administration, immediately before the six-hour physical load and again four hours after its start. Route is not explicitly established in the inspected passage. The 78 volunteers were divided among eight groups; they were not all given Pirabel.
Protocol source ↗ · Original monograph, printed page 184; visually checked
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Pirabel per administration | Piracetam 0.6 g + Bemitil 0.25 g | |
| Timing | Immediately before loading and four hours after it began | |
| Workload duration | Six hours | |
| Trial grouping | Eight groups | 78 is the entire program, not the Pirabel-only arm |
| Performance and recovery | Endpoint-dependent differences reported | No piracetam-only arm; exact numerical result tables deferred |
Existing visually checked monograph methods used. Randomization is unconfirmed; combination versus placebo does not establish synergy.
Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-10-29
- Population / setting
- 78 healthy volunteers aged 18–25, divided into eight groups; six-hour physical-load model
- Source reviewed
- Recovered 330-page monograph: section 6.2, printed pages 184–189, text checked; page 184 visually verified for groups, doses, timing and double-blind description. Original cited experiments still require retrieval.
Study limitations
- Group allocation is described as equivalent groups; randomization has not been established.
- No piracetam-only group appears in the listed comparison, so this cannot establish pharmacological synergy.
- A monograph report is not independent replication; original cited reports require retrieval.
- Young volunteers performing controlled physical work do not establish effects on sleep, watchkeeping, or toxic-exposure safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-02.
Explore related historical combinations ↗
Related compound research
Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.
Research collection curated by @PepMariner · editorial standards. Send a source correction ↗
Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗