Pinealon peptide (EDR): studies, sleep and safetyПинеалон
CognitionLongevity
Source linked
What the studies found
Observational study · 2015
Aging-marker changes included mixed signals
Study of multiple preparations
Biological-age indicators
Authors reported favorable changes after Pinealon or Vesugen; comparative effect size unavailable
Oxidation and blood-cell markers
Prooxidant activity and lower circulating CD34-positive markers also reported
The authors reported changes in biological-age indicators after Pinealon and Vesugen. They also reported prooxidant activity and lower circulating CD34-positive cell markers.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Adults aged 41–83 with multiple conditions and organic brain syndrome in remission
Design Adults aged 41–83 with multiple conditions and organic brain syndrome in remission; Pinealon and Vesugen studied.
Printed total enrollment
32
Printed sex breakdown
18 men + 12 women = 30; does not reconcile with printed total
Important limitations
The reported total does not match the sex breakdown. Pinealon-specific effects cannot be separated from the available report.
The abstract states 32 participants but lists 18 men and 12 women; the reported participant totals differ. Allocation, comparator details and preparation-specific effects require the full paper. The biomarker findings do not establish clinical harm, longevity benefit or genetic safety; favorable author conclusions should not erase the adverse-direction signals.
The abstract says 32 participants while listing 18 men and 12 women. It does not isolate preparation-specific effects or establish longevity, genetic safety or clinical harm.
Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii; 2015 · Indexed abstract
Peptides showed no significant LTP restoration. Pooled total spine density differed with EDR but not KED; effects varied by sex and spine subtype.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 5xFAD mouse model and neuronal research
Design Separate electrophysiology and spine-morphology experiments; each lists four groups of ten mice, five of each sex. Slices/cells are nested observations, not extra animals.
Important limitations
Mouse findings do not establish human cognitive or Alzheimer’s treatment benefit. Confirm statistical handling of nested slice/cell measurements and inconsistent spine-subtype values.
Effects differ by sex and spine subtype. Check the statistical treatment of nested observations and inconsistent subtype values before further extraction. This is not a clinical Alzheimer’s trial.
Statistically significant range reportedp<0.001–0.05
Preferred combination in the authors’ report
Pinealon + VesugenSeparate treatment-arm sizes and absolute outcome changes not stated
The abstract describes occupational psychoemotional differences and reports changes with peptide bioregulators, including combined Pinealon and Vezugen.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 150 male lorry drivers and 150 male metal craftsmen in the occupational comparison
Design 150 male lorry drivers (43.3 ± 0.9 years) and 150 male metal craftsmen (42.8 ± 0.9 years); three psychological-adaptation categories.
Important limitations
The 300-person occupational comparison is not a verified treatment-group size; Pinealon and Vesugen were combined.
The occupational cohort size is not a verified randomized-treatment sample size. Randomization, blinding, and intervention-group sizes are not established from the abstract. Combination findings do not identify either peptide’s independent contribution or demonstrate fewer driving accidents.
The 300-person occupational comparison is not a verified randomized-treatment denominator.
A peptide research entry in the Khavinson evidence map. Direct studies, related extract findings, institute reports and unresolved claims are distinguished below.
RESEARCH GUIDE / UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Pinealon (EDR): what the evidence shows
Pinealon is the EDR tripeptide studied in neuronal models and limited human reports. Its best-known sleep claims go beyond the clinical evidence currently available in this collection.
Curated by Molekul / @PepMariner. This guide summarizes linked source records; it is not an independent clinical review. Each source states what was inspected.
Human studies: occupational adaptation, with attribution limits
A report compared 150 lorry drivers with 150 metal craftsmen and described psychoemotional changes during peptide treatment, including Pinealon plus Vesugen. The 300-person comparison is not the treatment-arm size, and separate effects of Pinealon were not established.
Neuronal aging: positive and neutral cell findings
In a 2024 experiment using neurons derived from older donors’ cells, EDR reduced oxidative DNA damage and increased dendritic branching. Mitochondrial activity, lysosomal activity and p16 did not improve. These are cell results, not demonstrated memory or sleep benefits in people.
An old-rat ischemia experiment reported more behavioral sleep with reduced activity. It did not measure a treatment effect on human REM sleep or establish an insomnia treatment.
At day 10, pups weighed 25.03±4.86 g with maternal Pinealon plus methionine versus 17.86±3.05 g with methionine alone. First-trial maze latency improved partly, but homocysteine stayed elevated and all groups converged by trial five.
Maternal pretreatment in an injury model is not evidence that Pinealon is safe or effective in human pregnancy.
55% of the test after PinealonThis is a post-treatment value, not a 55% improvement. Student control values are not supplied.
Balance function
Reported improvement relative to measurements one and two weeks before competitionThe abstract calls the change significant and gives no exact p-value or earlier scores.
Gymnasts spent 55% of the balance test with their center of mass in the center of the target after Pinealon. The abstract reports improvement over earlier readings.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 16 artistic gymnasts aged 18–22 and 20 male students as controls.
Design Sixteen artistic gymnasts aged 18–22 and 20 male student controls. Gymnasts took the Stabilan-01 balance target test before and after Pinealon during precompetition training.
Important limitations
The students and competitive gymnasts were different populations. No matched placebo, randomization or competition outcome was reported.
The students and competitive gymnasts were different populations. No matched placebo, randomization or competition outcome was reported. A related conference abstract on printed p. 311 gives no separate denominator. It adds no participant records.
A short report of postural control during training. Dose, tolerability and the size of a controlled treatment effect remain unverified.
XXII Pavlov Physiological Society Congress, Volgograd, printed p. 362 · XXII Pavlov Physiological Society Congress, Volgograd, printed p. 362
5.2 → 5.1 vs 5.9 → 5.8 ×10⁹/LActive versus ordinary-training group, Table 6.6.
Oxidative markers
Authors described lower lipid-peroxidation productsBiomarker results are separate from timed rowing.
The monograph reports changes in oxidative biomarkers, alongside little change in several blood counts. It does not establish individual effects of Pinealon and Crystagen.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 28 rowers aged 18–30, 18 men and 10 women. Active and ordinary-training groups n=14 each.
Design The authors describe stratified randomization and clinical, laboratory and oxidative-status measurements. Active supplement selection was individualized.
Reported study exposure
One oral capsule twice a day during meals for ten days in the active group. Individual capsule payload and allocation by preparation are not recoverable for each endpoint.
Important limitations
Usual training was the comparator. Heterogeneous formulations and small groups limit attribution. Do not merge with Emirova’s older cytamin series.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182 · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
83.8±1.5 → 74.2±2.5 beats/minCombination arm, p<0.05 within group. Comparison arm 86.6±3.2 → 88.4±3.6.
Evening recovery heart rate
87.4±2.3 → 77.6±1.7 beats/minCombination arm, p<0.05 within group. Comparison arm 84.3±3.1 → 83.7±2.4.
During routines and individual elements
No statistically significant changes reportedTraining heart-rate measures are separate from performance judged in competition.
Morning recovery heart rate decreased from 83.8 to 74.2 beats/min in the combined arm. Heart rate during full routines and individual elements showed no significant change.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 20 elite female rhythmic gymnasts. Combination n=12; usual training n=8.
Design Author-described stratified assignment. Heart rate during training tasks and recovery, with other laboratory and self-reported outcomes.
Reported study exposure
One capsule of each oral product twice daily with meals for 20 days. The comparison was usual training without matched placebo.
Important limitations
Both preparations were given together. Publications from the same group may repeat this cohort.
The report cannot isolate Pinealon or Crystagen and does not demonstrate competitive benefit.
St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, reproduced methodological report, Tables 2–3 · St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, reproduced methodological report, Tables 2–3
14 ± 2 versus 9 ± 3Pinealon after maternal hypoxia versus salineBirthp<0.05; number of dams and meaning of ± not explicitly supplied
Horizontal activity, offspring of sensitive dams
53 ± 5.1 versus 36 ± 6.9n=11 versus n=6 offspringFour weeksp<0.05
Adult-male respiration arrest
184 ± 30 versus 72 ± 10 secondsPinealon versus saline; n=10/groupAfter five-day pretreatmentp<0.014
Pinealon-treated hypoxic dams had 14±2 offspring versus 9±3 with saline (p<0.05). Offspring activity and neuronal responses changed. Adult-rat Table 1 reports 10% mortality with both Pinealon and saline, conflicting with the narrative claim of higher Pinealon mortality.
Lower cell death did not consistently correspond to lower ROSH₂O₂ and NMDA responses differed; exact figure bars not digitized
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Pregnant rats exposed to hypoxia on gestation day 10; separate adult-male experiment, n=10/group; offspring open-field strata n=6, 11, 9 and 12
Design Two distinct experiments: five-day pretreatment in adult males, and maternal Pinealon after gestation-day-10 hypoxia. Offspring cerebellar cells tested at day 12; open-field behavior at four weeks, stratified by maternal hypoxia sensitivity.
Important limitations
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper.
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper. Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures. Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results. The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.
Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;418:7–10; Russian original Doklady Akademii Nauk 418(3):419–422. PMID 21249538 · Original journal publication
Qualitative improvement; prefetal/fetal hypoxia produced worse outcomesExact percentages and n unavailable in publisher abstract
Caspase-3
Activity changed with developmental timing; a reduction alone does not prove reduced pathological cell death
The publisher abstract reports improved newborn survival and reduced learning disruption after maternal Pinealon, with effects varying by hypoxia timing. It gives no numerical treatment effect or group denominator.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Offspring of prenatally hypoxic rats, tested at 21 days; sample sizes absent from accessible abstract
Design Maternal treatment throughout pregnancy; prenatal hypoxia during different developmental windows; offspring behavior and brain caspase-3 measurements.
Important limitations
Publisher abstract only; numerical outcomes, allocation and litter handling require full text.
Publisher abstract only; numerical outcomes, allocation and litter handling require full text. The abstract prints Lys-Glu-Arg, conflicting with established Pinealon Glu-Asp-Arg. Preparation identity needs clarification. Russian Neirokhimiya and English Neurochemical Journal versions describe one paper, not two replications. The 2013 Abramchuk dissertation and conference reports may share this program.
Neurochemical Journal. 2012;6(3):218–222. Russian original Neirokhimiya 29(3):229–234 · Original journal publication
Deltaran 96%; Pinealon 94%No n, uncertainty, untreated-hypoxia rate or numerical Cortexin survival supplied
Latent learning
Authors rank Cortexin < Pinealon < DeltaranNo group mean latency, variance or between-treatment p-values
Caspase-3 conflict
Deltaran+hypoxia is described as +144% in cortex and +109% in brainstem, then as remaining at control levelBoth statements occur in the same abstract; do not resolve by assumptionFirst sentence: p<0.0001 and p<0.001, respectively
The abstract reports 96% survival with Deltaran and 94% with Pinealon, without denominators or an untreated-hypoxia survival rate. Learning favored Deltaran then Pinealon then Cortexin, but contradictory caspase-3 statements remain unresolved.
More reported outcomes
Comparator gap
Seven-group list lacks a hypoxia-only untreated armAn omitted group may exist, but it cannot be reconstructed from the abstract
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 21-day-old outbred rat offspring; seven listed treatment groups; no group sizes supplied
Design Maternal intraperitoneal exposure throughout pregnancy. Daily hypobaric hypoxia on gestation days 13–20, 66.41 kPa for three hours. Offspring Morris maze and cortical/brainstem caspase-3 at day 21.
Important limitations
Conference abstract with missing denominators and an internally inconsistent biochemical result; not a clinical trial.
Conference abstract with missing denominators and an internally inconsistent biochemical result; not a clinical trial. Deltaran is a DSIP-containing formulation with glycine; results are not proof for isolated DSIP. Formulation mass versus active-peptide mass is not resolved by this abstract. Shared Rostov authors and models may overlap the 2012 papers and dissertations; no pooled sample or independent-replication count is calculated.
X International Congress “Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology”, Sudak, 2–12 June 2014, pp.233–234 · Conference abstract
Pinealon 34.5 ± 3.9 s; Cortexin 58.37 ± 3.22 s; saline 121.8 ± 19.01 sIntact 18.72 ± 1.73 s; table n=15/(60), n=15/(60), n=7/(28), intact n=18/(72)Third testing dayTable # denotes within-group day 3 versus day 1, not a treatment-versus-control test
Cortexin without hypoxia
38.55 ± 2.34 s versus intact 18.72 ± 1.73 sAuthor reports 106% longer latency; no benefit in this healthy comparisonThird testing dayp<0.01 in narrative
Survival
Pinealon reduced stillbirths in some models; residual loss remained in the longest hypoxia windowExact independent dam denominators and complete cohort flow unresolved
For gestation-day-13–20 hypoxia, third-day maze latency was 34.5±3.9 seconds with Pinealon, 58.37±3.22 with Cortexin and 121.8±19.01 with saline. Cortexin-only offspring also performed worse than intact controls. Source is an author-abstract transcription, not an authenticated full thesis.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Young-rat prenatal arm and a separate 120-old-male ischemia arm; prenatal Table 2 contains two n values per group with unclear hierarchy
Design Maternal treatment throughout gestation; hemic and hypoxic injury windows compared. Offspring killed at days 21–23; Morris maze, brain HPLC monoamines and fluorimetric caspase-3. Older-rat carotid occlusion is a separate experiment.
Important limitations
Third-party transcription of the author’s abstract, not the complete original thesis; verify the scan before relying on uncertain table formatting.
Third-party transcription of the author’s abstract, not the complete original thesis; verify the scan before relying on uncertain table formatting. Two n values per prenatal group are not adequately explained; animal, dam, litter and repeated-trial denominators cannot be reconciled. Related journal/conference publications may share these cohorts. Within-group learning p-values do not demonstrate between-drug superiority. The prose and table indicate incomplete protection, including impaired Cortexin-only learning; neither compound has demonstrated human pregnancy safety here.
Candidate dissertation author’s abstract. St. Petersburg, 2013; “Peptide regulation of neurodegenerative processes in young and old rats” · Dissertation author-abstract transcription
Pinealon and hypothalamic norepinephrine rhythms in female rats
Norepinephrine rhythm
Qualitative correction described; no extractable numerical treatment effect
Scope
Nonpregnant reproductive physiology; not a maternal/fetal exposure study
The publisher abstract reports correction of altered diurnal norepinephrine dynamics in the medial preoptic hypothalamic area. It does not provide n, numerical concentrations or pregnancy outcomes.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Female rats with methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia; pregnancy not established
Design Methionine loading and hypothalamic norepinephrine measurements across circadian times; adjacent reproductive-regulation experiment.
Important limitations
Abstract-level source; methods, individual timepoint values and full outcome table still require retrieval.
Abstract-level source; methods, individual timepoint values and full outcome table still require retrieval. A normalized neurotransmitter rhythm does not establish fertility, implantation, live-birth benefit or pregnancy safety.
Neurochemical Journal. 2014;8(3):205–207 · Original journal publication
Less DNA damage and more branching in cultured neurons
In neurons made from older donors’ cells, Pinealon reduced oxidative DNA damage and increased dendritic branching. Mitochondrial and lysosomal activity and the aging marker p16 did not improve.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Induced cortical neurons derived from older human donors’ fibroblasts
Important limitations
A human-cell experiment, not a treatment trial in people.
Human-derived cells are not a human treatment trial. Partial cellular effects do not establish reversal of brain aging, clinical benefit or safety.
International journal of molecular sciences; 2024 Oct · Publication record
Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia
Offspring weight
25.03 ± 4.86 g versus 17.86 ± 3.05 gMethionine+Pinealon versus methionine; intact 23.05 ± 1.45 gPostnatal day 10p<0.05 versus methionine
Homocysteine remained elevated
10.5 ± 0.2 versus 9.8 ± 0.2 µMPinealon+methionine n=4 versus methionine n=4; intact n=5: 5.6 ± 0.6Offspring day 45Both exposed groups p<0.05 versus intact; normalization not observed
First-trial platform latency
137 versus 170 seconds; intact 112 secondsPinealon+methionine versus methionineSecond maze day, trial 1Pinealon differs from both other groups, p<0.05
At day 10, pups weighed 25.03±4.86 g with maternal Pinealon plus methionine versus 17.86±3.05 g with methionine alone. First-trial maze latency improved partly, but homocysteine stayed elevated and all groups converged by trial five.
More reported outcomes
Later learning trials
Trials 2–4 favored Pinealon versus methionine; no group difference at trial 5Different swimming velocities complicate attribution to memory alone
Neuronal injury after H₂O₂
PI-positive cells 7.0 ± 0.9% versus 17.7 ± 2.1%Pinealon+methionine versus methionine; cell assays from offspringDay-10 cerebellar cells; 30-minute challengep<0.05
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Six litters per group; 23 offspring/group in water-maze testing; plasma homocysteine subsets n=5, 4 and 4
Design Female Wistar rats, 180–200 g; intact, methionine-loaded and methionine-plus-Pinealon groups. Maternal pretreatment; neuron assays at offspring day 10 and Morris water maze at day 45. Mean±SD. Kruskal–Wallis, Fisher and Duncan tests; p<0.05 threshold.
Important limitations
Maternal pretreatment in an injury model is not evidence that Pinealon is safe or effective in human pregnancy.
Maternal pretreatment in an injury model is not evidence that Pinealon is safe or effective in human pregnancy. No healthy Pinealon-only group, reported masking or randomization; litter clustering is not addressed. Six litters, not 23 independent maternal exposures per arm. The methods specify five pretreatment days before methionine, while other prose calls treatment simultaneous. Exact gestational treatment days are not supplied. Maternal homocysteine values 33.0±3.9 and 5.9±1.8 µM are cited prior-model findings, not newly measured treatment effects. Ten thousand flow-cytometry events are not ten thousand animals. Congenital anomalies, placental transfer, miscarriage risk and long-term human development were not systematically assessed.
International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2012;5(2):179. PMID 22567179 · Original journal publication
Pinealon treadmill study: time rose, blood counts fell
Study of multiple preparations
Pinealon · treadmill time
Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 minReported as 175%, 214% and 254% of its baseline, respectively. The paper reports persistence for three days after stopping.
Pinealon · hemoglobin
158.2±8.8 → 128.6±4.3 g/LBaseline to day 10; marked p≤0.01 versus own baseline. Trained control: 137.0±3.8 → 158.0±8.2 g/L.
Pinealon · erythrocytes
8.8±0.6 → 7.0±0.5 million/µLBaseline to day 10; marked p≤0.05 versus own baseline. The decrease is a separate finding, not established as beneficial.
Day 10 improvement is within the Pinealon group; trained controls improved too.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 24 five-month-old male outbred rats (250–300 g), four groups; three treadmill groups and one vivarium control
Design 24 male rats; vivarium control, trained control, Metaprot and Pinealon. Daily treadmill to exhaustion.
Reported study exposure
75 µg/kg intraperitoneally, 10 treatment days with a 2-day interval.
Important limitations
Selected blood measures fell; no human performance outcome.
Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety. No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review. The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers.
The treadmill study documents an animal training experiment. Different starting values, small groups and mixed hematology limit any comparative performance claim.
Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far North
Study of multiple preparations
Sick-leave certificates
18 → 102014 → 2015; whole program
Days unfit for work
119 → 602014 → 2015; whole program
Seasonal morbidity
No statistically reliable improvement reported
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
Participants or model 113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Design 113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Important limitations
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Original human reports linked; methods and cohort overlap need appraisal
Study methods
Animal + human research
Independent replication
New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks
Source access
New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source
Safety evidence
Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
Questions about Pinealon (EDR)
What is Pinealon?
Pinealon is a synthetic tripeptide made of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine: Glu–Asp–Arg, abbreviated EDR. Its Russian name is Пинеалон. Research includes neuronal cell models, animal experiments and limited human occupational reports.
Does Pinealon improve sleep or increase REM sleep?
The Pinealon studies currently linked in this collection do not establish an improvement in human REM sleep or a treatment effect for insomnia. An old-rat carotid-occlusion experiment reported increased behavioral sleep, alongside reduced activity; this is not a human REM-sleep trial. Pineal-cell findings for Epitalon also cannot be attributed to Pinealon. Personal experiences, especially when other compounds are used, cannot isolate a Pinealon effect.
Yes. Reports include locomotive workers and professional truck drivers. They concern adaptation and occupational psychoemotional measures; the truck-driver report includes combined Pinealon and Vezugen. These reports should not be described as controlled sleep trials or evidence for Pinealon alone across all outcomes.
No. Pinealon is EDR; Epitalon is the four-amino-acid peptide AEDG. Cortexin is a tissue-derived peptide mixture. Detecting EDR in a brain-derived complex does not establish equivalent composition, effects or safety between that complex and isolated Pinealon.
The linked research does not establish long-term safety or the safety of marketed injectable preparations. Findings for Cortexin cannot substitute for Pinealon-specific safety evidence. This collection does not establish a clinically validated Pinealon dose for sleep.
Maternal rat studies report selected offspring benefits after hypoxia or methionine loading, but do not establish human pregnancy safety. In the 2012 experiment, homocysteine stayed elevated and maze differences disappeared by trial five. Missing reproductive-safety surveillance and litter-adjusted analysis limit interpretation.
Research history: from Russian bioregulators to sleep coverage
Pinealon belongs to the short-peptide bioregulator research associated with Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues. The program investigated defined amino-acid sequences alongside tissue-derived peptide mixtures. EDR is a defined tripeptide; Cortexin is a mixture, and their evidence is not interchangeable. Research background ↗
2008: hypoxia and cellular research. Indexed reports investigated short peptides in experimental oxygen deprivation and cell models. These are early records in this collection, not an established date of discovery. Antihypoxic study ↗
2011–2013: oxidative stress, injury and learning. Studies examined cellular survival, rat cerebral ischemia, prenatal stress and maze learning. Their endpoints concern different biological processes; none establishes human REM-sleep benefit. Cell study ↗ · Rat ischemia study ↗ · Learning study ↗
2012–2015: limited human reports. Occupational and gerontology papers explored adaptation, psychoemotional measures and biological-age indicators. Combination treatment, incomplete methods and inconsistent reporting limit what can be attributed to Pinealon. Locomotive workers ↗ · Gerontology report ↗
2019–2024: molecular and neuronal models. Research extended to DNA interactions and neurodegeneration-related models. A 2024 study found selected protective effects in induced neurons from older human donors, while other aging markers did not improve. DNA interaction ↗ · Induced-neuron study ↗
2026: wider public attention. The Men’s Health article brought sleep claims to a broader audience. Media coverage and personal sleep observations are separate from controlled clinical evidence.
Stroke research matrix ↗ — compare human stroke outcomes, experimental findings, safety and adjacent cerebral-ischemia research.
What remains unclear
The 2015 abstract lists 32 participants, while the sex breakdown totals 30. The protocol for the truck-driver study remains unavailable. The locomotive-worker trial reports its own regimen.
Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Evidence belongs to the preparation actually studied. A tissue extract and a synthetic peptide can belong to the same research tradition without having equivalent effects or safety.
Brain: the molecular link
Cortexin / brain polypeptide preparations → Pinealon / EDR; separate Cortagen research
The 2020 analytical paper detects EDR in brain complex. The broader neuropeptide literature discusses Cortexin and short peptides; molecular detection alone does not equate preparations.
Clinical evidence and limitations
Cortexin has condition-specific clinical reports and ESCORT. Its stroke evidence needs the independent Cochrane assessment alongside positive original reports.
The clinical findings concern Cortexin. Pinealon and Cortagen have their own evidence. Cortagen’s direct parent-product characterization and additional primary studies remain recovery targets.
PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Patents and claimed inventions
These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2016 · RU2589264C2 · Pinealon plus Chonsurid: dental bone-healing methodUse · 8 mm defect: healing at 4.5 months; density 185 HU
Reported findings
The Pinealon case reports 4.5-month healing, compared with six months in a different case with a larger initial defect.
Pinealon adjunct case
8 mm defect: healing at 4.5 months; density 185 HUOne 64-year-old patient
Chonsurid-only example
17 mm defect: healing at 6 months; density 177 HUOne 59-year-old patient
Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family
55959662 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Method of accelerating process of reparative osteogenesis
Inventors: Андрей Константинович Иорданишвили; Антон Анатольевич Сериков; Дмитрий Викторович Балин; Анна Геннадьевна Слугина; Владимир Владимирович Самсонов; Борис Лаврович Макеев; Светлана Константиновна Осмоловская.
2013 · US8524674B2 · Pinealon / EDR: post-injury neurological useUse · 2,429.6 ± 105.3 after EDR-containing treatment versus 1,967.5 ± 122.4 after conventional care
Reported findings
The report describes better corrective-test performance and an EEG alpha-index change after EDR-containing treatment.
Corrective test: characters registered
2,429.6 ± 105.3 after EDR-containing treatment versus 1,967.5 ± 122.4 after conventional careAfter the courseReported pre-treatment value 1,519.1 ± 141.7
Corrective test: mistakes
6.4 ± 1.1 versus 9.7 ± 1.2Pre-treatment value 12.6 ± 1.3
· XXII Pavlov Physiological Society Congress, Volgograd, printed p. 362
Format: Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369) · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
E. V. Morgul, D. S. Lysenko, T. N. Rudenko, T. A. Stepanova · XXII Pavlov Physiological Society Congress, Volgograd, printed p. 362
Gymnasts spent 55% of the balance test with their center of mass in the center of the target after Pinealon. The abstract reports improvement over earlier readings.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Gymnasts spent 55% of the balance test with their center of mass in the center of the target after Pinealon. The abstract reports improvement over earlier readings.
Sixteen artistic gymnasts aged 18–22 and 20 male student controls. Gymnasts took the Stabilan-01 balance target test before and after Pinealon during precompetition training.
Protocol information
Pinealon was given to the gymnasts. The abstract does not report dose, route or a matched placebo.
Protocol source ↗ · Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369)
Results · Original congress abstract, printed p. 362 (PDF page 369)
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Time in the center of the target
55% of the test after Pinealon
This is a post-treatment value, not a 55% improvement. Student control values are not supplied.
Balance function
Reported improvement relative to measurements one and two weeks before competition
The abstract calls the change significant and gives no exact p-value or earlier scores.
A short report of postural control during training. Dose, tolerability and the size of a controlled treatment effect remain unverified.
· Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
Format: Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182 · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
V. Kh. Khavinson et al. · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
The monograph reports changes in oxidative biomarkers, alongside little change in several blood counts. It does not establish individual effects of Pinealon and Crystagen.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The monograph reports changes in oxidative biomarkers, alongside little change in several blood counts. It does not establish individual effects of Pinealon and Crystagen.
The authors describe stratified randomization and clinical, laboratory and oxidative-status measurements. Active supplement selection was individualized.
Dose, route and schedule
One oral capsule twice a day during meals for ten days in the active group. Individual capsule payload and allocation by preparation are not recoverable for each endpoint.
Protocol source ↗ · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
Results · Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Peptidergic Regulation of Brain Functions, Chapter 6.1.2, pp. 168–182
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Hemoglobin
136.1 → 134.4 g/L active; 137.0 → 141.6 g/L control
Selected Table 6.6 means.
Leukocytes
5.2 → 5.1 vs 5.9 → 5.8 ×10⁹/L
Active versus ordinary-training group, Table 6.6.
Oxidative markers
Authors described lower lipid-peroxidation products
Biomarker results are separate from timed rowing.
Usual training was the comparator. Heterogeneous formulations and small groups limit attribution. Do not merge with Emirova’s older cytamin series.
· St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, reproduced methodological report, Tables 2–3
Format: Reproduced original methodological report; comparison tables checked · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
V. Kh. Khavinson, S. V. Trofimova, A. V. Trofimov, A. V. Dudkov, I. A. Viner, R. N. Terekhina, A. A. Lyshchev · St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, reproduced methodological report, Tables 2–3
Morning recovery heart rate decreased from 83.8 to 74.2 beats/min in the combined arm. Heart rate during full routines and individual elements showed no significant change.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Morning recovery heart rate decreased from 83.8 to 74.2 beats/min in the combined arm. Heart rate during full routines and individual elements showed no significant change.
Author-described stratified assignment. Heart rate during training tasks and recovery, with other laboratory and self-reported outcomes.
Dose, route and schedule
One capsule of each oral product twice daily with meals for 20 days. The comparison was usual training without matched placebo.
Pinealon in maternal arm; separate adult-male Vilon, Vesugen, Pinealon and Epitalon arms · Original journal publication
Format: Original PDF · Reviewed: Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
L. S. Kozina, A. V. Arutjunyan, S. L. Stvolinskii, M. S. Stepanova, M. G. Makletsova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;418:7–10; Russian original Doklady Akademii Nauk 418(3):419–422. PMID 21249538
Pinealon-treated hypoxic dams had 14±2 offspring versus 9±3 with saline (p<0.05). Offspring activity and neuronal responses changed. Adult-rat Table 1 reports 10% mortality with both Pinealon and saline, conflicting with the narrative claim of higher Pinealon mortality.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
Pinealon-treated hypoxic dams had 14±2 offspring versus 9±3 with saline (p<0.05). Offspring activity and neuronal responses changed. Adult-rat Table 1 reports 10% mortality with both Pinealon and saline, conflicting with the narrative claim of higher Pinealon mortality.
Two distinct experiments: five-day pretreatment in adult males, and maternal Pinealon after gestation-day-10 hypoxia. Offspring cerebellar cells tested at day 12; open-field behavior at four weeks, stratified by maternal hypoxia sensitivity.
Dose, route and schedule
Maternal experiment: hypoxia on gestation day 10, then Pinealon 10 µg/kg intraperitoneally on five alternate days; saline comparator. Adult males: each peptide 10 µg/kg/day intraperitoneally for five days before hypoxia. These are distinct experimental schedules, not human-use instructions.
Protocol source ↗ · Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
Results · Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Offspring per dam
14 ± 2 versus 9 ± 3
Pinealon after maternal hypoxia versus saline · Birth · p<0.05; number of dams and meaning of ± not explicitly supplied
Horizontal activity, offspring of sensitive dams
53 ± 5.1 versus 36 ± 6.9
n=11 versus n=6 offspring · Four weeks · p<0.05
Adult-male respiration arrest
184 ± 30 versus 72 ± 10 seconds
Pinealon versus saline; n=10/group · After five-day pretreatment · p<0.014
Narrative says higher mortality with Pinealon; discrepancy unresolved
Oxidative readouts
Lower cell death did not consistently correspond to lower ROS
H₂O₂ and NMDA responses differed; exact figure bars not digitized
Adult-male arm: Table 1, n=10/group
Adult-male arm: Table 1, n=10/group
Group
Time to respiration arrest (s)
Posture recovery (s)
Restitution (s)
Restitution coefficient
Mortality (%)
Saline
72 ± 10
126 ± 21
202 ± 32
2.8
10
Vilon
149 ± 47 (p<0.08)
152 ± 31
302 ± 50 (p<0.08)
2.0
20
Vesugen
88 ± 9
111 ± 16
194 ± 24
2.2
10
Pinealon
184 ± 30 (p<0.014)
152 ± 16
291 ± 35 (p<0.1)
1.6
10
Epitalon
150 ± 38 (p<0.08)
103 ± 28
185 ± 33
1.2
20
Printed p-values compare saline. Unmarked cells have no numerical p-value supplied. Uncertainty type is not clearly defined. This is not a pregnancy-outcome table.
Both Pinealon comparisons marked p<0.05 against the corresponding hypoxic untreated stratum. Increased activity is not itself evidence of better memory or normal development.
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper. Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures. Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results. The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.
Pregnant rats exposed to hypoxia on gestation day 10; separate adult-male experiment, n=10/group; offspring open-field strata n=6, 11, 9 and 12
Source reviewed
Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
Study limitations
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper.
Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures.
Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results.
The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2012 · Pinealon during gestation: survival, learning and caspase-3Survival and behavior: Qualitative improvement; prefetal/fetal hypoxia produced worse outcomes
Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Original publisher abstract and translation metadata; full paper not recovered
A. M. Mendzheritskii, G. V. Karantysh, V. A. Abramchuk, G. A. Ryzhak · Neurochemical Journal. 2012;6(3):218–222. Russian original Neirokhimiya 29(3):229–234
The publisher abstract reports improved newborn survival and reduced learning disruption after maternal Pinealon, with effects varying by hypoxia timing. It gives no numerical treatment effect or group denominator.
The publisher abstract reports improved newborn survival and reduced learning disruption after maternal Pinealon, with effects varying by hypoxia timing. It gives no numerical treatment effect or group denominator.
Maternal treatment throughout pregnancy; prenatal hypoxia during different developmental windows; offspring behavior and brain caspase-3 measurements.
Results · Original publisher abstract and translation metadata; full paper not recovered
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Survival and behavior
Qualitative improvement; prefetal/fetal hypoxia produced worse outcomes
Exact percentages and n unavailable in publisher abstract
Caspase-3
Activity changed with developmental timing; a reduction alone does not prove reduced pathological cell death
Publisher abstract only; numerical outcomes, allocation and litter handling require full text. The abstract prints Lys-Glu-Arg, conflicting with established Pinealon Glu-Asp-Arg. Preparation identity needs clarification. Russian Neirokhimiya and English Neurochemical Journal versions describe one paper, not two replications. The 2013 Abramchuk dissertation and conference reports may share this program.
Offspring of prenatally hypoxic rats, tested at 21 days; sample sizes absent from accessible abstract
Source reviewed
Original publisher abstract and translation metadata; full paper not recovered
Study limitations
Publisher abstract only; numerical outcomes, allocation and litter handling require full text.
The abstract prints Lys-Glu-Arg, conflicting with established Pinealon Glu-Asp-Arg. Preparation identity needs clarification.
Russian Neirokhimiya and English Neurochemical Journal versions describe one paper, not two replications. The 2013 Abramchuk dissertation and conference reports may share this program.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2014 · Pinealon, Cortexin and Deltaran: prenatal-stress conference findingsReported survival: Deltaran 96%; Pinealon 94%
2014Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope
Cortexin mixture, Pinealon and Deltaran (DSIP-containing formulation); separate groups · Conference abstract
Format: Original PDF · Reviewed: Original congress proceedings reproduced by an academic repository; printed pp.233–234 visually checked
A. M. Mendzheritskii, G. V. Karantysh · X International Congress “Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology”, Sudak, 2–12 June 2014, pp.233–234
The abstract reports 96% survival with Deltaran and 94% with Pinealon, without denominators or an untreated-hypoxia survival rate. Learning favored Deltaran then Pinealon then Cortexin, but contradictory caspase-3 statements remain unresolved.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
The abstract reports 96% survival with Deltaran and 94% with Pinealon, without denominators or an untreated-hypoxia survival rate. Learning favored Deltaran then Pinealon then Cortexin, but contradictory caspase-3 statements remain unresolved.
Maternal intraperitoneal exposure throughout pregnancy. Daily hypobaric hypoxia on gestation days 13–20, 66.41 kPa for three hours. Offspring Morris maze and cortical/brainstem caspase-3 at day 21.
Dose, route and schedule
Maternal doses as printed: Cortexin 1 mg/kg, Pinealon 10 µg/kg, Deltaran 12 µg/100 g body weight; intraperitoneally throughout gestation. The abstract does not resolve whether Deltaran mass means formulation or active peptide. These are historical animal methods.
Protocol source ↗ · Original congress proceedings reproduced by an academic repository; printed pp.233–234 visually checked
Results · Original congress proceedings reproduced by an academic repository; printed pp.233–234 visually checked
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported survival
Deltaran 96%; Pinealon 94%
No n, uncertainty, untreated-hypoxia rate or numerical Cortexin survival supplied
Latent learning
Authors rank Cortexin < Pinealon < Deltaran
No group mean latency, variance or between-treatment p-values
Caspase-3 conflict
Deltaran+hypoxia is described as +144% in cortex and +109% in brainstem, then as remaining at control level
Both statements occur in the same abstract; do not resolve by assumption · First sentence: p<0.0001 and p<0.001, respectively
Comparator gap
Seven-group list lacks a hypoxia-only untreated arm
An omitted group may exist, but it cannot be reconstructed from the abstract
Conference abstract with missing denominators and an internally inconsistent biochemical result; not a clinical trial. Deltaran is a DSIP-containing formulation with glycine; results are not proof for isolated DSIP. Formulation mass versus active-peptide mass is not resolved by this abstract. Shared Rostov authors and models may overlap the 2012 papers and dissertations; no pooled sample or independent-replication count is calculated.
21-day-old outbred rat offspring; seven listed treatment groups; no group sizes supplied
Source reviewed
Original congress proceedings reproduced by an academic repository; printed pp.233–234 visually checked
Study limitations
Conference abstract with missing denominators and an internally inconsistent biochemical result; not a clinical trial.
Deltaran is a DSIP-containing formulation with glycine; results are not proof for isolated DSIP. Formulation mass versus active-peptide mass is not resolved by this abstract.
Shared Rostov authors and models may overlap the 2012 papers and dissertations; no pooled sample or independent-replication count is calculated.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2013 · Pinealon versus Cortexin after prenatal hypoxia: dissertation methodsThird-day maze latency, late prenatal hypoxia: Pinealon 34.5 ± 3.9 s; Cortexin 58.37 ± 3.22 s; saline 121.8 ± 19.01 s
Format: Dissertation author-abstract transcription · Reviewed: Author-abstract text and Table 2 reproduced by Medical-Diss; original full dissertation and table scan not authenticated
V. A. Abramchuk · Candidate dissertation author’s abstract. St. Petersburg, 2013; “Peptide regulation of neurodegenerative processes in young and old rats”
For gestation-day-13–20 hypoxia, third-day maze latency was 34.5±3.9 seconds with Pinealon, 58.37±3.22 with Cortexin and 121.8±19.01 with saline. Cortexin-only offspring also performed worse than intact controls. Source is an author-abstract transcription, not an authenticated full thesis.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
For gestation-day-13–20 hypoxia, third-day maze latency was 34.5±3.9 seconds with Pinealon, 58.37±3.22 with Cortexin and 121.8±19.01 with saline. Cortexin-only offspring also performed worse than intact controls. Source is an author-abstract transcription, not an authenticated full thesis.
Maternal treatment throughout gestation; hemic and hypoxic injury windows compared. Offspring killed at days 21–23; Morris maze, brain HPLC monoamines and fluorimetric caspase-3. Older-rat carotid occlusion is a separate experiment.
Dose, route and schedule
Pinealon 10 µg/kg or Cortexin 1 mg/kg administered maternally throughout gestation; saline controls; injury windows include gestation days 1–10, 18–20 and 13–20. Separate older-rat pretreatment doses must not be substituted for the prenatal schedule.
Protocol source ↗ · Author-abstract text and Table 2 reproduced by Medical-Diss; original full dissertation and table scan not authenticated
Results · Author-abstract text and Table 2 reproduced by Medical-Diss; original full dissertation and table scan not authenticated
Intact 18.72 ± 1.73 s; table n=15/(60), n=15/(60), n=7/(28), intact n=18/(72) · Third testing day · Table # denotes within-group day 3 versus day 1, not a treatment-versus-control test
Cortexin without hypoxia
38.55 ± 2.34 s versus intact 18.72 ± 1.73 s
Author reports 106% longer latency; no benefit in this healthy comparison · Third testing day · p<0.01 in narrative
Survival
Pinealon reduced stillbirths in some models; residual loss remained in the longest hypoxia window
Exact independent dam denominators and complete cohort flow unresolved
Third-party transcription of the author’s abstract, not the complete original thesis; verify the scan before relying on uncertain table formatting. Two n values per prenatal group are not adequately explained; animal, dam, litter and repeated-trial denominators cannot be reconciled. Related journal/conference publications may share these cohorts. Within-group learning p-values do not demonstrate between-drug superiority. The prose and table indicate incomplete protection, including impaired Cortexin-only learning; neither compound has demonstrated human pregnancy safety here.
Young-rat prenatal arm and a separate 120-old-male ischemia arm; prenatal Table 2 contains two n values per group with unclear hierarchy
Source reviewed
Author-abstract text and Table 2 reproduced by Medical-Diss; original full dissertation and table scan not authenticated
Study limitations
Third-party transcription of the author’s abstract, not the complete original thesis; verify the scan before relying on uncertain table formatting.
Two n values per prenatal group are not adequately explained; animal, dam, litter and repeated-trial denominators cannot be reconciled.
Related journal/conference publications may share these cohorts. Within-group learning p-values do not demonstrate between-drug superiority.
The prose and table indicate incomplete protection, including impaired Cortexin-only learning; neither compound has demonstrated human pregnancy safety here.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2014 · Pinealon and hypothalamic norepinephrine rhythms in female ratsNorepinephrine rhythm: Qualitative correction described; no extractable numerical treatment effect
Format: Publication record and available text · Reviewed: Publisher-deposited abstract/citation; full paper requires retrieval
A. V. Korenevskii, A. V. Arutyunyan, Yu. P. Milyutina, I. V. Zaloznyaya, L. S. Kozina · Neurochemical Journal. 2014;8(3):205–207
The publisher abstract reports correction of altered diurnal norepinephrine dynamics in the medial preoptic hypothalamic area. It does not provide n, numerical concentrations or pregnancy outcomes.
The publisher abstract reports correction of altered diurnal norepinephrine dynamics in the medial preoptic hypothalamic area. It does not provide n, numerical concentrations or pregnancy outcomes.
Methionine loading and hypothalamic norepinephrine measurements across circadian times; adjacent reproductive-regulation experiment.
Results · Publisher-deposited abstract/citation; full paper requires retrieval
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Norepinephrine rhythm
Qualitative correction described; no extractable numerical treatment effect
Scope
Nonpregnant reproductive physiology; not a maternal/fetal exposure study
Abstract-level source; methods, individual timepoint values and full outcome table still require retrieval. A normalized neurotransmitter rhythm does not establish fertility, implantation, live-birth benefit or pregnancy safety.
Female rats with methionine-induced hyperhomocysteinemia; pregnancy not established
Source reviewed
Publisher-deposited abstract/citation; full paper requires retrieval
Study limitations
Abstract-level source; methods, individual timepoint values and full outcome table still require retrieval.
A normalized neurotransmitter rhythm does not establish fertility, implantation, live-birth benefit or pregnancy safety.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2016 · Pinealon plus Chonsurid: dental bone-healing method — RU2589264C2Pinealon adjunct case: 8 mm defect: healing at 4.5 months; density 185 HU
2016Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Андрей Константинович Иорданишвили, Антон Анатольевич Сериков, Дмитрий Викторович Балин, Анна Геннадьевна Слугина, Владимир Владимирович Самсонов, Борис Лаврович Макеев, Светлана Константиновна Осмоловская · RU2589264C2 · patent family 55959662
The Pinealon case reports 4.5-month healing, compared with six months in a different case with a larger initial defect.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The Pinealon case reports 4.5-month healing, compared with six months in a different case with a larger initial defect.
Two dental-cyst case examples after surgery and Chonsurid filling; one also received branded Pinealon before surgery.
Results · Description: timing observation and Examples 1 and 2.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Pinealon adjunct case
8 mm defect: healing at 4.5 months; density 185 HU
One 64-year-old patient
Chonsurid-only example
17 mm defect: healing at 6 months; density 177 HU
One 59-year-old patient
Other timing observations
Postoperative use or only 10–15 days of preoperative use reportedly lacked a pronounced benefit
No group sizes or numerical comparison supplied
The smaller defect in the Pinealon case prevents a simple healing-speed comparison. This does not isolate EDR or establish a reliable treatment effect.
Two dental-cyst case examples after surgery and Chonsurid filling; one also received branded Pinealon before surgery.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
Branded capsules and a combined-care method must not be treated as isolated EDR efficacy or an independent replication of related reports.
The smaller defect in the Pinealon case prevents a simple healing-speed comparison. This does not isolate EDR or establish a reliable treatment effect.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2013 · Pinealon / EDR: post-injury neurological use — US8524674B2Corrective test: characters registered: 2,429.6 ± 105.3 after EDR-containing treatment versus 1,967.5 ± 122.4 after conventional care
2013Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Vladimir Khatskelevich Khavinson, Evgeny Iosifovich Grigoriev, Vladimir Victorovich Malinin, Galina Anatolievna Ryzhak · US8524674B2 · patent family 38171593
The report describes better corrective-test performance and an EEG alpha-index change after EDR-containing treatment.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The report describes better corrective-test performance and an EEG alpha-index change after EDR-containing treatment.
Pinealon/EDR patent report of 25 patients with remote cranial-trauma consequences; two main groups described with severity-dependent treatment, but exact arm sizes not established.
Results · Clinical Example and Tables 4–5; comparison with US7189701 numerical reporting noted.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Corrective test: characters registered
2,429.6 ± 105.3 after EDR-containing treatment versus 1,967.5 ± 122.4 after conventional care
Reported pre-treatment value 1,519.1 ± 141.7 · After the course · p<0.05 versus conventional care
Corrective test: mistakes
6.4 ± 1.1 versus 9.7 ± 1.2
Pre-treatment value 12.6 ± 1.3 · p<0.05 versus conventional care
EEG alpha index
47.9 ± 3.1 after EDR versus 42.4 ± 2.8 conventional care; baseline 35.7 ± 4.6
The baseline and EDR value also appear in the Cortagen patent; independence is unresolved
Small incompletely specified groups, severity-dependent exposures and overlapping numerical patterns require verification. EEG and attention tasks do not demonstrate neural regeneration or an independent replicated clinical effect.
Pinealon/EDR patent report of 25 patients with remote cranial-trauma consequences; two main groups described with severity-dependent treatment, but exact arm sizes not established.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
This is a use claim with a disease-specific scope, not proof of general cognitive enhancement; family publications are not separate replications.
Small incompletely specified groups, severity-dependent exposures and overlapping numerical patterns require verification. EEG and attention tasks do not demonstrate neural regeneration or an independent replicated clinical effect.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2016 · Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far NorthSick-leave certificates: 18 → 10
Risk-assigned capsule program: Endoluten tissue extract and named synthetic peptide products; Cerluten also named in assignments · Journal publication
S. Trofimova, A. Trofimov, A. Koryakin, A. Chubukin, V. Ternovoy · Vrach. 2016;(6):64–66
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Dose, route and schedule
One capsule of the assigned preparation daily for 20 days. Products were selected by risk assessment; all six products were not given to every participant.
Historical comparison for the shared 113-worker program. Not preparation-specific results.
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Source reviewed
Original publisher PDF methods and clinical table checked; table visually verified.
Study limitations
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2024 · Short Peptides Protect Fibroblast-Derived Induced Neurons from Age-Related Changes.
Kraskovskaya N, Linkova N, Sakhenberg E, Krieger D, Polyakova V, Medvedev D, Krasichkov A, Khotin M, Ryzhak G · International journal of molecular sciences; 2024 Oct
EDR reduced oxidative DNA damage and promoted dendritic branching. The tested tripeptides did not improve mitochondrial or lysosomal activity or change p16 levels.
Population / setting
Induced cortical neurons derived from older human donors’ fibroblasts
Source reviewed
Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.
Study limitations
Human-derived cells are not a human treatment trial.
Partial cellular effects do not establish reversal of brain aging, clinical benefit or safety.
Reviewed 2026-10-06.
Read the source ↗2011 · Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes.
Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg / EDR), Garmonika, Russia · Original journal publication
Format: Original PDF · Reviewed: Original seven-page publisher PDF; methods and Tables 1–3 visually checked, printed pp.180–183; narrative maze results checked. Mean±SD.
Arutjunyan A, Kozina L, Stvolinskiy S, Bulygina Y, Mashkina A, Khavinson V · International journal of clinical and experimental medicine. 2012;5(2):179. PMID 22567179
At day 10, pups weighed 25.03±4.86 g with maternal Pinealon plus methionine versus 17.86±3.05 g with methionine alone. First-trial maze latency improved partly, but homocysteine stayed elevated and all groups converged by trial five.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
At day 10, pups weighed 25.03±4.86 g with maternal Pinealon plus methionine versus 17.86±3.05 g with methionine alone. First-trial maze latency improved partly, but homocysteine stayed elevated and all groups converged by trial five.
Female Wistar rats, 180–200 g; intact, methionine-loaded and methionine-plus-Pinealon groups. Maternal pretreatment; neuron assays at offspring day 10 and Morris water maze at day 45. Mean±SD. Kruskal–Wallis, Fisher and Duncan tests; p<0.05 threshold.
Dose, route and schedule
Pregnant rats received methionine in drinking water, 1±0.01 g/kg/day, from the stated second trimester to the experiment end. Pinealon 10 µg/kg/day intraperitoneally for five days before methionine loading. No exact gestation-day numbers supplied. Flow cytometry: 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 minutes, DCF-DA and propidium iodide; triplicate 10,000-event samples from at least two families. Historical laboratory protocol, not a pregnancy regimen.
Results · Original seven-page publisher PDF; methods and Tables 1–3 visually checked, printed pp.180–183; narrative maze results checked. Mean±SD.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Offspring weight
25.03 ± 4.86 g versus 17.86 ± 3.05 g
Methionine+Pinealon versus methionine; intact 23.05 ± 1.45 g · Postnatal day 10 · p<0.05 versus methionine
Homocysteine remained elevated
10.5 ± 0.2 versus 9.8 ± 0.2 µM
Pinealon+methionine n=4 versus methionine n=4; intact n=5: 5.6 ± 0.6 · Offspring day 45 · Both exposed groups p<0.05 versus intact; normalization not observed
First-trial platform latency
137 versus 170 seconds; intact 112 seconds
Pinealon+methionine versus methionine · Second maze day, trial 1 · Pinealon differs from both other groups, p<0.05
Later learning trials
Trials 2–4 favored Pinealon versus methionine; no group difference at trial 5
Different swimming velocities complicate attribution to memory alone
Neuronal injury after H₂O₂
PI-positive cells 7.0 ± 0.9% versus 17.7 ± 2.1%
Pinealon+methionine versus methionine; cell assays from offspring · Day-10 cerebellar cells; 30-minute challenge · p<0.05
Table 1: offspring at day 10, mean±SD
Table 1: offspring at day 10, mean±SD
Group
Litters
Pups per litter
Weight (g)
Intact
6
9 ± 3
23.05 ± 1.45
Methionine
6
9 ± 2
17.86 ± 3.05*
Methionine + Pinealon
6
8 ± 3
25.03 ± 4.86#
*p<0.05 versus intact; #p<0.05 versus methionine. No significant litter-size difference was reported.
Table 2: offspring plasma total homocysteine, mean±SD
Table 2: offspring plasma total homocysteine, mean±SD
Group
Assayed offspring
Homocysteine (µM)
Intact
5
5.6 ± 0.6
Methionine
4
9.8 ± 0.2*
Methionine + Pinealon
4
10.5 ± 0.2*
*p<0.05 versus intact. Pinealon did not normalize this endpoint.
III versus I: DCF p<0.01, PI p<0.05. IV versus III: p<0.05 for both. Exact biological n for each table cell is not given; technical replicates are not independent pups. No intact group is included in this table.
Maternal pretreatment in an injury model is not evidence that Pinealon is safe or effective in human pregnancy. No healthy Pinealon-only group, reported masking or randomization; litter clustering is not addressed. Six litters, not 23 independent maternal exposures per arm. The methods specify five pretreatment days before methionine, while other prose calls treatment simultaneous. Exact gestational treatment days are not supplied. Maternal homocysteine values 33.0±3.9 and 5.9±1.8 µM are cited prior-model findings, not newly measured treatment effects. Ten thousand flow-cytometry events are not ten thousand animals. Congenital anomalies, placental transfer, miscarriage risk and long-term human development were not systematically assessed.
Six litters per group; 23 offspring/group in water-maze testing; plasma homocysteine subsets n=5, 4 and 4
Source reviewed
Original seven-page publisher PDF; methods and Tables 1–3 visually checked, printed pp.180–183; narrative maze results checked. Mean±SD.
Study limitations
Maternal pretreatment in an injury model is not evidence that Pinealon is safe or effective in human pregnancy.
No healthy Pinealon-only group, reported masking or randomization; litter clustering is not addressed. Six litters, not 23 independent maternal exposures per arm.
The methods specify five pretreatment days before methionine, while other prose calls treatment simultaneous. Exact gestational treatment days are not supplied.
Maternal homocysteine values 33.0±3.9 and 5.9±1.8 µM are cited prior-model findings, not newly measured treatment effects. Ten thousand flow-cytometry events are not ten thousand animals.
Congenital anomalies, placental transfer, miscarriage risk and long-term human development were not systematically assessed.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2011 · [Effects of introduction of short peptides before carotid artery occlusion on behaviour and caspase-3 activity in the brain of old rats].
Mendzheritskiĭ AM, Karantysh GV, Ivonina KO · Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii; 2011
The report describes increased behavioral sleep and reduced exploratory, motivational and motor behavior after Pinealon pretreatment. It also reports a survival signal across peptide treatment and changes in caspase-3.
Population / setting
Old rats given peptides before carotid-artery occlusion
Source reviewed
Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.
Study limitations
Behavioral sleep in this injury model is not a measurement of human REM sleep.
Reduced activity is not necessarily restorative sleep or improved cognition.
Pretreatment before experimental ischemia is not evidence for treatment after a human stroke; numerical survival effects are not supplied in the abstract.
Reviewed 2026-10-06.
Read the source ↗2011 · Effect of short peptides on expression of signaling molecules in organotypic pineal cell culture.
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Chalisova NI, Dudkov AV, Koncevaya EA · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2011 Nov
EDR did not change the apoptosis marker AIF. The reported stimulation of CGRP expression occurred only with AEDG (Epitalon), not EDR (Pinealon).
Population / setting
Organotypic pineal-gland cultures from three-month-old rats
Source reviewed
Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.
Study limitations
These results concern Epitalon.
The experiment does not demonstrate Pinealon-induced melatonin secretion or improved sleep in people.
Reviewed 2026-10-06.
Read the source ↗2015 · [EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION].Biological-age indicators: Authors reported favorable changes after Pinealon or Vesugen; comparative effect size unavailable
Meshchaninov VN, Tkachenko EL, Zharkov SV, Gavrilov IV, Katyreva IuE · Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii; 2015
The authors reported changes in biological-age indicators after Pinealon and Vesugen. They also reported prooxidant activity and lower circulating CD34-positive cell markers.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Adults aged 41–83 with multiple conditions and organic brain syndrome in remission; Pinealon and Vesugen studied.
Authors reported favorable changes after Pinealon or Vesugen; comparative effect size unavailable
Oxidation and blood-cell markers
Prooxidant activity and lower circulating CD34-positive markers also reported
Printed total enrollment
32
Printed sex breakdown
18 men + 12 women = 30; does not reconcile with printed total
The abstract says 32 participants while listing 18 men and 12 women. It does not isolate preparation-specific effects or establish longevity, genetic safety or clinical harm.
Adults aged 41–83 with multiple conditions and organic brain syndrome in remission
Source reviewed
Primary indexed abstract rechecked 5 November 2026. Both Pinealon and Vesugen are explicitly named; full paper and the 32-versus-30 participant discrepancy remain unresolved.
Study limitations
The abstract states 32 participants but lists 18 men and 12 women; the reported participant totals differ.
Allocation, comparator details and preparation-specific effects require the full paper.
The biomarker findings do not establish clinical harm, longevity benefit or genetic safety; favorable author conclusions should not erase the adverse-direction signals.
Reviewed 2026-11-05.
Read the source ↗2013 · [Effect of peptide geroprotectors on the navigation system learning and caspase-3 in brain structures in rats of different age].
Silanteva IA, Komolkin AV, Morozova EA, Vorontsov-Velyaminov PN, Kasyanenko NA · The journal of physical chemistry. B; 2019 Mar
EDR interacted with DNA in the tested systems; magnesium promoted the interaction. The authors described partial entry into the major groove and contacts with guanine atoms.
Population / setting
Purified DNA, spectroscopy, NMR and molecular-dynamics experiments
Source reviewed
Indexed publication and abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias have not been independently assessed.
Study limitations
Biophysical interaction does not establish targeted gene regulation in the living human brain.
This is mechanistic research, not clinical efficacy or safety evidence.
Reviewed 2026-10-06.
Read the source ↗2011 · Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA.
The paper identifies Testagen as Lys–Glu–Asp–Gly (KEDG). Labeled short peptides entered cells and nuclei; binding patterns differed between DNA sequences.
Population / setting
HeLa cells and nucleic-acid fluorescence assays
Source reviewed
Primary citation and indexed abstract reviewed through Europe PMC. Full article not appraised.
Study limitations
Cell penetration and fluorescence-based binding do not establish hormonal, anti-aging or other clinical effects.
Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised.
Reviewed 2026-10-05.
Read the source ↗2012 · Analysis of some parameters of biological age and adaptation possibilities of workers of locomotive brigadesPinealon per capsule: 100 micrograms
Reports biological-age and adaptation indicators after short-term Pinealon use.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Locomotive-crew occupational report; capsule administration for two weeks.
Dose, route and schedule
Pinealon was given as one oral capsule containing 100 micrograms, twice daily for two weeks (200 micrograms/day). This locomotive-worker study is separate from the truck-driver report; its capsule regimen does not establish an injectable dose.
I. K. Zhurkovich, N. G. Kovrov, G. A. Ryzhak, E. S. Mironova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 140(2):140–148
Reports KED in vessel complex, AED in cartilage, EDG and AEDL in bronchial mucosa, EDR in brain and KEDW in pancreas. This strengthens sequence-level links in the research program.
Population / setting
Animal-organ polypeptide complexes analyzed by UHPLC–MS
Source reviewed
Author-hosted Russian PDF: citation and indexed abstract checked; full analytical validation and product-batch equivalence not appraised.
Study limitations
Molecular detection does not prove identical pharmacology or clinical equivalence.
The paper’s discussion of clinical work is not an independent clinical trial.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2013 · Neuroprotective effects of peptides bioregulators in people of various age
R. S. Umnov, N. S. Linkova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Adv Gerontol. 26(4):671–678. PMID 24738258
A gateway review comparing polypeptide complexes (Cortexin and Cerebrolysin) with short peptides (Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon). It discusses older populations and cellular mechanisms; the abstract supplies no trial-quality assessment.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Indexed English abstract checked; Russian full text not retrieved.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2013 · Mechanism of Biological Activity of Short Peptides: Cell Penetration and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
V. Kh. Khavinson, A. Yu. Solovyev, S. I. Tarnovskaya, N. S. Linkova · Biology Bulletin Reviews 3(6):451–455
Mechanistic review with a table of 15 short peptides on page 453. Tissue labels in the research map are the authors’ proposed targets, not established clinical indications.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Author-hosted English PDF and its peptide table checked. Each cited experiment remains a separate appraisal task.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2020 · EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
V. Khavinson, N. Linkova, E. Kozhevnikova, S. Trofimova · Molecules 26(1):159; published December 31, 2020
Reviews EDR/Pinealon mechanisms involving gene regulation, neuronal survival and oxidative-stress pathways. Its cited human reports need original-paper review; it is not a trial establishing Alzheimer’s treatment benefit.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2021 · Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides—Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s DiseaseLong-term potentiation: Peptide-associated trends did not reach statistical significance. The untreated model-versus-wild-type comparison also had p=0.057.
Author list available on linked original paper · Pharmaceuticals 14(6):515
Peptides showed no significant LTP restoration. Pooled total spine density differed with EDR but not KED; effects varied by sex and spine subtype.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Separate electrophysiology and spine-morphology experiments; each lists four groups of ten mice, five of each sex. Slices/cells are nested observations, not extra animals.
Results · Original full-text XML; methods and results narrative, not graph digitization
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Long-term potentiation
Peptide-associated trends did not reach statistical significance. The untreated model-versus-wild-type comparison also had p=0.057.
Effects differ by sex and spine subtype. Check the statistical treatment of nested observations and inconsistent subtype values before further extraction. This is not a clinical Alzheimer’s trial.
Author list available on linked original paper · International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23(8):4259
Develops hypotheses connecting short peptides with gene regulation and neurodegenerative processes. Hypotheses are retained as mechanistic proposals, not clinical conclusions.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Source scope and bibliographic record checked; see the original experiments for methods and results.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2023 · Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters
V. Kh. Khavinson, N. S. Linkova, A. I. Rudskoy, M. G. Petukhov · Original article; author-hosted PDF
Examines transporter interactions for 26 ultrashort peptides. Feasibility at this level is not demonstrated oral bioavailability, brain delivery or clinical efficacy.
Population / setting
Molecular transport feasibility investigation
Source reviewed
Title, authors and abstract checked; detailed experimental/computational methods await appraisal.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2015 · Investigation of the actoprotective properties of the tripeptide PinealonPinealon · treadmill time: Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 min
G. S. Belyaeva, O. K. Davydova, A. I. Erofeev, V. A. Maydan, G. A. Ryzhak, T. V. Siretskaya, V. Kh. Khavinson · Biotekhnosfera. 2(38):25–31
Treadmill time improved in all training arms. The authors report day-10 increases of 18 minutes with Pinealon and 13.8 minutes with Metaprot relative to their own baselines.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
24 male rats; vivarium control, trained control, Metaprot and Pinealon. Daily treadmill to exhaustion.
Dose, route and schedule
Pinealon T-33 75 µg/kg or Metaprot 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 10 treatment days with a 2-day interval after day 5. Daily treadmill testing at 35 m/min; trained control received no drug.
Results · Full original PDF, treadmill results narrative and Table 1
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Pinealon · treadmill time
Day 3 +8.7 min; day 5 +13.2 min; day 10 +18 min
Reported as 175%, 214% and 254% of its baseline, respectively. The paper reports persistence for three days after stopping.
Metaprot · treadmill time
Day 5 +8.4 min; day 10 +13.8 min
Within-arm baseline comparisons. The authors report a decline to about 10 min on day 11 after cessation.
Training effect
All three treadmill groups improved during training
The paper attributes some early improvement to training. Baseline-relative changes do not establish a between-drug effect.
Pinealon · hemoglobin
158.2±8.8 → 128.6±4.3 g/L
Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.01 versus own baseline. Trained control: 137.0±3.8 → 158.0±8.2 g/L.
Pinealon · erythrocytes
8.8±0.6 → 7.0±0.5 million/µL
Baseline to day 10; marked p≤0.05 versus own baseline. The decrease is a separate finding, not established as beneficial.
Table 1 · selected hematology values (M±m)
Table 1 · selected hematology values (M±m)
Group, measure
Baseline
Day 5
Day 10
Pinealon · leukocytes (thousands/µL)
14.6±1.2
8.4±1.2**
10.2±1.3*
Pinealon · erythrocytes (millions/µL)
8.8±0.6
8.4±0.3
7.0±0.5*
Pinealon · hemoglobin (g/L)
158.2±8.8
144.7±7.0
128.6±4.3**
Pinealon · platelets (thousands/µL)
847±103
789±111
575±120
Trained control · hemoglobin (g/L)
137.0±3.8
142.0±8.5
158.0±8.2**
Metaprot · hemoglobin (g/L)
166.8±11.7
139.2±12.6
150.8±8.4
* p≤0.05; ** p≤0.01 relative to each group’s own baseline. No between-arm statistical test inferred.
The treadmill study documents an animal training experiment. Different starting values, small groups and mixed hematology limit any comparative performance claim.
24 five-month-old male outbred rats (250–300 g), four groups; three treadmill groups and one vivarium control
Source reviewed
Original 7-page PDF, methods, treadmill narrative and selected hematology values checked.
Study limitations
Animal endurance is not human cognitive performance, sleep, or occupational safety.
No numerical effect estimate is entered before table-level review.
The original PDF identifies issue 2(38); some later bibliographies give conflicting issue numbers.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2012 · The peptide correction of neurotic disorders among professional truck-driversSociodemographic associations: Not statistically significant
Pinealon and Vezugen peptide bioregulators, including combined use. The abstract does not specify the dosage form.
A. S. Bashkireva, V. G. Artamonova · Adv Gerontol. 25(4):718–728
The abstract describes occupational psychoemotional differences and reports changes with peptide bioregulators, including combined Pinealon and Vezugen.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
150 male lorry drivers (43.3 ± 0.9 years) and 150 male metal craftsmen (42.8 ± 0.9 years); three psychological-adaptation categories.
Protocol information
The indexed abstract names Pinealon and Vezugen, including combined use, but gives no dose, route or treatment duration. The separate locomotive-worker capsule regimen is not a verified protocol for these truck drivers.
Protocol source ↗ · Indexed publication abstract; original methods not retrieved
Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text