Two distinct animal-brain fractions and their combination. Fraction A is a 2–5 kDa fraction from limbic and associated regions; Fraction B is a 0.5–0.9 kDa fraction from midbrain periaqueductal gray. These are distinct from the PPK-A/B/V series.
Research background
Two distinct animal-brain fractions and their combination. Fraction A is a 2–5 kDa fraction from limbic and associated regions; Fraction B is a 0.5–0.9 kDa fraction from midbrain periaqueductal gray. These are distinct from the PPK-A/B/V series.
What the studies found
The linked records do not yet support a study-level summary for this preparation. Original publications require verification; additional research may exist.
Performance research in context
The athlete tables in two filings substantially overlap. Day 27 Fraction B cycling differs by 0.1 minute. Original study methods report rectal A 20 mg, B 10 mg and A + B 10 + 5 mg in the paired filing.
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Small athlete groups described in two overlapping patent disclosures.
Study methods
Tables include cycling and swimming time courses, six participants per arm per sport. Allocation, masking and adverse-event reporting are unclear.
Independent replication
Independent replication is not established in the linked sources.
Source access
Original sources and the exact review scope are linked below.
Safety evidence
The linked experiments do not establish a safe human performance regimen.
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and historyEVIDENCE REVIEW / 6 OCTOBER 2026
Outstanding review questions
Recover and appraise original experiments behind the review, patent or bibliographic trail.
No human intervention report has been identified among the linked records; unclassified archival leads may remain. Publication records can share participants. Source counts are not trial counts.
These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2014 · RU2503459C2 · RU2503459C2: paired brain peptide fractions in cycling and swimmingFormulation · 4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
Reported findings
4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration
4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 minDays 1 to 21; n=6 per arm. Day 21 A-only and B-only: 6.8±0.2 and 6.7±0.1 min.
Cyclists · submaximal distance
8500±150 to 15500±120 m with A + B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 mDays 1 to 21; approximately 60% of maximal speed.
Formulation. Claims a 2–5 kDa limbic and associated region fraction paired with a 0.5–0.9 kDa midbrain periaqueductal-gray fraction, approximately 2:1 to 3:1 A:B by mass.
Different preparation from cortex-derived PPK-V. Athlete observations are applicant-reported and overlap the companion filing; the claimed synergy is unconfirmed.
2013 · RU2496504C1 · RU2496504C1: midbrain peptide fraction in cycling and swimmingFormulation · 4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
Reported findings
4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration
4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 minDays 1 to 21; n=6 per arm.
Cyclists · submaximal distance
7200±130 to 11600±100 m with B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 mDays 1 to 21.
Formulation. Claims a 500–900 Da peptide fraction derived from midbrain periaqueductal gray of cattle or pigs, with extraction and administration claims.
Corresponds to the Fraction B preparation in the companion filing; overlapping data are not independent confirmation.
2014 · RU2503459C2: paired brain peptide fractions in cycling and swimming — RU2503459C2Cyclists · maximal-speed duration: 4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
2014Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, athlete methods and complete athlete tables compared across the two filings; scans unavailable
N. N. Karkishchenko, V. N. Karkishchenko · RU2503459C2 · patent family 49554878
4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Findings, study figures and available tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Example 5 describes 24 cyclists aged 20–22 and 24 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had four groups of six: combined fractions, either fraction alone, or saline.
Reported findings and study figures · Original Russian patent description and tables in indexed full text; PDF scan could not be retrieved
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration
4.5±0.2 to 8.4±0.2 min with A + B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
Days 1 to 21; n=6 per arm. Day 21 A-only and B-only: 6.8±0.2 and 6.7±0.1 min.
Cyclists · submaximal distance
8500±150 to 15500±120 m with A + B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 m
Days 1 to 21; approximately 60% of maximal speed.
Swimmers · endurance
25.0±3 to 38.0±4 min with A + B; saline 24.0±2 to 23.0±5 min
Days 1 to 21; front crawl at 60–62% of competition speed.
Swimmers · speed
5.0±0.1 to 7.6±0.1 km/h with A + B; saline 4.9±0.1 to 5.0±0.1 km/h
Days 1 to 21; five-minute test at intended ~95% load.
Reported athlete doses
Rectal: A 20 mg; B 10 mg; A + B 10 + 5 mg; saline control
Example 5. Full dose frequency and compliance not established from the athlete example.
Other experiments
Rat treadmill and swim assays; mini-pig treadmill time 26.1±1.2 to 37.9±1.1 min with A + B
Table 7, days 1–21; six mini-pigs per group. Same B/control series appear in the related filing.
Overlap check
The Fraction B and saline athlete tables largely repeat the earlier filing, with a discrepancy in the final cycling sprint value. Participant identifiers are unavailable; treat these as overlapping disclosures, not independent trials.
Cycle sprint day 27, Fraction B: 6.6±0.2 min in RU2496504C1; 6.5±0.2 min in RU2503459C2.
Safety and synergy
No formal synergy test or systematic human adverse-event table identified
Unclear allocation and masking; unequal component and total doses.
Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fractions A + B
4.5±0.2
7.1±0.5
7.8±0.3
8.4±0.2
8.2±0.5
Fraction A
4.6±0.3
5.7±0.2
6.2±0.1
6.8±0.2
6.6±0.3
Fraction B
4.2±0.1
5.6±0.2
6.1±0.3
6.7±0.1
6.5±0.2
Saline
4.3±0.3
4.5±0.1
4.6±0.2
4.6±0.5
4.5±0.1
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 9 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Table 9 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fractions A + B
8500±150
11000±100
13000±100
15500±120
14200±100
Fraction A
7600±100
9800±150
11000±100
12800±150
12300±120
Fraction B
7200±130
8900±120
10400±120
11600±100
10900±100
Saline
6300±120
6500±150
6900±100
7100±100
6900±150
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 10 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Table 10 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fractions A + B
25.0±3
30.0±2
34.0±3
38.0±4
37.0±3
Fraction A
24.0±2
27.0±3
31.0±3
34.0±2
33.0±2
Fraction B
25.0±1
27.0±3
31.0±2
35.0±3
34.0±3
Saline
24.0±2
25.0±3
24.0±2
23.0±5
22.0±4
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 11 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Table 11 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fractions A + B
5.0±0.1
6.2±0.15
6.9±0.1
7.6±0.1
7.5±0.1
Fraction A
4.9±0.1
5.7±0.1
6.3±0.1
6.9±0.1
6.8±0.1
Fraction B
4.85±0.1
5.8±0.1
6.2±0.1
6.7±0.1
6.5±0.1
Saline
4.9±0.1
5.0±0.1
5.1±0.1
5.0±0.1
4.7±0.1
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Cross-patent comparison · differing athlete cells
Cross-patent comparison · differing athlete cells
Later table
Group
Day
RU2496504C1
RU2503459C2
Table 8 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Fraction B
Day 27
6.6±0.2
6.5±0.2
The other Fraction B and saline cells match exactly after normalizing decimal commas. The near-identical time series strongly suggest reuse of data; participant overlap was not independently documented.
The patent reports longer cycling and swimming in the combination arm. It does not establish a reproducible treatment effect or interaction. Athlete results cannot be attributed to PPK-V, VIR-8 or Cortexin.
Example 5 describes 24 cyclists aged 20–22 and 24 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had four groups of six: combined fractions, either fraction alone, or saline.
What was checked
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Limitations & review scope
Different preparation from cortex-derived PPK-V. Athlete observations are applicant-reported and overlap the companion filing; the claimed synergy is unconfirmed.
The patent reports longer cycling and swimming in the combination arm. It does not establish a reproducible treatment effect or interaction. Athlete results cannot be attributed to PPK-V, VIR-8 or Cortexin.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.
Read the source ↗2013 · RU2496504C1: midbrain peptide fraction in cycling and swimming — RU2496504C1Cyclists · maximal-speed duration: 4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
2013Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, athlete methods and complete athlete tables compared across the two filings; scans unavailable
N. N. Karkishchenko, V. N. Karkishchenko, S. L. Lyublinskiy, A. A. Stepanov · RU2496504C1 · patent family 49253700
4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Findings, study figures and available tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min. Applicant-reported athlete data.
Example 5 describes 12 cyclists aged 20–22 and 12 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had six in the fraction arm and six in the saline arm.
Reported findings and study figures · Original Russian patent description and tables in indexed full text; PDF scan could not be retrieved
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Cyclists · maximal-speed duration
4.2±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 min with B; saline 4.3±0.3 to 4.6±0.5 min
Days 1 to 21; n=6 per arm.
Cyclists · submaximal distance
7200±130 to 11600±100 m with B; saline 6300±120 to 7100±100 m
Days 1 to 21.
Swimmers · endurance
25.0±1 to 35.0±3 min with B; saline 24.0±2 to 23.0±5 min
Days 1 to 21.
Swimmers · speed
4.85±0.1 to 6.7±0.1 km/h with B; saline 4.9±0.1 to 5.0±0.1 km/h
Days 1 to 21.
Reported athlete dose
10 mg rectally versus saline
Example 5; full dosing frequency and adherence not established.
Overlap check
The Fraction B and saline athlete tables largely repeat the earlier filing, with a discrepancy in the final cycling sprint value. Participant identifiers are unavailable; treat these as overlapping disclosures, not independent trials.
Compare the later patent Tables 8–11 with earlier Tables 7–10.
Table 7 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Table 7 · Cycle sprint to exhaustion (min)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fraction B
4.2±0.1
5.6±0.2
6.1±0.3
6.7±0.1
6.6±0.2
Saline
4.3±0.3
4.5±0.1
4.6±0.2
4.6±0.5
4.5±0.1
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 8 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Table 8 · Cycle distance at about 60% speed (m)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fraction B
7200±130
8900±120
10400±120
11600±100
10900±100
Saline
6300±120
6500±150
6900±100
7100±100
6900±150
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 9 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Table 9 · Front-crawl time to exhaustion (min)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fraction B
25.0±1
27.0±3
31.0±2
35.0±3
34.0±3
Saline
24.0±2
25.0±3
24.0±2
23.0±5
22.0±4
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Table 10 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Table 10 · Swim speed during five-minute test (km/h)
Group
Day 1
Day 8
Day 15
Day 21
Day 27
Fraction B
4.85±0.1
5.8±0.1
6.2±0.1
6.7±0.1
6.5±0.1
Saline
4.9±0.1
5.0±0.1
5.1±0.1
5.0±0.1
4.7±0.1
Six athletes per group within the relevant sport. The filing does not define the uncertainty term or provide a formal interaction test. Day labels and values are as printed.
Applicant-reported comparisons, with unclear randomization, masking, systematic safety reporting and uncertainty definition. This is a distinct tissue fraction; the patent provides no peptide-sequence match to PPK-V.
Example 5 describes 12 cyclists aged 20–22 and 12 swimmers aged 18–20. Each sport had six in the fraction arm and six in the saline arm.
What was checked
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Limitations & review scope
Corresponds to the Fraction B preparation in the companion filing; overlapping data are not independent confirmation.
Applicant-reported comparisons, with unclear randomization, masking, systematic safety reporting and uncertainty definition. This is a distinct tissue fraction; the patent provides no peptide-sequence match to PPK-V.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; the record gives its source-check date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Source checked 2026-11-08. See the review scope above for the material assessed.