Dental research lecture reports 13.5% higher bone density
Bone-regenerate density
13.5% higher than controlsReported in the 2025 research lecture citing the 2015 clinical paper; not independently checked against original tables6, 9 and 12 months
Overall bone-structure restoration
Achieved in both groups, according to the lectureThe reported difference concerns speed and density, not healing versus no healing
Speed of reparative bone formation
17% faster, as described in the lectureA later-source claim; original definition and calculation have not been verified
A 2025 research lecture reproducing the 2015 clinical study reports 13.5% higher bone-regenerate density than controls at 6, 9 and 12 months. The comparison included 28 Cartalax patients and 25 controls.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 53 older dental-surgery patients, ages 61–83; 28 Cartalax recipients and 25 controls. Counts are reproduced in the 2025 research lecture, not supplied by the indexed abstract.
Design 2015 dental-surgery comparison in 53 older adults: 28 Cartalax and 25 controls. Cohort, regimen and density statement are reproduced in N. S. Linkova’s 2025 lecture.
Participants
53: 28 Cartalax and 25 controlsAges 61–83; 15 men and 38 women; later lecture
Reported perioperative course
2 capsules twice daily for 30 days before and 30 days after surgeryLater lecture; capsule strength not specified
Important limitations
The numerical claim comes from the later lecture; the original clinical outcome tables have not been verified.
The full 2015 article and outcome tables have not been recovered; numerical treatment effects and adverse-event rates are not available from the abstract. The later lecture supplies group counts and regimen; randomization and masking are not established. Postoperative jaw-bone healing is a different outcome from regeneration of knee articular cartilage.
The percentage describes a bone-density comparison, not the amount of knee cartilage restored. Allocation, confidence intervals and adverse-event rates need the original paper. The lecture is not an independent clinical trial.
Kubanskii Nauchnyi Meditsinskii Vestnik. 1(150):114–118 · Published clinical study; indexed abstract with separately attributed lecture methods
Knee pain and mobility improved in a patent-reported human comparison
Pain and joint mobility
Improvement reported in 54.5–62.7% of casesRange across disease-severity subgroups; subgroup counts and control response are not reported20-day course
X-ray findings
No substantial radiographic changeDuring the reported treatment period
The patent describes 29 knee-osteoarthritis patients and reports symptom improvement in 54.5–62.7% of cases across severity groups after 20 days of intramuscular AED. No substantial X-ray change was observed.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 29 knee-osteoarthritis patients ages 52–72; the patent states random allocation and describes 12 saline controls. Treatment subgroups differed by age, disease severity and dose.
Design 29 knee-osteoarthritis patients ages 52–72; the patent states random allocation and describes 12 saline controls. Treatment subgroups differed by age, disease severity and dose.
5 mg intramuscularly once dailySource units retained; severity-dependent groups are not a dose-response trial20 days
Important limitations
Patent report: subgroup counts and control-group response are not given, so these percentages are not a treatment-versus-control effect.
Patent-reported comparison, not a recovered peer-reviewed clinical trial. Allocation methods, masking, subgroup denominators and independent replication remain unresolved. This AED example is not the PCC Phase II program reported in 2023.
These are patent-reported human observations, not a peer-reviewed clinical trial. The percentages describe reported symptom responses, not the amount of cartilage restored or a treatment-versus-control effect.
Russian patent RU2299741C1; related Eurasian patent EA010574 · Patent report
OPTIMIZATION OF REPARATIVE OSTEOGENESIS JAWS ON AGING (PRECLINICAL STUDIES)
Cartalax given before surgery was associated with more advanced bone remodeling at 60–120 days than control or treatment starting at surgery. Early healing was similar to control.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Old rats with standardized mandibular bone defects
Important limitations
Jaw-bone repair is not articular-cartilage regeneration. Animal findings do not establish human osteoarthritis benefit; formulation characterization and group sizes need full-text review.
Cartalax is a synthetic three-amino-acid peptide, Ala–Glu–Asp (AED/T-31), investigated for bone and joint repair. Human research includes a published dental-surgery study and a patent-reported knee-osteoarthritis comparison. It is distinct from PCC, a cartilage-extract mixture.
Cartalax is an AED tripeptide studied in human dental surgery and a patent-reported knee-osteoarthritis comparison. The dental paper reports improved jaw-bone healing; the patent reports pain and mobility changes without substantial X-ray change. PCC is a separate cartilage-extract preparation.
More study findings
Observational study · 2016
Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far North
Study of multiple preparations
Sick-leave certificates
18 → 102014 → 2015; whole program
Days unfit for work
119 → 602014 → 2015; whole program
Seasonal morbidity
No statistically reliable improvement reported
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
Participants or model 113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Design 113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Important limitations
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Published human dental study + patent-reported knee comparison
Study methods
Clinical jaw-bone healing, patent knee outcomes and laboratory models
Independent replication
Independent replication not established by this collection
Source access
Published dental-study abstract, patent full text and attributed lecture methods
Safety evidence
Incomplete assessment; findings do not establish safety for personal use
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and history
What remains unclear
A later lecture reports 13.5% higher bone density and 17% faster repair among 53 patients in groups of 28 and 25. The original 2015 tables would verify these figures. The jaw-joint preparation and attribution of brochure results also remain uncertain.
Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. This includes a patent-reported human comparison, not an independently verified clinical trial. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Evidence belongs to the preparation actually studied. A tissue extract and a synthetic peptide can belong to the same research tradition without having equivalent effects or safety.
The 2020 UHPLC–MS paper reports AED in cartilage complex. The 2023 review describes PCC as a mixture spanning 75–846 Da.
Clinical evidence and limitations
Cartalax: a published 2015 human dental-surgery study reports better jaw-bone healing; a later research lecture gives 53 patients (28/25). A separate 29-patient knee comparison appears in patent RU2299741C1. PCC Phase II is review-reported and concerns a different preparation.
Recover the PCC trial identifier, exact formulation, protocol and results. The patent reports symptom changes without significant radiographic change; neither source establishes cartilage regeneration.
PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Patents and claimed inventions
These 1 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
The 2013 Khavinson–Solovyev review cites EA010724 for tripeptide Cartalax. That family concerns a cartilage-derived complex, not the defined AED tripeptide. The AED mapping here uses RU2299741; the tissue complex is treated separately under PCC. Original source ↗
2007 · RU2299741C1 · AED bone/cartilage composition and reported knee-osteoarthritis comparison — RU2299741C1Molecule · Improvement reported in 54.5–62.7% of cases
Reported findings
The patent reports less pain and better knee mobility after 20 days of intramuscular AED. It reports no substantial X-ray change.
Pain and joint mobility
Improvement reported in 54.5–62.7% of cases20-day courseRange across disease-severity subgroups; subgroup counts and control response are not reported
X-ray findings
No substantial radiographic changeDuring the reported treatment period
Molecule. The claim explicitly identifies Ala-Glu-Asp (AED), with bone/cartilage applications; this is not the cartilage-derived PCC mixture.
A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.
Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Сиа Пептайдс"
Indexed status
Not shown; official status unverified · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family
38310627 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.
Original title, inventors and related publications
Peptide normalizing metabolism in osseous and cartilage tissue, pharmaceutical composition based on thereof and method for its using
Inventors: Владимир Хацкелевич Хавинсон (RU); Владимир Хацкелевич Хавинсон; Евгений Иосифович Григорьев (RU); Евгений Иосифович Григорьев; Владимир Викторович Малинин (RU); Владимир Викторович Малинин; Галина Анатольевна Рыжак (RU); Галина Анатольевна Рыжак.
Risk-assigned capsule program: Endoluten tissue extract and named synthetic peptide products; Cerluten also named in assignments · Journal publication
S. Trofimova, A. Trofimov, A. Koryakin, A. Chubukin, V. Ternovoy · Vrach. 2016;(6):64–66
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A personalized multi-preparation program recorded 18 → 10 sick-leave certificates and 119 → 60 days unfit for work between 2014 and 2015. The paper found no statistically reliable seasonal-morbidity improvement.
113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Dose, route and schedule
One capsule of the assigned preparation daily for 20 days. Products were selected by risk assessment; all six products were not given to every participant.
Historical comparison for the shared 113-worker program. Not preparation-specific results.
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
113 Gazprom Dobycha Urengoy employees (74 men, 39 women), assessed in 2015; comparison with the preceding year, without a concurrent control.
Source reviewed
Original publisher PDF methods and clinical table checked; table visually verified.
Study limitations
One shared cohort, not a separate trial for each named preparation. Genotype-guided assignments and other care prevent isolating a product effect. The narrative reports a 43.4% reduction, which does not reconcile with the table’s 119 → 60 days. The background 11,000-worker claim is not this cohort.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2015 · Peptide bioregulators in surgical treatment of chronic periapical odontogenic infection in older adultsBone-regenerate density: 13.5% higher than controls
2015Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope
Named oral Cartalax product; not PCC or injectable AED · Published clinical study; indexed abstract with separately attributed lecture methods
Format: Russian journal abstract; 2025 research lecture reproduction of methods · Reviewed: 2025 research lecture reproducing the 2015 study; original indexed abstract supports study identity but the numerical outcome has not been verified against the original tables; full 2015 article not recovered
A. G. Slugina, D. V. Balin, A. A. Serikov, A. K. Iordanishvili · Kubanskii Nauchnyi Meditsinskii Vestnik. 1(150):114–118
A later research lecture reports 13.5% higher bone-regenerate density with perioperative Cartalax than with controls. The original paper’s outcome tables remain unavailable.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A later research lecture reports 13.5% higher bone-regenerate density with perioperative Cartalax than with controls. The original paper’s outcome tables remain unavailable.
2015 dental-surgery comparison in 53 older adults: 28 Cartalax and 25 controls. Cohort, regimen and density statement are reproduced in N. S. Linkova’s 2025 lecture.
Dose, route and schedule
The later lecture reports oral Cartalax, 2 capsules twice daily for 30 days before surgery and 30 days afterward. Controls healed under a blood clot after surgery. Capsule strength is not provided in that passage. This is the reported study regimen.
Protocol source ↗ · 2025 lecture by N. S. Linkova explicitly citing the 2015 article; not the original methods section
Results · 2025 research lecture reproducing the 2015 study; original indexed abstract supports study identity but the numerical outcome has not been verified against the original tables; full 2015 article not recovered
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Bone-regenerate density
13.5% higher than controls
Reported in the 2025 research lecture citing the 2015 clinical paper; not independently checked against original tables · 6, 9 and 12 months
Overall bone-structure restoration
Achieved in both groups, according to the lecture
The reported difference concerns speed and density, not healing versus no healing
Speed of reparative bone formation
17% faster, as described in the lecture
A later-source claim; original definition and calculation have not been verified
Participants
53: 28 Cartalax and 25 controls
Ages 61–83; 15 men and 38 women; later lecture
Reported perioperative course
2 capsules twice daily for 30 days before and 30 days after surgery
Later lecture; capsule strength not specified
The percentage describes a bone-density comparison, not the amount of knee cartilage restored. Allocation, confidence intervals and adverse-event rates need the original paper. The lecture is not an independent clinical trial.
53 older dental-surgery patients, ages 61–83; 28 Cartalax recipients and 25 controls. Counts are reproduced in the 2025 research lecture, not supplied by the indexed abstract.
Source reviewed
2025 research lecture reproducing the 2015 study; original indexed abstract supports study identity but the numerical outcome has not been verified against the original tables; full 2015 article not recovered
Study limitations
The full 2015 article and outcome tables have not been recovered; numerical treatment effects and adverse-event rates are not available from the abstract.
The later lecture supplies group counts and regimen; randomization and masking are not established.
Postoperative jaw-bone healing is a different outcome from regeneration of knee articular cartilage.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2011 · Cartalax clinical report: joint and spine symptoms in a 2005–2006 institute programReported population: 33 treated and 31 controls; ages 45–78
Cartalax-labeled oral product; duplicated Sigumir cohort makes attribution uncertain · Commercial reproduction of institute clinical report; duplicated preparation attribution
Format: Institute report reproduced in a product brochure · Reviewed: Complete Cartalax section and matching Sigumir table checked
A. A. Veretenko, O. U. Raigorodsky · Reports on clinical studies of Cytomax and Cytogen preparations. Cartalax section, PDF pages 104–107
The Cartalax-labeled report describes pain and mobility improvement in 68.5% of knee cases and pain reduction in 53.7% of spine cases, without significant X-ray change. The same brochure repeats the cohort and percentages under Sigumir, so these figures cannot be treated as independently verified Cartalax outcomes.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A brochure labels these results as Cartalax research, but repeats the cohort and outcome percentages under Sigumir. Read the numbers as claims in this report, with unresolved product attribution.
Results · Cartalax section, PDF pages 104–107; compared with Sigumir page 53
Fewer fractures and shorter hospitalization claimed; no numerical values provided
The repeated Sigumir cohort, inconsistent totals and missing control outcomes prevent treating these percentages as a verified Cartalax effect or counting the two brochure sections as independent trials.
Report describes 33 Cartalax recipients and 31 controls, ages 45–78, with knee osteoarthritis, spinal osteochondrosis or osteoporosis; preparation attribution is disputed by duplication within the brochure.
Source reviewed
Downloaded brochure; Cartalax PDF pages 104–107 inspected, including table on page 106. Sigumir page 53 repeats the same cohort table and outcome percentages. Table totals contain arithmetic discrepancies. Retained as a source record, not an independent clinical replication.
Study limitations
The same cohort and outcomes appear under Sigumir; product identity and cohort independence cannot be resolved from this brochure.
Table sex totals do not reconcile with its diagnosis rows. Response percentages do not map to integer patient counts in the listed small subgroups.
No comparator outcome values, allocation methods or between-group statistics are given. No radiographic improvement was demonstrated.
Regimens differ between the introduction, methods and recommendations; they cannot establish a validated dose.
Reviewed 2026-10-31.
Read the source ↗2022 · Bioregulation therapy in age-related osteoarthropathy of the temporomandibular joint
· Related human jaw-joint report; Cartalax methods await full-text verification
Format: Indexed journal abstract · Reviewed: PubMed abstract checked; original journal PDF unavailable
A. A. Serikov, L. N. Soldatova, A. K. Iordanishvili, S. G. Pavlova · Adv Gerontol. 35(5):704–710. PMID 36617325
The abstract reports lower jaw-joint bone density with more severe dysfunction and a shift from severe to moderate functional pathology after bioregulatory treatment in elderly patients. The abstract does not name the preparation; indexed journal text names Cartalax, but the original PDF currently returns 404.
Population / setting
Men ages 35–74 with functional jaw-joint pathology, compared with healthy subjects for bone-density assessment
Source reviewed
PubMed original Russian and English abstracts and citation checked. Search-indexed journal text names Cartalax; no full-text patient counts, doses or numerical changes are entered without inspecting the original. Not counted as a verified Cartalax clinical comparison.
Study limitations
The abstract does not name Cartalax or provide the treatment regimen, group counts or numerical effect estimates.
Healthy reference subjects are not an untreated patient comparison.
Full-text preparation identity and methods require verification before assigning an isolated Cartalax treatment effect.
Reviewed 2026-10-31.
Read the source ↗2014 · [Tripeptides slow down aging process in renal cell culture].
Preparation-specific research; no equivalence inferred
Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaia SI, Lin'kova NS, Poliakova VO, Durnova AO, Nichik TE, Kvetnoĭ IM, D'iakonov MM, Iakutseni PP. · Advances in gerontology = Uspekhi gerontologii
AED and EDL altered proliferation and aging-associated markers in renal cultures. DNA-interaction models are computational hypotheses, not direct proof of the proposed mechanism in humans.
Population / setting
See original report; human, animal and laboratory components must be distinguished.
Source reviewed
Indexed metadata and abstract checked via Europe PMC. Original full methods not reviewed.
Study limitations
The abstract leaves the preparation and study methods unclear.
Related publications may share experiments; source count is not independent-study count.
Reviewed 2026-10-02.
Read the source ↗2016 · OPTIMIZATION OF REPARATIVE OSTEOGENESIS JAWS ON AGING (PRECLINICAL STUDIES)
Cartalax given before surgery was associated with more advanced bone remodeling at 60–120 days than control or treatment starting at surgery. Early healing was similar to control.
Population / setting
Old rats with standardized mandibular bone defects
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Jaw-bone repair is not articular-cartilage regeneration.
Animal findings do not establish human osteoarthritis benefit; formulation characterization and group sizes need full-text review.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2023 · Peptide Regulation of Chondrogenic Stem Cell Differentiation
Linkova N, Khavinson V, Diatlova A, Myakisheva S, Ryzhak G · Int J Mol Sci 24(9):8415. PMID 37176122
Describes the cartilage polypeptide complex PCC and its AED component. The authors reported a Russian Phase II osteoarthritis program in 2023. They connect MSC and fibroblast findings to a cartilage-repair hypothesis.
Population / setting
Review of stem-cell differentiation and cartilage research
Source reviewed
Full-text XML checked, including PCC/AED discussion and references 7, 9, 68–70. Trial documents were not supplied by this review.
Study limitations
The reported trial concerns PCC, not a trial of isolated Cartalax.
Trial identifier, protocol, enrollment and published human outcomes have not been recovered. Phase II is an attributed 2023 statement, not verified current status.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2016 · Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro
The peptides altered proliferation, remodeling and aging-associated protein markers. AED and AEDG also reduced caspase-dependent apoptosis in this model.
Population / setting
Aging skin-fibroblast cultures; KE, KED, AED and AEDG
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Cultured skin cells, not a human cartilage or longevity trial.
Changes in Ki-67, CD98hc, MMP-9 and caspase-3 do not establish tissue repair in patients.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2020 · Gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cell aging cultures: modulation by short peptides
Ashapkin V, Khavinson V, Shilovsky G, Linkova N, Vanuyshin B · Mol Biol Rep 47(6):4323-4329. PMID 32399807
AED, KED and KE changed expression of selected aging-related genes. Effects depended on peptide and culture-aging model; KED affected TNKS2 in opposite directions across models.
Population / setting
Human embryonic bone-marrow MSC line FetMSCs, aged in culture
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Human-derived cells are not human clinical participants.
Gene-expression changes do not establish improved cartilage repair, slower aging or safety.
Chalisova NI, Lin'kova NS, Nichik TE, Ryzhak AP, Dudkov AV, Ryzhak GA · Bull Exp Biol Med 159(1):124-127. PMID 26033601
Compared kidney polypeptide complex with T-31/AED and T-35/EDL. The short peptides changed proliferation and apoptosis markers, with smaller effects than the complex.
Population / setting
Kidney explants from young and old rats
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Kidney tissue culture is not a cartilage model or a human renal-treatment trial.
The stronger extract response illustrates why mixture effects cannot simply be assigned to one peptide.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2019 · Effect of short peptides on neuronal differentiation of stem cells
Caputi S, Trubiani O, Sinjari B, Trofimova S, Diomede F, Linkova N, Diatlova A, Khavinson V · Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 33:2058738419828613. PMID 30791821
Examined AED, KED, KE, AEDG and their mixture. Increased neuronal-marker expression was reported for KED and the mixture.
Population / setting
Human periodontal-ligament stem-cell cultures
Source reviewed
Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Study limitations
Mixture results cannot be assigned to AED alone.
Marker expression is not proof of functional neuronal repair or a human clinical benefit.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2020 · Identification of short peptides in the composition of polypeptide complexes isolated from animal organs
2020Analytical / composition studyRussian source · see review scope
I. K. Zhurkovich, N. G. Kovrov, G. A. Ryzhak, E. S. Mironova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 140(2):140–148
Reports KED in vessel complex, AED in cartilage, EDG and AEDL in bronchial mucosa, EDR in brain and KEDW in pancreas. This strengthens sequence-level links in the research program.
Population / setting
Animal-organ polypeptide complexes analyzed by UHPLC–MS
Source reviewed
Author-hosted Russian PDF: citation and indexed abstract checked; full analytical validation and product-batch equivalence not appraised.
Study limitations
Molecular detection does not prove identical pharmacology or clinical equivalence.
The paper’s discussion of clinical work is not an independent clinical trial.
Reviewed 2026-09-29.
Read the source ↗2007 · AED bone/cartilage composition and reported knee-osteoarthritis comparison — RU2299741C1Pain and joint mobility: Improvement reported in 54.5–62.7% of cases
2007Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
V. Kh. Khavinson, E. I. Grigoriev, V. V. Malinin, G. A. Ryzhak · Russian patent RU2299741C1; related Eurasian patent EA010574
The patent reports pain reduction and better mobility in 54.5–62.7% of cases across severity subgroups after 20 days of intramuscular AED, without substantial radiographic change. Control response and subgroup counts are not supplied. It also contains separate animal and cartilage-explant examples.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The patent reports less pain and better knee mobility after 20 days of intramuscular AED. It reports no substantial X-ray change.
29 knee-osteoarthritis patients ages 52–72; the patent states random allocation and describes 12 saline controls. Treatment subgroups differed by age, disease severity and dose.
Results · Original patent, clinical example 5
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Pain and joint mobility
Improvement reported in 54.5–62.7% of cases
Range across disease-severity subgroups; subgroup counts and control response are not reported · 20-day course
X-ray findings
No substantial radiographic change
During the reported treatment period
Patient population
29 patients ages 52–72; 12 saline controls described
Disease duration 5–20 years
Age 52–60, initial disease
1 microgram intramuscularly once daily
20 days
Age 60–65, moderate deformity
10 micrograms intramuscularly once daily
20 days
Over 65, most marked deformity
5 mg intramuscularly once daily
Source units retained; severity-dependent groups are not a dose-response trial · 20 days
These are patent-reported human observations, not a peer-reviewed clinical trial. The percentages describe reported symptom responses, not the amount of cartilage restored or a treatment-versus-control effect.
29 knee-osteoarthritis patients ages 52–72; the patent states random allocation and describes 12 saline controls. Treatment subgroups differed by age, disease severity and dose.
Source reviewed
Original patent text and translated examples checked; filed 2006, published 2007. Clinical example 5 rechecked on 31 October 2026, including doses, symptom-response range and absent radiographic change.
Study limitations
Patent-reported comparison, not a recovered peer-reviewed clinical trial.
Allocation methods, masking, subgroup denominators and independent replication remain unresolved.
This AED example is not the PCC Phase II program reported in 2023.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2013 · Mechanism of Biological Activity of Short Peptides: Cell Penetration and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
V. Kh. Khavinson, A. Yu. Solovyev, S. I. Tarnovskaya, N. S. Linkova · Biology Bulletin Reviews 3(6):451–455
Mechanistic review with a table of 15 short peptides on page 453. Tissue labels in the research map are the authors’ proposed targets, not established clinical indications.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Author-hosted English PDF and its peptide table checked. Each cited experiment remains a separate appraisal task.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.