ThymalinТималин
What the studies found
Randomized study in people · 2021
Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID-19 Older Patients
- In-hospital mortality
- 7/36 (19.4%) versus 18/44 (40.9%)p=0.039
- Clinical improvement
- 29/36 (80.5%) versus 26/44 (59%)p=0.039
- Time to clinical improvement
- 8.63 ± 0.68 versus 7.61 ± 0.93 daysp=0.41
In-hospital mortality was 7/36 (19.4%) with Thymalin versus 18/44 (40.9%) with saline placebo (p=0.039). Clinical improvement was 29/36 (80.5%) versus 26/44 (59%; p=0.039).
More reported outcomes
- Day-14 CT improvement
- 11/36 (30.5%) versus 10/44 (22.7%)p=0.43
- Lymphocyte recovery
- 24/36 (66.6%) versus 19/44 (43.18%)p=0.037
- Time to lymphocyte recovery
- 7.36 ± 0.56 versus 10.78 ± 0.53 daysp=0.002
- Day-14 lymphocyte subset counts
- CD4+ and CD8+ each 2.2-fold, natural killer cells 2.4-fold, activated CD3+HLA-DR+ cells 3.4-foldAuthor-reported changes from baseline in the Thymalin arm, not between-group effect estimates.
- Viral clearance time among survivors
- 19.75 ± 0.47 versus 18.27 ± 0.38 daysp=0.31
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 80 severe COVID-19 patients: 36 Thymalin and 44 saline plus standard care.
Important limitations
- Single-center, single-blind study using early-pandemic care; findings require confirmation under contemporary treatment. CT improvement and time to clinical improvement did not differ significantly.
Advances in Gerontology. 11(4):368–376 · Original journal report
Comparison in people · 2008
Thymalin after complicated appendicitis
Study of multiple preparations
- Mean hospitalization
- 19.0 ± 0.7 daysAdjunct sample: 10. Standard care: 24.2 ± 0.6 days (n = 10).
- TNF-α before → after
- 396 ± 28 → 186 ± 21 pg/mL (n = 10)Within-group p < 0.001 in Table 3
In this small comparison, mean stay was 5.2 days shorter with Thymalin plus standard care. The standard-care group averaged 24.2 days.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 84 adults aged 18–42: 12 with uncomplicated appendicitis and 72 with postoperative wound infection. Of the 72, 62 received a peptide adjunct. Thirty healthy volunteers were a laboratory reference group.
Design Comparison of standard care and peptide adjuncts after postoperative wound infection. The paper measured serum cytokines by immunoassay and compared immune markers before and after treatment.
Important limitations
- The study had small, unequal groups and unclear treatment assignment. The differences are unadjusted.
- Small, unequal groups and unclear treatment assignment leave confounding unresolved. The article does not establish that Vilon was superior or equivalent to the other adjuncts. The Vilon hospital groups totaled 40. The cytokine table included 25, with no breakdown by treatment duration. The hospitalization paragraph prints p < 0.01 after each mean without clearly specifying a contrast. No systematic adverse-event table or quantified wound-healing rates were recovered.
- Vilon showed the largest within-group TNF-α decrease. Hospitalization means were close among the four adjunct groups. Neither outcome establishes a comparative treatment effect.
Medical Immunology. 2008;10(4–5):455–462. · Original clinical journal article
Comparison in people · 2011
Imunofan and mixed herpesvirus infections in Redkin and Lyuboshenko’s 2011 comparison
Study of multiple preparations
- Clinical improvement
- 73.7% versus 57.1%Imunofan-based care versus the pooled thymic-peptide group. Denominators conflict in the paper.
- Fewer, shorter or no recurrences
- 36.8% versus 28.6%Composite reported in Table 2.
- Immunogram normalization
- 85.7% versus 84.3%Table 2. No formal between-group test given for these percentages.
The paper reports clinical improvement in 73.7% with Imunofan-based care versus 57.1% with a pooled thymic-peptide comparison. Immunogram normalization was similar (85.7% versus 84.3%). Allocation followed the order patients presented, and some percentages do not match the stated counts.
More reported outcomes
- Temperature normalization
- 21% versus 14.3%
- Lower antiviral or antibacterial antibody titres
- 31.6% versus 14.3%
- CD3 lymphocytes
- 53.34 ± 1.55% to 65.8 ± 1.70%Within the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- CD4 lymphocytes
- 31.36 ± 1.29% to 36.95 ± 1.40%Within the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- Spontaneous IFN-γ
- 23.8 ± 2.47 to 42.13 ± 7.75 pg/mLWithin the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
- Stimulated IFN-γ
- 1,669.7 ± 123.1 to 2,170.6 ± 89.8 pg/mLWithin the Imunofan group.Reported p < 0.05
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Adults with chronic recurrent infections referred to an immunologist in Omsk in 2010–2011. The methods give 35 patients per group, but list 29 women and 8 men in the Imunofan arm (37) and 25 women and 10 men in the comparison arm (35).
Design The methods list 35 patients per group but also give 29 women and 8 men in the Imunofan arm. Assignment followed order of presentation. Both groups received individualized care. The comparator pooled Thymalin, Thymogen and Tactivin. Lymphocyte markers and IFN-γ were assessed before and after treatment.
Important limitations
- The comparison group pooled Thymalin, Thymogen and Tactivin. The paper gives no drug-specific subgroup outcomes, so the rates cannot establish a difference versus any one preparation. The groups were assigned in order of presentation and differed in average age. Concurrent antimicrobial and immune-active treatment varied by clinical presentation. The Imunofan denominator conflicts within the methods, and Table 2 supplies percentages without event counts or a separate significance test. No systematic adverse-event results were reported.
- The Table 2 percentages are reproduced as published. The paper gives conflicting group sizes and no event counts, and the groups received different care. The IFN-γ and lymphocyte figures are within-group changes.
Public Health of the Far East. 2011;3(49):38–41. · Original journal article
About Thymalin
A thymus-derived peptide preparation studied in immune-system research. Unlike a single synthetic peptide, it contains a mixture of tissue-derived components.
Identity / background source ↗
Research background
Thymus-derived peptide mixture with historical Russian studies in autoimmune cytopenias and thyroiditis, alongside other treatments. It is distinct from synthetic Thymogen and Thymodepressin.
Autoimmune research: disease-specific findings, immune effects and open questions ↗
Russian ME/CFS and fatigue research ↗
Pregnancy and offspring research
In the 24-woman prevention subgroup, anemia by week 36 was reported in 2/12 Thymalin-treated women versus 6/12 controls. The larger treatment program described fewer obstetric complications, but did not isolate each peptide or establish randomized effects.
Historical nonrandomized multimodal care; the study does not establish efficacy or safety of either peptide in current pregnancy care.
Reported findings and methods ↗ · Pregnancy research: full evidence review and archive ↗
More study findings
Animal research · 2018
Original hypoxia, heat and cold results
Study of multiple preparations
- Thymalin · course hypoxia
- 7.1±2.6 min at 0.1 mg/kg versus 2.2±0.1 min saline0.5 mg/kg arm was unmarked for significance.p<0.05 for 0.1 mg/kg
- Publication overlap
- 2014 Table 11 and 2018 Table 1 repeat the same valuesCounts as one reported experiment. Both publications also describe a distinct acute mouse screen.
The 2014 and 2018 course-hypoxia tables repeat the same experiment.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Outbred male mice in the single-dose hypoxia screen; male rats (180–210 g) in the repeated-dose hypoxia table. Separate temperature experiments.
Design The single-dose mouse screen used 10,000 m, 8–10 per dose in the 2018 report (6–10 in the 2014 book). Table 1 instead reports a three-day rat series tested at 11,500 m the next day. Arm sizes for the repeated-dose table are not stated in the audited passage.
Important limitations
- Separate mouse and rat protocols. Human performance was not assessed.
- The 2018 rat course results and 2014 book table belong to one evidence family. The book omits an explicit course-series species and altitude in the adjacent paragraph. Short survival in an extreme animal model is separate from human endurance or safety.
- The papers distinguish the single-dose mouse screen from the three-day rat protocol. The matching table adds no independent animals or human participants.
Biomeditsina 2018(2):4–14, Tables 1–3; paired with 2014 Volume III Table 11 · Biomeditsina 2018(2):4–14, Tables 1–3; paired with 2014 Volume III Table 11
Comparison in people · 1997
Cheprasov’s Medilab peptide comparisons in aerospace stress
Study of multiple preparations
- Hypobaric comparison
- Thymalin: 15–20% higher work measures; Cortexin: 10–15% improvement in selected operator measuresAbstract narrative; full arm-level estimates unavailable.
- Coriolis motion tolerance
- Cortexin +89%, Thymogen +73%, Epithalamin +68%Reported tolerance-time improvement relative to control, ten per arm.
- Sustained work
- Author reported recovery of selected Thymogen-group measures to baseline by three hoursFour per arm. Cortexin and oral Bemitil plus sydnocarb were separate comparators.
The three test series covered hypoxia, motion tolerance and 24 hours of work. The abstract reports favorable task results for selected peptides and gives a tiny separate postflight Thymogen comparison.
More reported outcomes
- Postflight respiratory infections
- 1 of 4 in Thymogen arm versus 4 of 4 salineReported during the following year, a descriptive count from four pairs.
- Program headcount
- 328 stated; stage rows add to 338The 116 and 8 are subseries, with no additional headcount contributed to the historical tally.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 116 men across three stress comparisons (30, 70 and 16), plus an eight-cosmonaut comparison within the reported dissertation program of 328.
Design Hypobaric test: three arms of 10 at 5,000 m for 60 min. Motion: seven arms of 10 in a Coriolis test. Work: four arms of four at 50% of individually tolerated load. Postflight: four mission pairs, one participant per pair given Thymogen.
- Reported study exposure
- Hypoxia: intranasal Cortexin or Thymalin, 20 mg per course over two days, or placebo. Motion: single intranasal 5 mg Thymalin, Cortexin, Prostatilen or Epithalamin, or 50 µg Thymogen, with oral scopolamine 0.1 mg and placebo controls. Work: nasal Thymogen 100 µg or Cortexin 10 mg before work and after 6 and 12 h, or oral sydnocarb plus Bemitil, or saline. Postflight: intranasal Thymogen 100 µg/day for seven days.
Important limitations
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications.
- Small comparisons, incomplete outcome reporting and unclear separation from related Medilab publications. The 47 modeling experts were outside the participant table.
- The aerospace findings concern separate stress and recovery tasks, with no reliable pooled treatment effect.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods · Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, Table 1 and methods
Animal research · 2024
Kim’s five-peptide animal comparison: tables missing
Study of multiple preparations
- Comparative preparations
- Cortexin, Pineamin, Prostatilen, Thymalin and ThymogenChapter 6.4 title. Thymogen is a defined dipeptide; the five entries are not all tissue extracts.
- Five-agent effect estimates
- Original comparative tables not recoveredNo verified head-to-head result for Pineamin versus Cortexin, Thymalin, Thymogen or Prostatilen.
Named comparator in Chapter 6.4; original per-preparation outcomes are unavailable.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable
Design Separate animal pharmacology experiments; participant-level and group-level counts for the five preparations unavailable
Important limitations
- No established human environmental-performance result.
- The 1990s Biorhythmology and Rang-97 records were reanalyzed; they are not new human recruits. The 2022–2024 physiology studies were separate. The conclusions do not provide numerical comparisons between the five preparations. The accessible account associates HIF-1α and TSPO measurements with stress physiology and discusses the nonpeptide DMAE derivative separately; a Pineamin-mediated biomarker mechanism is not established.
- This is a documented animal comparison with inaccessible efficacy tables. Existing Pineamin reproductive studies establish a separate clinical setting, not evidence for physical performance or environmental resilience.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation, 359 pp.; 2024 bibliography, related catalog entry dated 2025 · Dissertation
Comparison in people · 1996
Thymic peptides in Furgal’s military immunization research
Study of multiple preparations
- Staphylococcal toxoid donor program · immune responders
- ≥83.7% with the peptide-inclusive approach versus 60.5% with standard vaccinationThymalin and Thymogen were discussed within the 240-person donor series. Individual treatment-arm sizes are unresolved.
- Reported antibody titres
- ≥9.6±0.2 versus 8.6±0.7 IU/mLDonor comparison; uncertainty term and exact n not verified.
- Reported duration of humoral response
- At least 20 weeks versus 6–8 weeksAuthor’s interpretation of donor antibody response. Clinical infection protection requires separate evidence.
The donor immunization program reported 83.7% or more immune responders with thymic peptide adjuncts versus 60.5% with standard toxoid vaccination. The source does not isolate a reliable effect for either peptide.
More reported outcomes
- Thymalin · respiratory illness and pneumonia
- 1.6-fold lower influenza or acute respiratory illness incidence; 3.5-fold lower pneumonia incidenceAuthor-reported historical comparisons; arm denominators unresolved.
- Thymalin · prolonged illness
- 4.0-fold lower after the initial administration; 5.5-fold lower for prolonged or complicated illness after repeat administrationSeparate reported comparisons.
- Thymogen · subcutaneous series
- 1.5-fold lower respiratory illness incidence; 5.6-fold lower incidence of hospital stays beyond ten daysFrom the dissertation author abstract; not a head-to-head comparison with the nasal series.
- Thymogen · intranasal series
- 9.2-fold lower incidence of respiratory illness with prolonged hospitalizationAuthor-reported comparison; event counts and allocation unavailable.
- Reported immunocorrection series
- 7,630 across thirteen military unitsEleven reported series with observation periods of 4–24 months. Includes peptide and nonpeptide approaches.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.
Design 7,630 across thirteen military units in the immunocorrection series. The 240-person donor series included multiple approaches.
Important limitations
- The donor study measured antibodies. Infection rates and work performance were separate outcomes.
- The donor study measured antibodies. Infection rates and work performance were separate outcomes. The summarized findings do not resolve whether Thymalin and Thymogen were used together or in distinct regimens. Original denominators and allocation are needed to estimate uncertainty.
- This source documents military immunology and infection-prevention research. The program total spans multiple interventions and controls.
Kirov Military Medical Academy doctoral dissertation author abstract, 52 pp. · Dissertation
Comparison in people · 1998
1998 ulcer study: immune changes reported; pairing unresolved
Study of multiple preparations
- T-cell immune measurements
- Improvement toward healthy-reference levels reported; no numerical treatment effect or arm-specific denominator suppliedE-rosette and theophylline-sensitive/resistant assays; healthy donors are reference controls, not an untreated ulcer-treatment arm
- Unchanged index and source inconsistency
- The abstract says TFS-RFC did not differ from controls before or after treatmentThe same abstract uses inconsistent TPP/TPS/TFP/TFS abbreviations and also lists reduced indices; exact subset interpretation requires the original paper
- Clinical healing and safety
- No ulcer-closure rate, relapse rate, adverse-event count or combination-specific clinical endpoint in the abstract
The abstract reports movement of reduced T-cell rosette indices toward healthy-reference values during peptide-containing care. It does not establish which patients received each peptide or whether the pair was given together.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 120 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; 30 healthy donors used as immune-reference controls. Treatment-arm sizes and allocation are unavailable.
Design 120 patients with uncomplicated duodenal ulcer; 30 healthy donors used as immune-reference controls. Treatment-arm sizes and allocation are unavailable.
- Clinical cohort
- 120 ulcer patients and 30 healthy donorsThese totals do not establish randomization, treatment-group sizes or simultaneous dual treatment
- Dose, route and schedule
- Not supplied in the abstract
Important limitations
- 120 ulcer patients and 30 healthy-reference donors. Treatment arms, simultaneous use, doses and clinical healing outcomes are unavailable; one subset measure was unchanged.
- Original treatment-arm table, doses, routes, concurrent care, allocation and follow-up not recovered. Historical rosette subpopulations must not be relabeled as modern flow-cytometry CD4/CD8 or regulatory T-cell measurements. Healthy donor references do not control for other ulcer treatments. The abstract does not prove simultaneous coadministration, additive benefit or synergy.
- This is the direct human research lead, with unresolved exposure assignment. It is not a verified combination trial or a validated healing regimen. The neutral sentence and inconsistent abbreviations remain visible.
Lik Sprava. 1998;(3):56-58. PMID 9695565 · Original journal publication
Animal research · 1995
Rat ulcer comparison ranked three separate peptide preparations
Study of multiple preparations
- Relative protective activity
- Mucosalin > Dalargin > Thymalin, as ranked in the abstractQualitative ranking; no effect size, uncertainty or pairwise significance provided
- Combination exposure
- No simultaneous Thymalin plus Dalargin administration established by the abstract
The authors described protection in the order Mucosalin > Dalargin > Thymalin. The abstract gives no numerical lesion scores or combined-treatment result.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 80 male Wistar rats across an experimental duodenal-ulcer comparison; per-arm numbers unavailable.
Design 80 male Wistar rats across an experimental duodenal-ulcer comparison; per-arm numbers unavailable.
- Animal program
- 80 male Wistar rats in totalNot 80 rats per peptide and not a human cohort
Important limitations
- Dose, route, duration, individual arm sizes and lesion-score tables are unavailable in the abstract. Mucosalin is a separate experimental extract; its result is not transferred to either Thymalin or Dalargin. Comparative animal protection is not evidence of synergy or human ulcer healing.
- Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.
Lik Sprava. 1995;(1-2):53-55. PMID 7483545 · Original journal publication
Lab research · 2020
Thymalin: CD28 expression increased 6.8-fold in a cell experiment
- CD28 expression
- 6.8-fold increase reportedCell differentiation marker; raw levels, denominator and effect uncertainty unavailable
- CD44 and CD117 expression
- Reported 2–3-fold reductionsMarker changes alone do not establish lineage conversion or improved patient immunity
- Clinical and protocol gap
- Dose, duration and donor counts unavailable in the abstract; no patient outcome measured
CD28 expression increased 6.8-fold, while CD44 and CD117 expression fell by a reported factor of 2–3. These are differentiation-associated markers, not a 6.8-fold increase in functional T-cell production.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Human hematopoietic-cell differentiation experiment; donor count, culture size and uncertainty not provided in the abstract.
Design Human hematopoietic-cell differentiation experiment; donor count, culture size and uncertainty not provided in the abstract.
Important limitations
- A laboratory marker change, not a 6.8-fold increase in functional T cells, a patient response rate or evidence for the Dalargin pairing.
- Publisher preview and indexed abstract checked; full experimental methods were not recovered. No dose, raw marker values, sample count or error bars supplied by the abstract. Markers indirectly support a differentiation hypothesis; they do not establish antiviral prevention or Thymalin–Dalargin efficacy.
- Findings apply to this preparation, assay and comparison. They do not establish Thymalin–Dalargin combination efficacy or a safe combined regimen.
Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020;170(1):118-122. PMID 33237528 · Original journal publication
Comparison in people · 1995
Thymalin and Thymogen in gestational anemia
Study of multiple preparations
- Prevention subgroup: anemia
- 2/12 with Thymalin versus 6/12 controlsHLA-selected risk subgroup; control anemia included four mild and two moderate casesGestation week 36No randomized allocation, confidence interval or inferential p-value established
- Treatment-program complications
- Authors report 1.72-fold lower frequency of selected delivery complicationsCombined immunomodulator regimens versus conventional care; no compound-specific raw event table verifiedNarrative p<0.05; not a verified independent peptide risk reduction
- Time to clinical improvement
- Reported 4.2 ± 0.6 days earlier with immunocorrective careCompared with heparin or conventional treatment; bundled clinical/laboratory/ultrasound measures
In the 24-woman prevention subgroup, anemia by week 36 was reported in 2/12 Thymalin-treated women versus 6/12 controls. The larger treatment program described fewer obstetric complications, but did not isolate each peptide or establish randomized effects.
More reported outcomes
- Animal arm: separate evidence
- Pregnant-rat erythrocyte and reticulocyte changes also reportedAnimal results are not patient outcomes; erythrocyte-derived experimental peptides are not Thymalin or Thymogen
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 520 women in the overall research program; treatment comparisons: conventional care n=70, adjunct Thymalin/Thymogen n=140, conventional care plus heparin n=60. Separate prevention subgroup: 12 Thymalin versus 12 controls.
Design Historical clinical and experimental dissertation program; women aged 17–40. Iron/vitamins as background treatment; separate heparin group; 100-woman longitudinal biomarker subgroup and HLA-selected 24-woman prevention comparison. The program total already includes these subsets.
Important limitations
- Historical nonrandomized multimodal care; the study does not establish efficacy or safety of either peptide in current pregnancy care.
- Historical nonrandomized multimodal care; the study does not establish efficacy or safety of either peptide in current pregnancy care. Third-party author-abstract transcription, not an authenticated 313-page thesis with 49 original tables. Treatment-arm sizes for Thymalin and Thymogen individually are not supplied. The 12/12 prevention comparison is small and selected. Claims of 83.3% prevention lack a randomized counterfactual and must not be advertised as treatment efficacy. Narrative prevention timing is weeks 20 and 28; recommendation section says weeks 16 and 24. The schedules conflict. No comprehensive congenital-anomaly or long-term child-safety assessment is available.
Doctoral dissertation author’s abstract. Irkutsk, 1995; work conducted at Chita Medical Academy · Dissertation author-abstract transcription
Animal research · 1989
Structural and cytochemical changes in cerebral cortical neurons of the offspring of neurosensitized female rats after prenatal administration of thymalin
- Cortical histology
- Less dystrophic change, neuronal death and reduced cortical cell density described
- Cellular protein
- Higher nuclear and especially cytoplasmic protein content; effects reportedly stronger in older offspring
Maternal Thymalin reportedly prevented cortical neuronal degeneration and cell-density loss in offspring, with age-dependent protein changes. No numerical effect sizes or reproductive-safety outcomes are supplied.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Offspring of neurosensitized pregnant rats; n and gestational schedule absent from abstract
Design Gestational Thymalin course in neurosensitized dams, followed by age-related cortical histology/cytochemistry in offspring.
Important limitations
- Qualitative historical animal abstract; no verified group size, dose, allocation or quantitative histological effect.
- Qualitative historical animal abstract; no verified group size, dose, allocation or quantitative histological effect. Disease-model cortical findings do not establish fetal safety, placental transfer or clinical benefit in pregnancy.
Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952). 1989;89(7):114. PMID 2800803 · Original journal publication
Study involving people · 1984
Thymalin in patients with severe trauma
- Clinical course and immune indices
- Authors describe improvement during combined care. No numerical outcome is given.
The authors described a better clinical course and normalization of some immune indices during complex care that included Thymalin.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 23 patients with severe trauma.
Important limitations
- The abstract gives no comparison arm, event counts, effect estimates or adverse-event data. It does not isolate Thymalin’s contribution.
Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 1984;132(2):52–54. PMID 6547012. · Indexed abstract
Comparison in people · 2000
Thymalin, coagulation and recovery after deep burns
- Time to first skin graft
- About 5 days earlierComparator details unavailable in the abstract.
- Hospital stay
- 11 days shorterReported difference. Absolute group means and uncertainty unavailable.
- Coagulation and fibrinolysis
- Authors reported improvement. Numerical data were not recovered.
The authors reported first skin grafting about five days earlier and a hospital stay 11 days shorter. They also described improvements in coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 32 patients with third- or fourth-degree burns treated with Thymalin.
Important limitations
- The abstract does not give comparator size, absolute means, uncertainty, allocation or safety outcomes. Cohort overlap with earlier Chita burn publications is unresolved.
Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 2000;159(5):39–43. PMID 11188814. · Indexed abstract
Observational study · 1996
Thymic peptides and microsurgery in Maksimov’s ocular-trauma program
Study of multiple preparations
- Visual and structural recovery
- The author reported recovery in parts of the surgical program. Effects of individual preparations were not isolated.
The author reported structural and functional recovery after some combined surgical and peptide treatments. The severe injury subgroup is not a verified exposure count for either peptide.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model A mixed experimental and clinical program. The narrative describes a subgroup of 119 patients (186 eyes) with severe gunshot eye injuries.
- Severe injury subgroup
- 119 patients and 186 eyes in the narrative. The table lists 150 patients and 186 eyes.
Important limitations
- The abstract combines microsurgery and multiple preparations. The severe-injury narrative and table disagree on the number of people, while both give 186 eyes. No reliable preparation-specific visual outcome or dose can be assigned to the 119-person subgroup.
Doctoral dissertation author abstract. Moscow, 1996. · Dissertation author abstract
Review of earlier studies · 2026
From thymus extracts to synthetic thymomimetics
Study of multiple preparations
- Thymomimetic research
- The authors summarize evidence from different thymic compounds and discuss changes in neutrophil phenotype and function in studies of Imunofan.
The review traces the move from thymus-derived mixtures to defined compounds and summarizes neutrophil phenotypes and functional assays reported for the thymopoietin-derived hexapeptide Imunofan.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Review of laboratory and clinical literature on thymic peptides.
Important limitations
- Cell markers, laboratory findings and outcomes from combination care answer different questions. The review does not validate efficacy across thymic peptides.
- Secondary synthesis. No new clinical cohort or pooled effect estimate.
Adaptive Medical Immunology and Public Health Issues. 2026;2(1):6–19. · Narrative review
Secondary dissertation citation · 2002
Imunofan, Thymalin and levamisole in a historical schizophrenia citation
Study of multiple preparations
- Positive response as quoted in the dissertation
- 53.6% Imunofan, 43.8% Thymalin, 34% levamisoleGroup sizes, definitions and statistical tests are unavailable.
Palko’s dissertation cites positive responses of 53.6% for Imunofan, 43.8% for Thymalin and 34% for levamisole. The original comparison and its response definition have not been verified.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Patients described as having treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Group sizes are unavailable in the cited passage.
Important limitations
- Palko attributes the figures to Muzychenko et al. (2002), but the bibliography entry under that attribution lists a paper about milnacipran (Ixel). The passage gives no group sizes, doses, allocation, response definition, statistical tests or harms. The 1998 Thymalin conference report and the Imunofan patent describe different sets of arms. Their methods cannot be assigned to this comparison.
- The bibliography entry points to milnacipran. The percentages are traceable to Palko’s text, but the original comparison has not been verified.
2002 comparison cited in O. L. Palko’s dissertation on myelopeptide immunomodulators. · Secondary dissertation citation
Comparison in people · 1998
Thymalin in a 97-patient Lipetsk schizophrenia comparison
- Improvement reported with Thymalin
- 25–80% across symptom categories27 patients received Thymalin. The report gives no arm-wide response rate.
- Improvement with psychotropic medication alone
- 10–20% across symptom categories18 patients in the control group.
- Improvement reported with levamisole
- 20–50% across symptom categories17 patients received levamisole.
The authors reported 25–80% improvement across symptom categories with Thymalin and 10–20% with psychotropic medication alone. These are ranges across categories. The report gives no single response rate for the 27-person Thymalin arm and includes no Imunofan group.
More reported outcomes
- Other reported improvement figures
- 50% with prodigiosan and 25–90% with laser treatment13 and 22 patients, respectively. The report gives no subgroup counts for these figures.
- Immunological predictors of response
- The authors found no clear immunological predictor of improvement.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 97 patients treated in Lipetsk from 1987 to 1996. Thymalin 27, levamisole (Decaris) 17, prodigiosan 13, laser treatment 22 and psychotropic medication alone 18.
Design The authors studied 97 patients with resistant affective or affective-delusional symptoms at Lipetsk Regional Psychoneurological Hospital No. 1. Groups received Thymalin (27), levamisole (17), prodigiosan (13), laser treatment (22) or psychotropic medication alone (18). Participants in the adjunctive groups had not improved substantially after at least three months of prior treatment.
Important limitations
- The short report gives no randomization or masking details, precise response definition, category-specific denominators, uncertainty estimates or systematic harms. The earlier Lipetsk report cannot verify the three-arm comparison cited in 2002. Participant overlap with the later publication is unknown.
- Response figures differ by symptom category. The report supplies no direct significance test, and none of the groups received Imunofan.
Affective and Schizoaffective Psychoses. Conference proceedings, 7–8 April 1998. · Original conference report, institute-hosted text
Study involving people · 1991
[The effect of immunocorrective therapy on immunity in patients with idiopathic autoimmune cytopenias]
Thymalin and glucocorticoids were investigated in an immunocorrective treatment program; the abstract reports changes in immune measures.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 25 patients with idiopathic autoimmune cytopenias
Important limitations
- Concurrent glucocorticoids prevent attributing changes to Thymalin. Allocation, clinical response definitions and long-term safety require the original paper.
Vrachebnoe delo · Indexed abstract
Comparison in people · 1994
[Effect of plasmapheresis and immunocorrective therapy on the status of the T-cell component of immunity in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis]
The authors describe sustained clinical and T-cell changes after combined treatment, with follow-up over one year.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 104 patients studied: 22 plasmapheresis alone; 82 with added Thymalin; 49 hypothyroid patients also received hormone replacement
Important limitations
- The 49 hormone-replacement patients are an overlapping subset, not a third independent group. Plasmapheresis and hormone replacement confound attribution to Thymalin. The abstract does not establish randomized allocation or a modern disease-modifying effect.
Problemy endokrinologii · Indexed abstract
Lab research · 2023
Thymalin: mixed cytokine responses in four-donor cell research
- Thymalin: stimulated TNF-α
- 44.9% of the LPS controlMedian; LPS without peptides = 100%p<0.05 versus LPS control; n=4–8 laboratory observations
- Thymalin: stimulated IL-6
- 80.0% of the LPS control; no significance markThe numerical decrease is not established as significant in Table 3
- Thymalin: unstimulated IL-6
- 79.9% versus 20.6% in resting controls, about 3.9-fold higherBoth numbers use the LPS reference denominator; the fold is a calculation from Table 3p<0.05 versus unstimulated no-peptide control; n=4 laboratory observations
Thymalin lowered LPS-stimulated TNF-α to 44.9% and IL-1β to 37.5% of the LPS control. Stimulated IL-6 was 80.0% without a significance mark; unstimulated IL-6 increased to 79.9% versus a 20.6% resting reference.
More reported outcomes
- Thymalin: stimulated IL-1β
- 37.5% of the LPS controlMedian; LPS reference = 100%p<0.05 versus LPS control
- Thymalin: unstimulated TNF-α and IL-1β
- 10.3% versus 17.2%, and 12.3% versus 11.4%, respectivelyNo significance marks for these extract-versus-resting-control contrasts
- Isolated KE and EW
- Stimulated TNF-α: 16.8% with KE, 19.7% with EW; different from the extract’s 44.9%Separate experimental conditions; no transfer of isolated-peptide results to the whole Thymalin preparation
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model PBMCs from four healthy middle-aged donors; repeated ELISA experiments and parallel samples are not additional donors
Design PBMCs from four healthy middle-aged donors; repeated ELISA experiments and parallel samples are not additional donors
- Experimental exposure
- 1 mg/mL for 18 hours; PBMCs from four donorsThe biological sample size is not the number of repeated wells or assay measurements
Important limitations
- Stimulated IL-6 did not decrease significantly; resting-cell IL-6 increased about fourfold. The extract and isolated KE/EW peptides were tested separately, without Dalargin.
- Four donors; laboratory n=4–8 and parallel samples are not a larger human cohort. Dependence among repeated measurements needs consideration. Results are medians expressed relative to LPS control. A missing significance symbol is not evidence of equivalence. Thymalin increased resting-cell IL-6; it is not uniformly anti-inflammatory. KE and EW differed from the extract. Docking and pathway predictions do not establish direct gene regulation, antiviral efficacy, clinical COVID-19 benefit or Thymalin–Dalargin synergy.
- This is an inflammatory cell model, not a patient trial or an infection experiment. The extract and isolated dipeptides behaved differently; resting-cell IL-6 increased with Thymalin. No Dalargin combination, functional immune restoration or clinical antiviral benefit was established.
International journal of molecular sciences; 2023 · Original human-cell and computational journal research
Comparison in people · 1983
The use of thymalin for the treatment of thermal injury
- Time to first skin graft
- 21 ± 1.3 versus 24 ± 0.5 daysEarly Thymalin subgroup (n = 9) versus standard care (n = 12).
- Graft take covering 75–100% of the transplanted area
- 10 of 20 versus 6 of 12All Thymalin recipients versus standard care. Both proportions equal 50%.
- Donor-site wound suppuration
- 2 of 20 versus 2 of 12All Thymalin recipients versus standard care.
The paper reports immune and hemostatic changes during adjunctive burn treatment. The authors explicitly acknowledge that comprehensive therapy contributed to the observed changes.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Patients receiving comprehensive treatment for thermal injury
Design Thirty-two adults with burns received comprehensive care including skin grafting. Twenty received adjunctive Thymalin (5–10 mg for five days). Nine started on days 2–5 after injury and eleven on days 10–30. Twelve patients received standard care alone.
Important limitations
- Adjunctive treatment complicates causal attribution. Randomization and blinding have not been verified. Disease-specific observations do not establish benefits in healthy users.
- The investigators selected more severely injured patients for Thymalin. The raw groups differ at baseline, and the earlier graft finding describes only the early-treatment subgroup.
Kazan Medical Journal. 64(1):39–42 · Publication record
Lab research · 2022
Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line
Study of multiple preparations
- Inflammatory response
- Reduced LPS-stimulated TNF/IL-6 in differentiated cells; reduced monocyte adhesion
- Chonluten cell response
- Reduced monocyte TNF; an apoptotic fraction also observed
Five preparations reduced LPS-induced TNF and IL-6 expression in differentiated THP-1 cells and reduced adhesion to activated endothelial cells. Chonluten also reduced monocyte TNF release; the full text notes an apoptotic cell fraction with Chonluten.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.
Design THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.
- Test concentration
- 100 ng/mL per preparation; LPS 100 ng/mL in monocyte/macrophage experiments
Important limitations
- A cell-line experiment, with peptides tested individually. No patient treatment or clinical anti-inflammatory effect was measured. Numerical cytokine reductions are shown graphically rather than supplied as exact data tables.
International journal of molecular sciences 2022 · Journal publication
Thymalin + Dalargin: what was actually studied?
The 1998 ulcer report involves Thymalin and Dalargin, but simultaneous treatment and arm details remain unresolved. Separate cell studies report a 6.8-fold CD28-expression increase and mixed cytokine effects, including increased IL-6 in resting cells.
Study methods, measured results and source limits ↗ · 1998 human-study results ↗
Performance research in context
- Compound class
- Peptide preparation
- Research collection
- Peptide bioregulation · editorial grouping
- Research institutions
- Chita Medical Institute
- Source review
- Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Historical combination-treatment reports; independent efficacy unresolved; historical 120-patient ulcer immune report, with combination treatment arms unresolved
Study methods
Adjunctive burn care
Independent replication
New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks
Source access
Original indexed abstracts and publisher texts; explicit access limits on each record
Safety evidence
Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
Patents and claimed inventions
These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →
Linked sources
Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗
Explore related historical combinations ↗
Related compound research
Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.
Research collection curated by @PepMariner · editorial standards. Send a source correction ↗
Browse bibliography & PDFs ↗