Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve.
Regenerating-fiber growth rate
27% increase
Nerve conduction velocity
40% increase
Cortagen increased regenerating nerve growth rate and conduction velocity in the rat experiment.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Rats after sciatic-nerve transection and suture
Design Rat sciatic-nerve transection/suture model; Cortagen 10 micrograms/kg IM for ten days.
Important limitations
Peripheral-nerve repair in rats does not establish neurological recovery in people. Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised.
Animal peripheral-nerve repair experiment; not human recovery percentages.
Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · PMID 11276314 · Original journal report
Central peptide dosing: rat self-stimulation assay
Study of multiple preparations
Cortagen · central self-stimulation
208.0±26.7 → 270.4±26.4 presses/5 min (+30%)100 µg into the ventricle; lower doses lacked a significance mark.p<0.05 before vs after
Selected row from author abstract Table 4; 496 rats across the program, not one assay.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison
Design 496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison
Reported study exposure
Central series 1, 10 and 100 µg. Systemic comparison 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally.
Important limitations
Within-condition results. Central administration does not prove brain access after systemic dosing.
Table 4 marks within-condition changes from before administration; no verified between-preparation superiority test. Central and systemic behavioral similarities do not directly measure brain penetration or tissue pharmacokinetics. The assays concern behavior and electrical reinforcement, not athlete endurance.
Behavioral effects differed by route, dose and test. The low central dose had an effect in this assay; it does not establish systemic exposure, human dosing or superiority in other outcomes.
Kirov Military Medical Academy dissertation author abstract · Dissertation
Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway.
Study of multiple preparations
Vilon stimulated thymocyte proliferation most strongly; Epitalon was less active and Cortagen showed no such effect.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Mouse thymocytes
Important limitations
A neutral result in one cell assay does not determine effects in other tissues or in people. Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised.
Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · PMID 12420072 · Original journal report
A short peptide containing four amino acids, listed in the 2013 bioregulator catalogue in connection with brain function. This is a research target, not an established treatment benefit.
Listed in the 2013 short-peptide review under the authors’ proposed brain target. This historical label is not an established indication. Underlying studies need individual review.
More study findings
Animal research · 2006
Age and baseline anxiety in Lysenko’s peptide stress models
Study of multiple preparations
High-anxiety young rats
Vilon and GVS-111 were highlighted in the author’s conclusionsOriginal group-level numerical estimates and doses still need retrieval.
Stress-response direction
Favorable and unfavorable responses describedThe author discusses this for GVS-111 and an experimental preparation called NKT. NKT identity remains unresolved.
The author reported that the direction of peptide-associated changes depended on age and baseline anxiety. Some shifts were unfavorable.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Rats grouped by age and baseline anxiety; series-specific denominators remain unverified.
Design Hypokinesia, hypoxia and exertion models, with behavioral, immune and oxidative endpoints. Twenty-four-hour hypokinesia was one stress protocol.
Important limitations
Potential overlap with narrower author-network dissertations, including Morgul and Rudenko. Outcomes cannot be pooled or assigned to humans.
A mechanistic program on stress response. The dissertation-level conclusion does not isolate all preparation-specific effects.
Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions · Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions
No change reported in pedal-press frequencyAt the systemic doses in this article; does not contradict the separate central-dose comparisons.
Porsolt immobility
Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and SelankThis unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.
Separate comparisons in an assay battery.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery
Design 192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery
Reported study exposure
1 mg/kg intraperitoneally in the rat study.
Important limitations
Electrical self-stimulation and immobility do not measure athletic endurance.
Multiple behavioral comparisons, endpoint-specific group sizes and precise uncertainties need table recovery. Deltaran is the tested DSIP-containing formulation; no result for isolated DSIP can be inferred. The 2015 dissertation used separate doses/routes; it is not confirmed as independent replication of every experiment.
Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.
Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357 · Original journal article
[Cortexin and cortagen as correcting agents in functional and metabolic disorders in the brain in chronic ischemia].
Study of multiple preparations
Cortagen and Cortexin accelerated recovery of disturbed behavior and reduced oxidative-stress changes.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Rats with experimental chronic brain ischemia
Important limitations
Chronic experimental ischemia is not an acute-stroke trial or evidence of human benefit. Full methods, reporting completeness and independent replication remain to be appraised.
Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia · PMID 21476278 · Original journal report
Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects
Study of multiple preparations
Chromatin readouts
Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied
Five short peptides increased ribosomal-gene activity and altered condensed chromatin in sampled leukocytes. Epitalon, Livagen and Prostamax changed chromosome-1 pericentromeric chromatin; Epitalon and Livagen also changed chromosome 9.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.
Design Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.
Donor ages
75–88 years
Important limitations
People donated cells; they were not treated in a clinical trial. Chromatin changes do not establish rejuvenation or longer life. Related chromatin-program publications may overlap.
Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2004 · Journal publication
Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarray
Transcripts with significant change
234 / 15,247 (1.53%); 110 known genes
Largest expression shifts
5.42-fold up; 2.86-fold downPaper reports signed values +5.42 and −2.86
Cortagen changed 234 of 15,247 assayed cardiac transcripts (1.53%), matching 110 known genes. Maximum reported changes were 5.42-fold up and 2.86-fold down.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model Female 6-month-old CBA mice given Cortagen injections for five days; cardiac gene-expression assay.
Design Female 6-month-old CBA mice given Cortagen injections for five days; cardiac gene-expression assay.
Important limitations
The experiment measured mouse heart gene expression. Human peripheral-nerve claims in the introduction are background, not clinical results from this study.
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Newly recovered sources are animal or cell experiments; no human intervention established by these records
Study methods
Compound-specific original abstracts recovered; see individual models, comparators and limits
Independent replication
New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks
Source access
New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source
Safety evidence
Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and history
What remains unclear
The original report and protocol would clarify group sizes, background treatment and translation. Independent replication and equivalence to current products remain uncertain.
No human intervention report has been identified among the linked records; unclassified archival leads may remain. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Evidence belongs to the preparation actually studied. A tissue extract and a synthetic peptide can belong to the same research tradition without having equivalent effects or safety.
Brain: the molecular link
Cortexin / brain polypeptide preparations → Pinealon / EDR; separate Cortagen research
The 2020 analytical paper detects EDR in brain complex. The broader neuropeptide literature discusses Cortexin and short peptides; molecular detection alone does not equate preparations.
Clinical evidence and limitations
Cortexin has condition-specific clinical reports and ESCORT. Its stroke evidence needs the independent Cochrane assessment alongside positive original reports.
The clinical findings concern Cortexin. Pinealon and Cortagen have their own evidence. Cortagen’s direct parent-product characterization and additional primary studies remain recovery targets.
PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Patents and claimed inventions
These 2 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2026 · EP4758157A1 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analoguesModified analogue · Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold
Reported findings
The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.
GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay
Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-foldAs stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary
41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parentThe text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints
Modified analogue. The family claims chemically modified peptides, including acetylated parent sequences extended with C-terminal arginine amide; it also has a 2025 WO publication.
Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.
The trauma comparison reports better test scores during Cortagen-containing care. The dementia percentage claim is not consistent with a straightforward 12-person responder count.
2006 · Age and baseline anxiety in Lysenko’s peptide stress modelsHigh-anxiety young rats: Vilon and GVS-111 were highlighted in the author’s conclusions
2006Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope
· Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions
Format: Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable. · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
A. V. Lysenko · Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions
The author reported that the direction of peptide-associated changes depended on age and baseline anxiety. Some shifts were unfavorable.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The author reported that the direction of peptide-associated changes depended on age and baseline anxiety. Some shifts were unfavorable.
Hypokinesia, hypoxia and exertion models, with behavioral, immune and oxidative endpoints. Twenty-four-hour hypokinesia was one stress protocol.
Results · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
High-anxiety young rats
Vilon and GVS-111 were highlighted in the author’s conclusions
Original group-level numerical estimates and doses still need retrieval.
Stress-response direction
Favorable and unfavorable responses described
The author discusses this for GVS-111 and an experimental preparation called NKT. NKT identity remains unresolved.
A mechanistic program on stress response. The dissertation-level conclusion does not isolate all preparation-specific effects.
Rats grouped by age and baseline anxiety; series-specific denominators remain unverified.
Source reviewed
Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Study limitations
Potential overlap with narrower author-network dissertations, including Morgul and Rudenko. Outcomes cannot be pooled or assigned to humans.
Reviewed 2026-11-09.
Read the source ↗2015 · Oleyl-Cortagen versus Cortagen: central and systemic rat assaysCortagen · central self-stimulation: 208.0±26.7 → 270.4±26.4 presses/5 min (+30%)
2015Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope
Oleyl-Ala–Glu–Asp–Pro is lipid-modified Cortagen. Cortexin and Cerebrolysin were separate tissue peptide comparators. · Dissertation
Format: Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
I. M. Voeyikov · Kirov Military Medical Academy dissertation author abstract
In Table 4, Oleyl-Cortagen increased hypothalamic self-stimulation at the smallest central dose. The response weakened at higher central doses. Cortagen, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin showed different dose patterns.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
In Table 4, Oleyl-Cortagen increased hypothalamic self-stimulation at the smallest central dose. The response weakened at higher central doses. Cortagen, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin showed different dose patterns.
496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison
Dose, route and schedule
Central experiments: 1, 10 or 100 µg into a lateral ventricle, 5–10 minutes before testing. Systemic methods list Cortagen and Oleyl-Cortagen at 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally, Cortexin and Cerebrolysin at 1 mg/kg; saline control.
Protocol source ↗ · Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable
Results · Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · central self-stimulation
159.7±16.2 → 199.1±19.1 presses/5 min (+25%)
1 µg into the ventricle; 10 and 100 µg produced +19% and +6% without significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after at 1 µg
Cortagen · central self-stimulation
208.0±26.7 → 270.4±26.4 presses/5 min (+30%)
100 µg into the ventricle; lower doses lacked a significance mark. · p<0.05 before vs after
Cortexin · central self-stimulation
209.3±22.9 → 295.1±26.2 presses/5 min (+41%)
100 µg into the ventricle; 1 and 10 µg lacked significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after
Cerebrolysin · central self-stimulation
220.8±21.2 → 280.2±14.2 presses/5 min (+27%)
10 µg into the ventricle; 1 and 100 µg lacked significance marks. · p<0.05 before vs after
Anxiety-related behavior
Oleyl-Cortagen’s central maze response was described as weaker than Cortagen’s
The direction and magnitude depend on assay and dose; lipidation did not improve every endpoint.
Asterisk: p<0.05 versus the same condition before dosing. Percentages and mismatch coefficients are as transcribed; original scan and exact arm denominators were not recovered.
Behavioral effects differed by route, dose and test. The low central dose had an effect in this assay; it does not establish systemic exposure, human dosing or superiority in other outcomes.
496 Wistar rats (200–220 g) across several behavioral experiments; not the denominator for a single comparison
Source reviewed
Original author-abstract transcription with methods and Table 4; original full dissertation scan unavailable
Study limitations
Table 4 marks within-condition changes from before administration; no verified between-preparation superiority test.
Central and systemic behavioral similarities do not directly measure brain penetration or tissue pharmacokinetics.
The assays concern behavior and electrical reinforcement, not athlete endurance.
Reviewed 2026-11-08.
Read the source ↗2009 · Shabanov’s rat peptide behavior comparison: Oleyl-Cortagen and CortexinCortagen and Cerebrolysin · self-stimulation: No change reported in pedal-press frequency
Format: Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations
P. D. Shabanov et al. · Medical Academic Journal, 2009; publisher article 9357
Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Oleyl-Cortagen and Cortexin increased hypothalamic self-stimulation by 32% and 23%, respectively. Cortagen and Cerebrolysin did not change this outcome; other behavioral assays differed.
192 Wistar rats, 200–220 g; methods describe at least 10–12 per group across a behavioral test battery
Protocol source ↗ · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered
Results · Publisher full-text methods and results narrative; original PDF tables not recovered
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Oleyl-Cortagen · self-stimulation
+32% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses
Reported relative increase, not an endurance or strength endpoint.
Cortexin · self-stimulation
+23% in lateral-hypothalamic pedal presses
Reported relative increase; no direct statistical test versus Oleyl-Cortagen supplied in narrative.
Cortagen and Cerebrolysin · self-stimulation
No change reported in pedal-press frequency
At the systemic doses in this article; does not contradict the separate central-dose comparisons.
Open-field behavior
Oleyl-Cortagen increased horizontal and vertical movement but halved hole exploration
Cortexin and Cerebrolysin increased horizontal movement; Dilept reduced horizontal and vertical movement.
Noopept, Semax, Selank and Dilept · vertical activity
Reduced vertical movements reported
Compound-specific rat behavior at the stated doses, not a measure of human alertness.
Porsolt immobility
Lower with Oleyl-Cortagen, Dilept and Cortexin; higher with Cerebrolysin, Semax, Cortagen and Selank
This unweighted behavior assay is distinct from loaded endurance swimming. Piracetam was inactive in the report.
Deltaran · grooming
Grooming reactions increased
The report tested Deltaran, a DSIP-containing formulation; this observation is not assigned to isolated DSIP.
Opposing effects across assays are informative. Electrical self-stimulation and immobility are behavior readouts, and neither establishes improved human motivation or endurance.
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Filip Majewski · EP4758157A1 · patent family 88092996
The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.
Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.
Results · Experimental Examples 2.2–2.6 and Example 3; cell, telomerase and stability narratives.
As stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary
41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parent
The text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints
Cortagen-related Ki-67
Approximately threefold expression-area increase for modified peptide versus more than twofold for parent at different stated concentrations
Different tested exposures prevent a simple potency ratio
Storage and chemical stability
Modified compounds described as more stable in comparison assays
Individual stability-table values not transcribed; no human half-life established
In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.
Patent laboratory comparisons of modified versus parent peptides; no verified human treatment cohort.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.
In-vitro findings, unclear units and very large proliferation claims require independent verification. Modified analogues are not the parent peptides, and no human regeneration or longevity effect follows.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2007 · Cortagen: AEDP molecular and neuronal-use claims — US7189701B1Trauma corrective test: characters: 2,519.6 ± 105.3 Cortagen, 2,193.3 ± 120.6 Cerebrolysin, 1,977.4 ± 186.4 conventional care
2007Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Vladimir K. Khavinson, Vyacheslav G. Morozov, Vladimir V. Malinin, Evgeny I. Grigoriev · US7189701B1 · patent family 20225904
The trauma comparison reports better test scores during Cortagen-containing care. The dementia percentage claim is not consistent with a straightforward 12-person responder count.
Results and tables
Reported patent results
Reported findings
The trauma comparison reports better test scores during Cortagen-containing care. The dementia percentage claim is not consistent with a straightforward 12-person responder count.
Cortagen patent: 35 post-traumatic patients in three groups (15 Cortagen, 10 conventional care, 10 Cerebrolysin adjunct); separate 12-patient vascular-dementia example.
Results · Clinical trauma Tables 5–6 and separate 12-patient dementia example.
Three patent-described treatment groups · Cortagen versus conventional: p<0.05
Trauma corrective test: mistakes
6.3 ± 1.1, 9.4 ± 1.7 and 10.5 ± 1.9, respectively
Same group order; not a blinded modern cognitive trial
Dementia example
Narrative claims 74.8% symptom reversal among 12 patients
This percentage cannot be converted into an exact number of responders; no contemporary control specified
Unverified allocation/masking, small cohorts and reporting inconsistencies limit inference. Shared EEG values with the Pinealon patent do not establish independent replication; no proven brain repair follows.
Cortagen patent: 35 post-traumatic patients in three groups (15 Cortagen, 10 conventional care, 10 Cerebrolysin adjunct); separate 12-patient vascular-dementia example.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
The defined tetrapeptide differs from the Cortexin extract; proposed neuronal effects are not established clinical outcomes.
Unverified allocation/masking, small cohorts and reporting inconsistencies limit inference. Shared EEG values with the Pinealon patent do not establish independent replication; no proven brain repair follows.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2004 · Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjectsChromatin readouts: Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied
Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Malinin VV · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2004
Five short peptides increased ribosomal-gene activity and altered condensed chromatin in sampled leukocytes. Epitalon, Livagen and Prostamax changed chromosome-1 pericentromeric chromatin; Epitalon and Livagen also changed chromosome 9.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Five short peptides increased ribosomal-gene activity and altered condensed chromatin in sampled leukocytes. Epitalon, Livagen and Prostamax changed chromosome-1 pericentromeric chromatin; Epitalon and Livagen also changed chromosome 9.
Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.
Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Chromatin readouts
Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied
Donor ages
75–88 years
People donated cells; they were not treated in a clinical trial. Chromatin changes do not establish rejuvenation or longer life. Related chromatin-program publications may overlap.
Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.
Source reviewed
Original-publication metadata and indexed abstract checked in Europe PMC. No unavailable full-text figures inferred.
Study limitations
People donated cells; they were not treated in a clinical trial. Chromatin changes do not establish rejuvenation or longer life. Related chromatin-program publications may overlap.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2004 · Elucidation of the effect of brain cortex tetrapeptide Cortagen on gene expression in mouse heart by microarrayTranscripts with significant change: 234 / 15,247 (1.53%); 110 known genes
Cortagen changed 234 of 15,247 assayed cardiac transcripts (1.53%), matching 110 known genes. Maximum reported changes were 5.42-fold up and 2.86-fold down.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Cortagen changed 234 of 15,247 assayed cardiac transcripts (1.53%), matching 110 known genes. Maximum reported changes were 5.42-fold up and 2.86-fold down.
Female 6-month-old CBA mice given Cortagen injections for five days; cardiac gene-expression assay.
Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Transcripts with significant change
234 / 15,247 (1.53%); 110 known genes
Largest expression shifts
5.42-fold up; 2.86-fold down
Paper reports signed values +5.42 and −2.86
The experiment measured mouse heart gene expression. Human peripheral-nerve claims in the introduction are background, not clinical results from this study.
Female 6-month-old CBA mice given Cortagen injections for five days; cardiac gene-expression assay.
Source reviewed
Original-publication metadata and indexed abstract checked in Europe PMC. No unavailable full-text figures inferred.
Study limitations
The experiment measured mouse heart gene expression. Human peripheral-nerve claims in the introduction are background, not clinical results from this study.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2000 · Effect of tetrapeptide cortagen on regeneration of sciatic nerve.Regenerating-fiber growth rate: 27% increase
R. S. Umnov, N. S. Linkova, V. Kh. Khavinson · Adv Gerontol. 26(4):671–678. PMID 24738258
A gateway review comparing polypeptide complexes (Cortexin and Cerebrolysin) with short peptides (Semax, Cortagen and Pinealon). It discusses older populations and cellular mechanisms; the abstract supplies no trial-quality assessment.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Indexed English abstract checked; Russian full text not retrieved.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.
Reviewed 2026-09-27.
Read the source ↗2013 · Mechanism of Biological Activity of Short Peptides: Cell Penetration and Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
V. Kh. Khavinson, A. Yu. Solovyev, S. I. Tarnovskaya, N. S. Linkova · Biology Bulletin Reviews 3(6):451–455
Mechanistic review with a table of 15 short peptides on page 453. Tissue labels in the research map are the authors’ proposed targets, not established clinical indications.
Population / setting
Review of earlier research
Source reviewed
Author-hosted English PDF and its peptide table checked. Each cited experiment remains a separate appraisal task.
Study limitations
Source-linked does not mean a completed risk-of-bias review.
A review is not an independent clinical replication; proposed mechanisms do not establish efficacy or safety.