COMPOUND RECORD / EPITALON

Epitalon (Epithalon): telomeres, studies and safetyЭпиталон

SleepLongevity

Source linked

What the studies found

Controlled study in people · 2007

Human trial: nighttime melatonin rose from 20 to 49 pg/mL

03:00 melatonin · low-baseline subgroup: 20 ± 4 → 49 ± 7 pg/mLEpitalon n=12; saline n=8: 27 ± 4 → 25 ± 4 pg/mLp<0.05 versus baseline and post-treatment saline
21:00 melatonin: 12 ± 3 → 25 ± 4 pg/mLSaline: 12 ± 3 → 11 ± 3 pg/mLp<0.05 versus baseline and post-treatment saline
Preserved baseline pineal function: No melatonin change in 3 Epitalon recipients

In older adults with low baseline melatonin, Epitalon increased 03:00 plasma melatonin from 20 ± 4 to 49 ± 7 pg/mL; saline changed from 27 ± 4 to 25 ± 4. Evening melatonin also rose, while daytime concentrations did not change significantly.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 40 older intervention participants: 15 Epitalon, 15 Epithalamin and 10 saline; 10 young references. Baseline survey separately included 49 older and 15 younger people.

Important limitations

The Epitalon low-melatonin comparison contains 12 treated and 8 saline recipients; the three Epitalon recipients with preserved function showed no change. These are hormone measurements, not demonstrated sleep improvement or lifespan extension. Human and monkey results are separate.

Adv Gerontol. 20(1):74–85 · Publication record

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Comparison in people · 2002

Human retinal study reported better acuity and visual fields

Reported overall clinical effect: More than 90% of treated casesAuthors’ overall assessment; not the same endpoint as control visual-function response
Average visual-acuity gain: 0.15–0.25A 0.4 gain reported in 18 eyes (7.6% as printed)
Visual-field expansion: 90–120° in 64.8%Total visual-field borders; control expansion 40–50° reported in 86.9%

The authors reported a positive clinical effect in more than 90% of Epitalon-treated retinitis-pigmentosa cases. Visual acuity rose by an average of 0.15–0.25; total visual-field borders expanded by 90–120° in 64.8% of treated cases. Conventional-care controls had visual-function improvement in 31.5% of cases.

More reported outcomes

Control visual-function improvement: 31.5% of casesMaximum acuity gain of 0.15 in 4.3%; acuity decreased in 4 eyes
Adverse effects: None reported by the authorsNo systematic long-term safety denominator or follow-up established

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 162 patients (324 eyes), ages 18–72, examined; the report identifies 46 control patients (92 eyes).

Important limitations

Allocation and masking are not described sufficiently to establish a randomized trial. Percentages refer to different outcomes and sometimes eyes; they are not one common response measure. The methods state 162 patients examined and 46 controls; do not describe 162 as the treated-arm size. The paper reports 18 eyes as 7.6%, a denominator not fully reconciled in the text. Retinal-disease findings do not demonstrate healthy-person vision enhancement or longevity.

Neuroendocrinol Lett. 23(4):365–368 · Publication record

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2007

Epitalon in pregnant rats

Offspring body weight: 73.6 ± 2.6 g versus 83.4 ± 4.9 gEpitalon-exposed versus pooled control offspringDay 40Narrative describes significantly reduced growth; exact p-value/uncertainty type not specified
Parietal cortex thickness: 1528 ± 34 versus 1350 ± 36 µmExposed versus pooled controlsDay 40Described as significant; exact p-value absent
Layer I thickness / layer II neuron count: 137 ± 2 versus 129 ± 2 µm; 21.3 ± 0.8 versus 16.9 ± 0.5 cells per standard fieldMeasurements are structural differences, not proof of improved functionDay 40

At day 40, exposed offspring weighed 73.6±2.6 g versus 83.4±4.9 g in pooled controls. Cortical measurements increased, while behavior at day 30 suggested less exploration and more anxiety. Larger brain measurements were not demonstrated benefits.

More reported outcomes

Behavioral direction: Less exploration and open-arm activity; more time in closed arms, grooming and sniffingAuthors interpret reduced exploratory activity and increased anxietyDay 30
Neutral findings: No significant body-weight differences at days 1, 14, 21 or 30; no absolute brain/hemisphere weight difference at days 1–40

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model 44 pups from five treated dams; control offspring n=16 from three intact dams and n=14 from two saline-treated dams. Day-1 and day-40 tissue groups n=36 and n=38 overall.

Design Pregnant rats received two Epitalon injections on gestation days 18 and 20; pooled intact/saline offspring controls. Histology at postnatal days 1 and 40, elevated-plus-maze behavior at day 30. No hypoxic injury was induced.

Important limitations

Small maternal sample: five treated dams, three intact and two saline dams. Pup counts include offspring from the same litter.
Small maternal sample: five treated dams, three intact and two saline dams. Pup counts include offspring from the same litter. Random allocation, masking, sex-stratified analysis and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Numerical behavioral scores are absent. Reduced growth and increased anxiety-related behavior prevent describing these results as uniformly neuroprotective or as pregnancy-safety evidence.

Far Eastern Medical Journal / Dalnevostochnyi meditsinskii zhurnal. 2007;(2):131–132 · Original journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Source for the reported results ↗

Study results and tables ↗

01 / OVERVIEW

What is Epitalon (Epithalon)?

Names in this research collection

AEDG · Epithalon

A synthetic four-amino-acid peptide, also called AEDG, developed from pineal-gland peptide research. It is distinct from the tissue extract Epithalamin.

Identity / background source ↗

Research background

Synthetic AEDG has direct human hormone and retinal findings. Long-term Epithalamin mortality studies concern the extract and are kept separate.

RESEARCH GUIDE / UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Epitalon (Epithalon): what the evidence shows

Epitalon, also spelled Epithalon, is the synthetic AEDG tetrapeptide. Human hormone studies and cell-level telomere findings are relevant research leads, but they do not establish human lifespan extension.

Curated by Molekul / @PepMariner. This guide summarizes linked source records; it is not an independent clinical review. Each source states what was inspected.

Human melatonin: a small subgroup comparison

In the low-melatonin subgroup of a 2007 report, 03:00 melatonin rose from 20 ± 4 to 49 ± 7 pg/mL in 12 Epitalon recipients; eight saline recipients changed from 27 ± 4 to 25 ± 4. Three Epitalon recipients with preserved baseline function showed no change. Hormone changes are not measured sleep improvement.

2007: Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people ↗

Telomeres: cells, with a published correction

The 2025 cell-line study reported telomere extension through telomerase-related changes in normal cells and alternative lengthening of telomeres in cancer cell lines. Figures 1–3 were corrected. These results do not demonstrate longer life in people or establish clinical cancer safety.

Epithalamin and Epitalon need separate evidence

Epithalamin is a pineal-derived peptide mixture; Epitalon is a defined four-amino-acid molecule. Long-term extract studies cannot be treated as trials proving that synthetic Epitalon extends human lifespan.

Questions about effects and safety ↓ · All linked studies and patents ↓

Pregnancy and offspring research

Small maternal sample: five treated dams, three intact and two saline dams. Pup counts include offspring from the same litter.

Reported findings and methods ↗ · Pregnancy research: full evidence review and archive ↗

More study findings

Comparison in people · 2009

Epitalon and Cortexin after acute systemic cold injury

Study of multiple preparations

Severe cold injury · day-five neuron-specific enolase: 23.2 ng/mL combined vs 58.9 standard careCortexin alone 35.3; Epitalon alone 45.0 ng/mL. The source marks p<0.05 for Cortexin and the pair versus standard care.
Moderate cold injury · day-five neuron-specific enolase: 11.3 ng/mL combined vs 15.1 standard careEpitalon 14.8 and Cortexin 14.4 ng/mL. Selected small subgroups.
Consciousness and immune markers: Faster recovery and altered immune measures describedOriginal allocation and longer-term functional outcomes remain unresolved.

In the severe-injury table, day-five neuron-specific enolase was 23.2 ng/mL with both agents and 58.9 ng/mL with standard care. No formal interaction analysis was reported.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Hospitalized cold-injury patients. Three adjunct arms had 25 patients each. The severity-specific outcome tables use smaller subgroups.

Design Standard care alone or with Epitalon, Cortexin or both. Serial neuron-specific enolase, immune measures and clinical observations.

Reported study exposure: The author abstract reports intramuscular Epitalon 10 µg and Cortexin 10 mg daily for ten days, separately or together depending on arm.

Important limitations

A historical treatment comparison with substantial concurrent care, small subgroup sizes and an imperfect source transcription.
This is a patient rehabilitation study. The biomarker changes do not establish cold tolerance in healthy people.

Candidate dissertation author abstract, Tables 1–3 · Candidate dissertation author abstract, Tables 1–3

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2006

Age and baseline anxiety in Lysenko’s peptide stress models

Study of multiple preparations

High-anxiety young rats: Vilon and GVS-111 were highlighted in the author’s conclusionsOriginal group-level numerical estimates and doses still need retrieval.
Stress-response direction: Favorable and unfavorable responses describedThe author discusses this for GVS-111 and an experimental preparation called NKT. NKT identity remains unresolved.

The author reported that the direction of peptide-associated changes depended on age and baseline anxiety. Some shifts were unfavorable.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Rats grouped by age and baseline anxiety; series-specific denominators remain unverified.

Design Hypokinesia, hypoxia and exertion models, with behavioral, immune and oxidative endpoints. Twenty-four-hour hypokinesia was one stress protocol.

Important limitations

Potential overlap with narrower author-network dissertations, including Morgul and Rudenko. Outcomes cannot be pooled or assigned to humans.
A mechanistic program on stress response. The dissertation-level conclusion does not isolate all preparation-specific effects.

Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions · Doctoral dissertation, 244 pp., introduction and conclusions

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2008

Epitalon in the separate adult-hypoxia arm

Study of multiple preparations

Respiration arrest: 150 ± 38 secondsSaline 72 ± 10 seconds; n=10/groupp<0.08; not a demonstrated p<0.05 difference
Adult mortality: 20%Saline 10%; very small groups, no verified mortality difference test

In adult male rats, Epitalon was associated with 150 ± 38 seconds to respiration arrest versus 72±10 with saline. This arm did not expose pregnant animals to Epitalon.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Pregnant rats exposed to hypoxia on gestation day 10; separate adult-male experiment, n=10/group; offspring open-field strata n=6, 11, 9 and 12

Design Two distinct experiments: five-day pretreatment in adult males, and maternal Pinealon after gestation-day-10 hypoxia. Offspring cerebellar cells tested at day 12; open-field behavior at four weeks, stratified by maternal hypoxia sensitivity.

Important limitations

Only Pinealon was studied in the maternal arm of this publication. Adult hypoxia findings are adjacent context, not pregnancy-safety evidence.
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper. Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures. Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results. The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.

Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;418:7–10; Russian original Doklady Akademii Nauk 418(3):419–422. PMID 21249538 · Original journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Source for the reported results ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2012

Melatonin and pineal gland peptides are able to correct the impairment of reproductive cycles in rats

Study of multiple preparations

Epithalamin: Recovery of norepinephrine diurnal dynamics in medial preoptic areaNorepinephrine decreased between 09:30 and 11:00 circadian time
Epitalon: Dopamine remained low at 05:00 and increased by 11:00 circadian timeMedian eminence/arcuate region; no numerical concentrations supplied
Pregnancy and fertility outcomes: No pregnant cohort, congenital-anomaly rate or verified live-birth benefit in the abstract

Epithalamin reportedly restored hypothalamic norepinephrine rhythms, while Epitalon had a stronger dopamine-rhythm effect in another hypothalamic region. The experiment used 1,2-dimethylhydrazine, not a pregnancy model or a methionine-only intervention.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Nonpregnant female rats in a xenobiotic-induced reproductive-aging model; n absent from abstract

Design Single 1,2-dimethylhydrazine exposure in female rats; region- and circadian-time-specific catecholamine measurements after melatonin or pineal-peptide interventions.

Important limitations

Reproductive-cycle neurochemistry is not pregnancy-safety evidence or proof of improved human fertility.
Reproductive-cycle neurochemistry is not pregnancy-safety evidence or proof of improved human fertility. Epitalon is a defined tetrapeptide; Epithalamin is a bovine pineal peptide extract. Their findings are not interchangeable. Doses, n, allocation, quantitative effect sizes and adverse-event surveillance unavailable in the abstract.

Current aging science. 2012;5(3):178-85. PMID 23237594 · Original journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2003

Epitalon did not change melatonin release from perifused rat pineal glands

Basal melatonin secretion: No statistically significant effect in either age group
Isoproterenol-stimulated secretion: No change with AEDG reported

AEDG at 1–100 µM did not significantly change melatonin secretion in either age group. It also did not change the response to isoproterenol.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Pineal glands from 9-week-old and 27-month-old male Wistar rats.

Design Perifused glands from young and old male Wistar rats were exposed to AEDG at 1–100 µM. A separate condition tested melatonin secretion stimulated by isoproterenol.

Important limitations

The abstract does not provide sample sizes, numerical secretion values or confidence intervals. This ex vivo preparation differs from dissociated pinealocyte culture and human circadian measurements.

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 2003;26(3):211–215. PMID 12809170. · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2012

Epitalon and Vilon in rat pinealocyte culture

Study of multiple preparations

Epitalon and melatonin: Higher melatonin in culture medium reported
AANAT and phosphorylated CREB: Increases with Epitalon; stronger expression with norepinephrine plus peptides

The abstract reports increased AANAT and phosphorylated CREB and higher culture-medium melatonin with Epitalon. It describes stronger marker expression when norepinephrine was added with the peptides.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Cultured rat pinealocytes.

Design Rat pinealocytes were exposed to Epitalon or Vilon, with norepinephrine in additional conditions. The study assessed AANAT, phosphorylated CREB and melatonin in culture medium.

Important limitations

The abstract does not give arm-level magnitudes, sample sizes or concentrations. It attributes the standalone melatonin increase to Epitalon. A culture response cannot establish improved sleep in people.

Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2012;153(2):255–258. PMID 22816096. · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Study involving people · 2020

Human circadian study: urinary melatonin metabolite increased 1.7-fold

Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin: 1.7-fold increaseComparator not specified in the abstract
Clock / Csnk1e expression: 1.9–2.1-fold normalization of overexpression
Cry2 expression: 2-fold increase

The human study reports a 1.7-fold increase in urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, 1.9–2.1-fold normalization of Clock/Csnk1e overexpression and a twofold increase in Cry2 expression.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Middle-aged people with reduced melatonin-producing function; no cohort size given in the indexed abstract.

Important limitations

The abstract does not specify the comparator for the urinary 1.7-fold figure or provide absolute concentrations. The English translation (10.1134/S2079057021010380) is the same publication, not another trial. The related 2021 World Heart Journal report is grouped because cohort overlap is unresolved.

Adv Gerontol. 33(3):429–435; English translation: Advances in Gerontology 11:53–58 (2021) · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2003

Effect of new peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum

Study of multiple preparations

Enkephalinase inhibition, IC50: Livagen 20 µM; Epitalon 500 µMConcentrations producing 50% inhibition in the serum assay
Opioid-receptor binding: No interaction detected at tested µ- or δ-receptorsRat-brain membrane assay

Livagen and Epitalon inhibited enkephalin breakdown in human serum, with IC50 values of 20 and 500 µM respectively. Neither bound the tested µ- or δ-opioid receptors.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Human-serum enzyme assay and rat-brain membrane receptor-binding assay.

Design Human-serum enzyme assay and rat-brain membrane receptor-binding assay.

Important limitations

These are laboratory concentrations and enzyme endpoints, not evidence of opioid-like clinical effects or an effective human dose.

Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia 2003 · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2001

Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen

Study of multiple preparations

Protein synthesis: Increased with Livagen; unchanged with EpitalonCultured rat hepatocytes

Livagen increased protein synthesis in cultured rat liver cells, most strongly in cells from old animals. Epitalon did not change protein-synthesis intensity in this experiment.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Cultured hepatocytes from rats aged 1–24 months.

Design Cultured hepatocytes from rats aged 1–24 months.

Age range: 1–24 months

Important limitations

The animals supplied cells; this was not a treatment trial in living rats or people.

Izvestiia Akademii nauk. Seriia biologicheskaia 2001 · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2004

Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects

Study of multiple preparations

Chromatin readouts: Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied

Five short peptides increased ribosomal-gene activity and altered condensed chromatin in sampled leukocytes. Epitalon, Livagen and Prostamax changed chromosome-1 pericentromeric chromatin; Epitalon and Livagen also changed chromosome 9.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.

Design Leukocytes sampled from people aged 75–88 years and exposed to peptides in culture.

Donor ages: 75–88 years

Important limitations

People donated cells; they were not treated in a clinical trial. Chromatin changes do not establish rejuvenation or longer life. Related chromatin-program publications may overlap.

Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 2004 · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Lab research · 2022

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line

Study of multiple preparations

Inflammatory response: Reduced LPS-stimulated TNF/IL-6 in differentiated cells; reduced monocyte adhesion
Chonluten cell response: Reduced monocyte TNF; an apoptotic fraction also observed

Five preparations reduced LPS-induced TNF and IL-6 expression in differentiated THP-1 cells and reduced adhesion to activated endothelial cells. Chonluten also reduced monocyte TNF release; the full text notes an apoptotic cell fraction with Chonluten.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.

Design THP-1 leukemia-derived monocytes, differentiated macrophages and an activated HUVEC endothelial adhesion model.

Test concentration: 100 ng/mL per preparation; LPS 100 ng/mL in monocyte/macrophage experiments

Important limitations

A cell-line experiment, with peptides tested individually. No patient treatment or clinical anti-inflammatory effect was measured. Numerical cytokine reductions are shown graphically rather than supplied as exact data tables.

International journal of molecular sciences 2022 · Journal publication

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Review of earlier studies · 2026

Epitalon and Epithalamin: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic, Preclinical, and Clinical Evidence.

Study of multiple preparations

This 2026 review separates synthetic Epitalon from the pineal extract Epithalamin. It brings together work on telomeres, circadian rhythms and cellular aging, while finding that clinical benefit and long-term safety still need stronger human studies.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Narrative review of experimental and human literature through 22 September 2026

Important limitations

Narrative synthesis, not a new experiment or a pooled estimate of treatment benefit. Epithalamin extract findings cannot be assigned directly to synthetic Epitalon.

International journal of molecular sciences · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2026

LCP2 mediates SUV39H1-driven cellular senescence-related chemoresistance in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.

The authors report that targeting a senescence-related pathway with Epitalon and Chaetocin partly removed therapy-induced senescent cells and improved chemotherapy response in experimental models. Patient plasma was used for biomarker analysis, not to test Epitalon treatment.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Drug-resistant lymphoma cell models, patient plasma biomarker analysis and an in-vivo experimental model

Important limitations

The abstract discusses Epitalon and Chaetocin together; it does not establish an isolated Epitalon effect or support self-treatment of cancer. Animal and laboratory findings do not establish benefit in people. Abstract only. Full methods, sample-size details and adverse-event tables were outside the review.

Cell death & disease · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Experiment described in a patent · 2023

Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1

GHK-Cu at 60 minutes: 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparatorsFormulation examples; not a clinical skin or wound outcome60 minutes
Epithalon at 60 minutes: 360 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 310 and 50 pg/mL comparatorsIndividual patent pharmacokinetic example60 minutes

A capsule-in-capsule Epitalon formulation produced higher reported plasma concentrations than two comparison capsules. At 120 minutes, Table 4 reports 18,600 pg/mL versus 3,000 and 1,000 pg/mL.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Patent describes oral administration to a patient; group size and allocation are not adequately described

Design Oral peptide-delivery patent examples described as administration to a patient; sample size, repeatability and assay validation are not established.

Important limitations

Patent-reported measurements, not a peer-reviewed clinical trial or an absolute bioavailability estimate. Results concern a specific formulation; they cannot be transferred to ordinary capsules. Table 3 and Table 4 differ for the second comparator.
Plasma measurements alone do not establish absolute bioavailability, clinical benefit or oral equivalence. Assay specificity, replication and patient characteristics are incompletely reported.

European patent application EP4226918A1 · Patent report

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Research updates ↗

Compound class: Bioregulator
Research collection: Peptide bioregulation · editorial grouping
Research institutions: No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review: Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.

02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research Human melatonin, circadian-marker and retinal studies
Study methods Small controlled comparisons; related circadian reports grouped
Independent replication New citations are not automatically independent replication; shared programs and translated reports require cohort checks
Source access New indexed primary abstracts and/or report reproductions linked; review depth shown per source
Safety evidence Reported tolerability is not proof of safety; uncommon harms and long-term outcomes remain unresolved

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

Questions about Epitalon (Epithalon)

What is Epitalon, and is Epithalon the same peptide?

Epitalon and Epithalon are spellings used for the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala–Glu–Asp–Gly (AEDG). Epithalamin is a pineal-derived mixture, while Pinealon is the different tripeptide EDR. Similar names do not establish equivalent effects.

Does Epitalon lengthen telomeres?

Telomere lengthening has been reported in cell experiments. The 2025 paper describes different telomere-maintenance responses in normal and cancer cell lines and has an accompanying correction to Figures 1–3. A cultured-cell finding does not establish a useful treatment effect or longevity benefit in humans.

Are there human studies proving Epitalon extends lifespan?

The direct synthetic-Epitalon studies linked here do not establish human lifespan extension. There are human melatonin, circadian-marker and retinal reports, but these outcomes are different from survival. Long-term findings for the Epithalamin extract cannot be transferred to AEDG.

Does Epitalon improve sleep?

Small human studies report changes in melatonin or circadian-related markers. The 2007 low-melatonin subgroup had a higher nighttime melatonin concentration after treatment, while participants with preserved function showed no change. These measurements do not by themselves demonstrate better sleep, more REM sleep or an insomnia treatment effect.

What is known about Epitalon side effects and cancer safety?

The collection does not establish long-term clinical safety. Telomere findings in cancer cell lines are mechanistic observations; they prove neither that Epitalon causes cancer in people nor that it is safe in people with cancer. Laboratory and short clinical reports cannot settle that question.

What is known about Epitalon during pregnancy?

A small 2007 rat study gave Epitalon to five dams late in gestation. Exposed offspring had larger selected brain measurements, lower weight at day 40 and more anxiety-related behavior at day 30. These mixed developmental findings do not establish safety or benefit in human pregnancy. Epithalamin cycle-regulation research is a different preparation and model.

Compare related preparations: Pinealon research ↗ · Epithalamin research ↗

Evidence standards and review limits · Send a source correction

More findings, background and history

What remains unclear

The retinal report gives different counts for eyes and patients. The 2020 and 2021 circadian reports may share participants. Their hormone and gene measurements leave effects on sleep and lifespan unresolved.

Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.

Browse original study records ↗

PEPTIDE RESEARCH / OCT 2026

Related preparations and evidence

Evidence belongs to the preparation actually studied. A tissue extract and a synthetic peptide can belong to the same research tradition without having equivalent effects or safety.

Pineal gland: the molecular link

Epithalamin → Epitalon / AEDG

The 2017 analytical study detected AEDG in pineal polypeptide complex, after its earlier design from amino-acid composition.

Clinical evidence and limitations

Epithalamin aging cohorts and Pineamin menopause/reproductive studies concern distinct extracts. Pineamin now has separately indexed sleep, semen and ovarian-reserve reports.

Extract findings do not establish equivalent benefits for synthetic AEDG. Check cohort overlap, methods and independent replication before interpreting longevity claims.

Related preparations

Epithalamin ↗Pineamin ↗

Some references concern related extracts, reviews or molecular identification rather than direct studies of this compound.

Identification of Peptide AEDG in the Polypeptide Complex of the Pineal Gland ↗Geroprotective effect of epithalamine (pineal gland peptide preparation) in elderly subjects with accelerated aging ↗Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life ↗Effect of peptide preparation epithalamin on circadian rhythm of epiphyseal melatonin-producing function in elderly people ↗Overview of Epitalon—Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties ↗Efficacy of non-hormonal therapy in women with climacteric syndrome ↗Pineamin and ejaculate quality and symptoms associated with male aging ↗Pineamin in combined therapy for diminished ovarian reserve ↗

Explore the full bioregulator collection ↗

View this preparation in the Khavinson evidence map ↗

PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026

Patents and claimed inventions

These 4 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.

2026 · EP4758157A1 · 2026 European publication: modified GHK, Epitalon, Semax, Selank and Cortagen analoguesModified analogue · Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold

Reported findings

The disclosure reports cell-growth, telomerase-related and stability findings for chemically modified peptides, with several ambiguities in reporting.

GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay: Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-foldAs stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary: 41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parentThe text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Modified analogue. The family claims chemically modified peptides, including acetylated parent sequences extended with C-terminal arginine amide; it also has a 2025 WO publication.

Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 and the corresponding modified AEDG, Semax, Selank and Cortagen constructs are different molecules from their parents. The EP and WO publications are one family, not independent studies.

Publication: EP4758157A1 ↗ · 2026-06-17
Earliest priority / filing: 2023-08-13 / 2023-08-13
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 88092996 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

New peptides and use thereof

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4758157A1 · WO2025037992A1

Read source review →

2026 · EP4757825A1 · Peptide oral-delivery application: capsule within capsuleFormulation · 430 pg/mL versus 360 and 310 pg/mL

Reported findings

The nested-capsule formulation produced higher measured plasma concentrations than two comparator preparations.

Epithalon plasma concentration: 430 pg/mL versus 360 and 310 pg/mL60 minutesExample 50 versus nested-capsule and mixed-capsule comparators
Epithalon plasma concentration: 22,300 pg/mL versus 18,600 and 3,000 pg/mL120 minutesExample 50 versus CE-3 and mixed-capsule comparator

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. This 2026 European publication belongs to the same family as WO2025037993A1 and describes oral peptide-delivery compositions.

Formulation claims and examples do not establish oral bioavailability or clinical equivalence for every listed peptide; this is separate from the older EP4226918 family.

Publication: EP4757825A1 ↗ · 2026-06-17
Earliest priority / filing: 2023-08-13 / 2023-08-13
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 88092942 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Dosage form for peptide agents

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4757825A1 · WO2025037993A1

Read source review →

2023 · EP4226918A1 · Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1Formulation · 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators

Reported findings

The disclosure reports higher plasma peptide concentrations for nested-capsule formulations than selected comparators.

GHK-Cu at 60 minutes: 350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators60 minutesFormulation examples; not a clinical skin or wound outcome
Epithalon at 60 minutes: 360 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 310 and 50 pg/mL comparators60 minutesIndividual patent pharmacokinetic example

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Formulation. Oral peptide-delivery composition, including Epitalon; listed peptide ingredients are not a demonstration of oral clinical efficacy.

A patent disclosure is not clinical proof, marketing approval or a legal opinion. Related publications and patent family members may describe the same experiments.

Publication: EP4226918A1 ↗ · 2023-08-16
Earliest priority / filing: 2022-02-15 / 2022-02-15
Original applicant / assignee: Individual
Indexed status: Pending · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 80682691 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides

Inventors: Filip Majewski.

EP4226918A1

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

2004 · US6727227B1 · Epitalon: AEDG molecular patentMolecule · 48 ± 1.5 days treated versus 38 ± 1.6 control

Reported findings

Epitalon results vary by species, sex, strain and endpoint; the patent does not demonstrate longer human life.

HEM female flies: average lifespan: 48 ± 1.5 days treated versus 38 ± 1.6 controlA fly experiment, not human survival
LA female flies: average versus maximum lifespan: Average 20 ± 1.3 versus 22 ± 1.0 days; maximum 44 ± 1.9 versus 36 ± 1.9 days Maximum lifespan improved while average lifespan did not; separate endpoints

All reported results, comparisons and limitations →

Molecule. The patent claims the defined tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, related compositions and proposed uses.

The synthetic peptide differs from Epithalamin extract. Patent geroprotection claims do not demonstrate extension of human lifespan.

Publication: US6727227B1 ↗ · 2004-04-27
Earliest priority / filing: 1999-05-11 / 2000-01-20
Original applicant / assignee: Nostiji "Klinika Instituta Bioregulyatsii Gerontologii" OOO
Indexed status: Expired - Fee Related · checked 2026-11-06
Patent family: 20219149 · family publications are related filings, not independent studies.

Original title, inventors and related publications

Tetrapetide revealing geroprotective effect, pharmacological substance on its basis, and the method of its application

Inventors: Vladimir K. Khavinson.

US6727227B1 · EP1179008B1 · JP3902406B2 · ATE321068T1 · AU769847C · CA2373128C · DE60026826T2 · ES2259998T3 · IL146432A0 · RU2157233C1 · WO2000068255A2

Original patent PDF ↗

Read source review →

Status is an indexed snapshot, not an official legal assessment. Search the patent collection and read the method →

03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2009 · Epitalon and Cortexin after acute systemic cold injurySevere cold injury · day-five neuron-specific enolase: 23.2 ng/mL combined vs 58.9 standard care

2009Human comparative studyRussian source · see review scope

Epitalon and Cortexin after acute systemic cold injury

· Candidate dissertation author abstract, Tables 1–3

Format: Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable. · Reviewed: Reported methods, results and evidence limitations

V. V. Kovalev · Candidate dissertation author abstract, Tables 1–3

In the severe-injury table, day-five neuron-specific enolase was 23.2 ng/mL with both agents and 58.9 ng/mL with standard care. No formal interaction analysis was reported.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

In the severe-injury table, day-five neuron-specific enolase was 23.2 ng/mL with both agents and 58.9 ng/mL with standard care. No formal interaction analysis was reported.

Standard care alone or with Epitalon, Cortexin or both. Serial neuron-specific enolase, immune measures and clinical observations.

Dose, route and schedule

The author abstract reports intramuscular Epitalon 10 µg and Cortexin 10 mg daily for ten days, separately or together depending on arm.

Protocol source ↗ · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

Results · Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Severe cold injury · day-five neuron-specific enolase	23.2 ng/mL combined vs 58.9 standard care	Cortexin alone 35.3; Epitalon alone 45.0 ng/mL. The source marks p<0.05 for Cortexin and the pair versus standard care.
Moderate cold injury · day-five neuron-specific enolase	11.3 ng/mL combined vs 15.1 standard care	Epitalon 14.8 and Cortexin 14.4 ng/mL. Selected small subgroups.
Consciousness and immune markers	Faster recovery and altered immune measures described	Original allocation and longer-term functional outcomes remain unresolved.

This is a patient rehabilitation study. The biomarker changes do not establish cold tolerance in healthy people.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-09

Population / setting: Hospitalized cold-injury patients. Three adjunct arms had 25 patients each. The severity-specific outcome tables use smaller subgroups.
Source reviewed: Author’s abstract transcription. Full dissertation and underlying records unavailable.

Study limitations

A historical treatment comparison with substantial concurrent care, small subgroup sizes and an imperfect source transcription.

Reviewed 2026-11-09.

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
High-anxiety young rats	Vilon and GVS-111 were highlighted in the author’s conclusions	Original group-level numerical estimates and doses still need retrieval.
Stress-response direction	Favorable and unfavorable responses described	The author discusses this for GVS-111 and an experimental preparation called NKT. NKT identity remains unresolved.

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Offspring per dam	14 ± 2 versus 9 ± 3	Pinealon after maternal hypoxia versus saline · Birth · p<0.05; number of dams and meaning of ± not explicitly supplied
Horizontal activity, offspring of sensitive dams	53 ± 5.1 versus 36 ± 6.9	n=11 versus n=6 offspring · Four weeks · p<0.05
Adult-male respiration arrest	184 ± 30 versus 72 ± 10 seconds	Pinealon versus saline; n=10/group · After five-day pretreatment · p<0.014
Adult mortality: table versus prose	Table 1: saline 10%, Pinealon 10%, Vilon 20%, Vesugen 10%, Epitalon 20%	Narrative says higher mortality with Pinealon; discrepancy unresolved
Oxidative readouts	Lower cell death did not consistently correspond to lower ROS	H₂O₂ and NMDA responses differed; exact figure bars not digitized

Group	Time to respiration arrest (s)	Posture recovery (s)	Restitution (s)	Restitution coefficient	Mortality (%)
Saline	72 ± 10	126 ± 21	202 ± 32	2.8	10
Vilon	149 ± 47 (p<0.08)	152 ± 31	302 ± 50 (p<0.08)	2.0	20
Vesugen	88 ± 9	111 ± 16	194 ± 24	2.2	10
Pinealon	184 ± 30 (p<0.014)	152 ± 16	291 ± 35 (p<0.1)	1.6	10
Epitalon	150 ± 38 (p<0.08)	103 ± 28	185 ± 33	1.2	20

Measure	Sensitive dams, saline offspring (n=6)	Sensitive dams, Pinealon offspring (n=11)	Resistant dams, saline offspring (n=9)	Resistant dams, Pinealon offspring (n=12)
Horizontal activity	36 ± 6.9	53 ± 5.1	45 ± 3.3	57 ± 3.3
Vertical activity	2 ± 0.8	5 ± 0.8	2 ± 0.6	6 ± 1.1

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Offspring body weight	73.6 ± 2.6 g versus 83.4 ± 4.9 g	Epitalon-exposed versus pooled control offspring · Day 40 · Narrative describes significantly reduced growth; exact p-value/uncertainty type not specified
Parietal cortex thickness	1528 ± 34 versus 1350 ± 36 µm	Exposed versus pooled controls · Day 40 · Described as significant; exact p-value absent
Layer I thickness / layer II neuron count	137 ± 2 versus 129 ± 2 µm; 21.3 ± 0.8 versus 16.9 ± 0.5 cells per standard field	Measurements are structural differences, not proof of improved function · Day 40
Behavioral direction	Less exploration and open-arm activity; more time in closed arms, grooming and sniffing	Authors interpret reduced exploratory activity and increased anxiety · Day 30
Neutral findings	No significant body-weight differences at days 1, 14, 21 or 30; no absolute brain/hemisphere weight difference at days 1–40

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Epithalamin	Recovery of norepinephrine diurnal dynamics in medial preoptic area	Norepinephrine decreased between 09:30 and 11:00 circadian time
Epitalon	Dopamine remained low at 05:00 and increased by 11:00 circadian time	Median eminence/arcuate region; no numerical concentrations supplied
Pregnancy and fertility outcomes	No pregnant cohort, congenital-anomaly rate or verified live-birth benefit in the abstract

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Basal melatonin secretion	No statistically significant effect in either age group
Isoproterenol-stimulated secretion	No change with AEDG reported

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Epitalon and melatonin	Higher melatonin in culture medium reported
AANAT and phosphorylated CREB	Increases with Epitalon; stronger expression with norepinephrine plus peptides

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-related long-term keratinocyte assay	Reported cell-number multiples versus control: GHK 260-fold, GHK-Cu 320-fold, Ac-GHK-Arg-NH2 360-fold	As stated in the patent; assay normalization and duration are insufficiently clear for clinical interpretation
Epithalon-related laboratory summary	41.2% for modified peptide versus 33.3% for parent	The text combines telomerase activity and telomere elongation rather than clearly separating the endpoints
Cortagen-related Ki-67	Approximately threefold expression-area increase for modified peptide versus more than twofold for parent at different stated concentrations	Different tested exposures prevent a simple potency ratio
Storage and chemical stability	Modified compounds described as more stable in comparison assays	Individual stability-table values not transcribed; no human half-life established

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Epithalon plasma concentration	430 pg/mL versus 360 and 310 pg/mL	Example 50 versus nested-capsule and mixed-capsule comparators · 60 minutes
Epithalon plasma concentration	22,300 pg/mL versus 18,600 and 3,000 pg/mL	Example 50 versus CE-3 and mixed-capsule comparator · 120 minutes
Sampling window	Blood concentrations followed for 0–360 minutes	Absolute bioavailability and clinical outcomes are not established

Human retinal electrophysiology · original Table II
Measure	Control before	Control after	Epitalon before	Epitalon after
First-neuron amplitude (µV)	19.9 ± 1.1	18.8 ± 1.1	22.4 ± 1.7	27.3 ± 1.6*
First-neuron latency (ms)	25.2 ± 1.3	24.8 ± 1.9	23.9 ± 1.2	22.7 ± 1.2
Second-neuron amplitude (µV)	160.4 ± 10.1	165.3 ± 10.2	150.8 ± 9.9	210.6 ± 11.5*
Second-neuron latency (ms)	75.5 ± 4.8	89.1 ± 5.1*	66.8 ± 4.3	58.8 ± 3.9

Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Free amino acids	3.26%
Dipeptides	23.19%
Tripeptides	50.72%
Tetrapeptides	22.10%
Pentapeptides	0.72%

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
HEM female flies: average lifespan	48 ± 1.5 days treated versus 38 ± 1.6 control	A fly experiment, not human survival · p<0.001
LA female flies: average versus maximum lifespan	Average 20 ± 1.3 versus 22 ± 1.0 days; maximum 44 ± 1.9 versus 36 ± 1.9 days	Maximum lifespan improved while average lifespan did not; separate endpoints · · Maximum comparison p<0.05
Human oxidative marker	Superoxide dismutase 0.26 → 0.61 conventional units/mg protein	14-patient uncontrolled age-related-condition example · p<0.05 before/after
Asthma example	Symptoms described as improved, but no essential change in the listed baseline respiratory-function measures, including FEV1	11 patients; no placebo group reported

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Enkephalinase inhibition, IC50	Livagen 20 µM; Epitalon 500 µM	Concentrations producing 50% inhibition in the serum assay
Opioid-receptor binding	No interaction detected at tested µ- or δ-receptors	Rat-brain membrane assay

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Protein synthesis	Increased with Livagen; unchanged with Epitalon	Cultured rat hepatocytes
Age range	1–24 months

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Chromatin readouts	Ribosomal-gene activation and decondensation reported; no numerical treatment effect supplied
Donor ages	75–88 years

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Inflammatory response	Reduced LPS-stimulated TNF/IL-6 in differentiated cells; reduced monocyte adhesion
Chonluten cell response	Reduced monocyte TNF; an apoptotic fraction also observed
Test concentration	100 ng/mL per preparation; LPS 100 ng/mL in monocyte/macrophage experiments

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
03:00 melatonin · low-baseline subgroup	20 ± 4 → 49 ± 7 pg/mL	Epitalon n=12; saline n=8: 27 ± 4 → 25 ± 4 pg/mL · p<0.05 versus baseline and post-treatment saline
21:00 melatonin	12 ± 3 → 25 ± 4 pg/mL	Saline: 12 ± 3 → 11 ± 3 pg/mL · p<0.05 versus baseline and post-treatment saline
Preserved baseline pineal function	No melatonin change in 3 Epitalon recipients

Time	Epitalon before (n=12)	Epitalon after	Saline before (n=8)	Saline after
09:00	9 ± 1	10 ± 2	9 ± 2	9 ± 3
15:00	5 ± 1	6 ± 1	4 ± 1	4 ± 1
21:00	12 ± 3	25 ± 4*	12 ± 3	11 ± 3#
03:00	20 ± 4	49 ± 7*	27 ± 4	25 ± 4#

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Reported overall clinical effect	More than 90% of treated cases	Authors’ overall assessment; not the same endpoint as control visual-function response
Average visual-acuity gain	0.15–0.25	A 0.4 gain reported in 18 eyes (7.6% as printed)
Visual-field expansion	90–120° in 64.8%	Total visual-field borders; control expansion 40–50° reported in 86.9%
Control visual-function improvement	31.5% of cases	Maximum acuity gain of 0.15 in 4.3%; acuity decreased in 4 eyes
Adverse effects	None reported by the authors	No systematic long-term safety denominator or follow-up established

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Participants	75 women; 40 entered treatment/placebo comparison	35 normal-melatonin references
Cry2 expression	2-fold higher than baseline; 1.2-fold higher than placebo	p<0.05
Csnk1e expression	2.1-fold lower than baseline; 1.8-fold lower than placebo	p<0.05

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin	1.7-fold increase	Comparator not specified in the abstract
Clock / Csnk1e expression	1.9–2.1-fold normalization of overexpression
Cry2 expression	2-fold increase

Epitalon (Epithalon): telomeres, studies and safetyЭпиталон

What the studies found

Human trial: nighttime melatonin rose from 20 to 49 pg/mL

Human retinal study reported better acuity and visual fields

Epitalon in pregnant rats

What is Epitalon (Epithalon)?

Names in this research collection

Epitalon (Epithalon): what the evidence shows

Human melatonin: a small subgroup comparison

Telomeres: cells, with a published correction

Epithalamin and Epitalon need separate evidence

Pregnancy and offspring research

More study findings

Epitalon and Cortexin after acute systemic cold injury

Age and baseline anxiety in Lysenko’s peptide stress models

Epitalon in the separate adult-hypoxia arm

Melatonin and pineal gland peptides are able to correct the impairment of reproductive cycles in rats

Epitalon did not change melatonin release from perifused rat pineal glands

Epitalon and Vilon in rat pinealocyte culture

Human circadian study: urinary melatonin metabolite increased 1.7-fold

Effect of new peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum

Rhythm of protein synthesis in cultures of hepatocytes from rats of different ages. Norm and effect of the peptide livagen

Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects

Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line

Epitalon and Epithalamin: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic, Preclinical, and Clinical Evidence.

LCP2 mediates SUV39H1-driven cellular senescence-related chemoresistance in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma.

Pharmaceutical single dosage form for oral delivery of peptides — EP4226918A1

Understanding the evidence

Questions about Epitalon (Epithalon)

What is Epitalon, and is Epithalon the same peptide?

Does Epitalon lengthen telomeres?

Are there human studies proving Epitalon extends lifespan?

Does Epitalon improve sleep?

What is known about Epitalon side effects and cancer safety?

What is known about Epitalon during pregnancy?

What remains unclear

Related preparations and evidence

Pineal gland: the molecular link

Clinical evidence and limitations

Related preparations

Patents and claimed inventions

Linked sources

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported patent results

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Reported patent results

Dose, route and schedule

Reported findings and study design

Related compound research

Vilon research ↗

Pinealon research ↗

Vesugen research ↗

Cortagen research ↗

Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
GHK-Cu at 60 minutes	350 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 320 and 150 pg/mL comparators	Formulation examples; not a clinical skin or wound outcome · 60 minutes
Epithalon at 60 minutes	360 pg/mL inventive formulation versus 310 and 50 pg/mL comparators	Individual patent pharmacokinetic example · 60 minutes