Cognition and sleep scores improved during active treatment
MoCA cognitive score
24.9 → 26.5 → 28.3 pointsPooled active-treatment sample; the abstract does not map all three quoted values to specific visitsReported serial assessmentsp=0.022 and p<0.001 as reported
Sleep improvement
50% at visit 3; 84% at visit 4Questionnaire-defined improvement; not measured sleep stagesEnd of 60-day treatment; then 1.5-month follow-up
Cognitive scores and sleep questionnaires improved during two active Picamilon schedules. There was no untreated or placebo group.
More reported outcomes
Neurological improvement
77% reported improvementWithin the treated sample
Autonomic-function normalization
29%No significant difference between active schedulesp=0.024 as reported
Tolerability and adverse events
98% rated good tolerability; abstract reports <8.6% adverse eventsDenominator and event-versus-patient definition must be checked before converting to counts
Between-schedule sleep comparison
No significant final differenceOral-only versus sequential treatmentp=0.508
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 44 stage I patients: 23 oral-only and 21 sequential parenteral/oral; 60 days of treatment
Design Open randomized comparison of 44 stage I cerebral-ischemia patients: oral-only 23; sequential intramuscular/oral 21; 60 days of treatment and a later follow-up.
Treatment completion
44/44 completed23 oral-only and 21 sequential treatment
Important limitations
Open comparison of two active schedules; no placebo or untreated group. Questionnaire sleep outcomes are not measured sleep stages. Possible overlap with the 2025 report remains unresolved; do not sum cohorts. Biomarker change does not demonstrate fewer cardiovascular events.
These are changes during active treatment, not placebo-adjusted effects. The 2024 and 2025 patient series may overlap. Source percentage descriptions are retained without inventing adverse-event counts.
Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 124(7). PMID 39113452 · Publication record
Picamilon, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue and marketed nootropic, is inactive against 50 biological targets
Picamilon showed weak or no binding at 10 μM across the tested panel. This does not exclude other targets, metabolites or effects at other concentrations.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 50 biological targets; computational and in-vitro screening
Important limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised. These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety. Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
4/50 stage I; 4/50 stage II; none serious or causing discontinuationAll 100 enrolled patients in safety analysisTreatment period
In the 2025 open Picamilon comparison, MoCA increased from 24.9 to 28.3 in stage I disease and from 20.9 to 25.9 in stage II disease. Sleep and symptom scores also improved; there was no placebo or untreated group.
Study notes · methods, sources and limitations
Participants or model 100 enrolled; 94 in per-protocol efficacy analysis; stage I and II groups initially 50 each
Design 100 enrolled: stage I 50 (oral 25; sequential injection/oral 25), stage II 50. Efficacy analyzed in 94 completers; all 100 in safety. Treatment 60 days (I) or 70 days (II); follow-up 45 days later.
Attrition
6/100 did not complete; efficacy used 94 completersWithdrawals reported unrelated to adverse reactions
Important limitations
No untreated or placebo group. Shared investigators, protocols and cohort characteristics suggest possible overlap with the 2024 reports; this is an inference, not confirmed participant identity. The three reports list 44, 50 and 100 participants. The extent of overlap is unknown.
This paper may overlap with the 2024 Picamilon reports; their participants must not be added as independent cohorts. Active-treatment improvements and blood markers do not establish prevention of stroke or cardiovascular events.
Consilium Medicum. 2025;27(2) · Publication record
A synthetic nicotinoyl-GABA compound connecting Soviet cerebrovascular pharmacology with later swimmer, clinical and occupational research. Shustov lists it as an alternative in a proposed mental-work framework; no Picamilon shipboard trial is established here.
Related nootropics & combinations · editorial grouping
Research institutions
No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review
Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.
02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH
Understanding the evidence
Human research
Swimmer comparisons; open patient studies; plasma pharmacokinetics
Study methods
Abstract-level appraisal; surrogate endpoints and active-treatment comparisons
Independent replication
Cohort overlap possible; occupational replication not established
Source access
Publisher texts, indexed records and explicit document/review scopes below
Safety evidence
Long-term, combination and hazardous-work safety not established
Open a topic for the evidence assessment.
More findings, background and history
Stroke research matrix ↗ — compare human stroke outcomes, experimental findings, safety and adjacent cerebral-ischemia research.
What remains unclear
The 2025 report includes 94 efficacy completers and adverse events in 4 of 50 patients in each disease-stage group. Doppler results and overlap with the 2024 reports remain unclear. The comparison had no untreated group.
Human reports are linked; their presence does not establish effectiveness. Several publications can describe the same participants.
Both 2024 reports and the 2025 study are linked with design and analysis-population details. Possible overlap is flagged; no pooled enrollment is presented.
What remains unresolved
Resolve participant overlap with authors or recruitment records; recover Ufa proceedings and swimmer dissertation. A 2011 swimmer PDF is linked; subgroup denominators and cohort overlap remain unresolved.
Picamilon is N-nicotinoyl-GABA: a synthetic compound chemically joining nicotinic acid and GABA. It is not a peptide, and taking its separate constituents is not equivalent to studying the intact molecule.
The Soviet lineage
The 1986 authorization includes overfatigue and work-capacity language. The 1989 cerebrovascular animal paper is indexed; the complete Ufa conference proceedings remain an acquisition target. Historical indications are not proof of modern efficacy.
The Volgograd program investigated circulation and recovery in swimmers described as maladapted. Some reports involved children. Hemodynamic changes cannot be translated directly into adult performance gains, and related papers may share cohorts.
Animal receptor and circulation experiments address different questions from direct binding. A 2023 screen found weak or no binding across 50 tested targets; it neither proves inactivity in humans nor establishes safety.
Shustov’s 1996 author’s abstract names Picamilon among alternative nootropics for predominantly mental work. That proposed framework does not establish a validated Bemitil–Picamilon combination. The broader program’s Sevan vessel work is not proof of Picamilon administration aboard ship.
The noise, vibration and motion-sickness paper used rabbits. The later Roshydromet listing is historical remote-station guidance. Neither is a controlled study of mariners.
The 2024 clinical reports concern cerebral-ischemia patients and use sleep questionnaires. They cannot validate wearable sleep stages or establish benefits in healthy shift workers. The 2025 report may overlap earlier cohorts and should not be counted as independent replication.
The September 4 field note describes a plan; the September 17 post describes a subjective observation amid several concurrent compounds. Both remain separate from clinical evidence.
Educational only; not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for any medical condition. These records do not establish a safe personal regimen or protection during hazardous work.
PATENT RESEARCH / COLLECTION UPDATED 7 NOVEMBER 2026
Patents and claimed inventions
These 1 grouped records distinguish claimed molecules, uses, formulations and related chemistry. Patent disclosure does not establish clinical benefit or approval.
2000 · RU2149001C1 · Picamilon: pharmaceutical compositionFormulation · At stated residual moisture of 3.9%, the material was described as tableting well and the resulting tablets as meeting requirements
The final example reports successful tableting and compliance with pharmaceutical requirements.
Process example outcome
At stated residual moisture of 3.9%, the material was described as tableting well and the resulting tablets as meeting requirementsManufacturing observation, not absorption or clinical benefit
Clinical outcomes
No controlled cognition, anxiety or neurological-treatment result supplied by these formulation examplesAbsence of clinical results is explicit
2000 · Picamilon: pharmaceutical composition — RU2149001C1Process example outcome: At stated residual moisture of 3.9%, the material was described as tableting well and the resulting tablets as meeting requirements
2000Patent / reported experimentsFull text available
Patent-defined substance or composition · Patent publication
Format: Original patent text and indexed metadata · Reviewed: Claims, selected reported findings and limitations reviewed; supporting experiments not comprehensively appraised.
Picamilon tablet-production examples comparing process moisture and tabletability; no patient efficacy experiment.
Source reviewed
Original patent publication accessed through Google Patents. Claims, selected reported findings and source limitations checked. The results section identifies the examples, tables and any numerical extraction gaps. No complete experimental audit, prosecution review or legal claim construction was performed.
Study limitations
The composition patent is not evidence that every route or commercial formulation has the same clinical properties.
A successful preparation example does not establish clinical efficacy, bioequivalence or superiority over other Picamilon products.
Patents record claimed inventions and supporting disclosures. Publication or grant does not establish clinical efficacy, safety or marketing approval. Members of one patent family and related journal reports can describe the same experiments.
Status labels are Google Patents index snapshots for the displayed publication or application; each record lists the review date. Official registers and every national family member have not been independently checked. These labels do not establish freedom to operate.
Reviewed 2026-11-06.
Read the source ↗2011 · Protective activity of Mildronate, Dalargin and Picamilon in experimental stress
2011Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope
T. I. Frantsuzova · Candidate dissertation, Saransk, 2011; 129 pages
The dissertation examines three separate pharmacological approaches to experimental stress, including behavior, gastric injury and nonspecific cellular immunity. The comparative program connects opioid-peptide research with Picamilon and Mildronate.
Population / setting
Experimental animal stress models
Source reviewed
Selected source text and metadata checked; full risk-of-bias review pending.
Study limitations
Selected transcription reviewed; full tables and statistical appraisal remain pending.
Head-to-head comparison is not evidence of a three-drug combination or human stress treatment.
Reviewed 2026-10-04.
Read the source ↗2025 · Picamilon in stage I and II chronic cerebral ischemia: open comparative studyMoCA score, mean ± SD: Stage I: 24.9 ± 3.78 → 26.5 ± 2.77 → 28.3 ± 2.18; stage II: 20.9 ± 4.79 → 24.6 ± 3.64 → 25.9 ± 3.88
Format: Publisher HTML article · Reviewed: Methods and results
A. B. Danilov, N. N. Shindryaeva, I. V. Borodulina, T. D. Lunev · Consilium Medicum. 2025;27(2)
In the 2025 open Picamilon comparison, MoCA increased from 24.9 to 28.3 in stage I disease and from 20.9 to 25.9 in stage II disease. Sleep and symptom scores also improved; there was no placebo or untreated group.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
In the 2025 open Picamilon comparison, MoCA increased from 24.9 to 28.3 in stage I disease and from 20.9 to 25.9 in stage II disease. Sleep and symptom scores also improved; there was no placebo or untreated group.
100 enrolled: stage I 50 (oral 25; sequential injection/oral 25), stage II 50. Efficacy analyzed in 94 completers; all 100 in safety. Treatment 60 days (I) or 70 days (II); follow-up 45 days later.
Results · Original publisher PDF methods and Tables 3–7, 10 text reviewed; visual table verification and complete Doppler-table transcription remain open
All 100 enrolled patients in safety analysis · Treatment period
Attrition
6/100 did not complete; efficacy used 94 completers
Withdrawals reported unrelated to adverse reactions
Cognition, autonomic symptoms, neurological symptoms and sleep — Tables 3–6
Cognition, autonomic symptoms, neurological symptoms and sleep — Tables 3–6
Measure / group
Baseline mean (SD)
End-treatment mean (SD)
Follow-up mean (SD)
Within-group tests
MoCA · stage I
24.9 (3.78)
26.5 (2.77)
28.3 (2.18)
baseline→end p=0.022; end→follow-up p<0.0001
MoCA · stage I oral
23.8 (4.44)
25.8 (3.37)
Not separately listed
p=0.065
MoCA · stage I sequential
26.1 (2.9)
27.2 (1.73)
Not separately listed
p=0.161
MoCA · stage II
20.9 (4.79)
24.6 (3.64)
25.9 (3.88)
p<0.0001; p=0.0006
Vein autonomic scale · I
26.7 (14.0)
17.3 (12.2)
Not measured
p<0.0001
Vein scale · I oral
29 (14.9)
19.2 (12.3)
Not measured
p=0.0004
Vein scale · I sequential
24.1 (12.9)
15.2 (12)
Not measured
p=0.007
Vein scale · II
25.3 (13.1)
18.3 (15.2)
Not measured
p=0.0014
Fedin neurological scale · I
11.9 (8.3)
6 (6.1)
2.77 (4.43)
p<0.0001; p<0.0001
Fedin · I oral
12.4 (8.12)
5.61 (5.12)
Not separately listed
p=0.0006
Fedin · I sequential
11.3 (8.65)
6.43 (7.12)
Not separately listed
p=0.004
Fedin · II
17.4 (9.34)
8.06 (6.84)
5.31 (5.71)
p<0.0001; p=0.0002
Levin sleep · I
19.7 (3.77)
22.7 (3.46)
24.3 (3.06)
p<0.0001; p=0.0002
Levin sleep · I oral
20.0 (4.37)
23.7 (3.72)
Not separately listed
baseline→end p=0.0026
Levin sleep · I sequential
19.3 (3.04)
21.5 (2.80)
Not separately listed
p=0.0051
Levin sleep · II
18.5 (4.01)
21.8 (3.61)
22.8 (3.01)
p<0.0001; p=0.009
Tables transcribed from the publisher PDF text, printed pp.103–105; visual page inspection unavailable. Stage I visit 2 sleep: 20.7 (3.19), oral 20.9 (3.63), sequential 20.4 (2.69); stage II 19.3 (4.05). MoCA/Levin higher is better; Vein/Fedin lower is better. Subgroup MoCA changes were not significant.
Arginine biomarkers — original Table 10
Arginine biomarkers — original Table 10
Measure / stage
Baseline median (Q1; Q3)
End-treatment median (Q1; Q3)
Paired p
ADMA · I (n=37)
159 (146; 167)
135 (108; 157)
0.001
SDMA · I
179 (163; 212)
179 (129; 199)
0.104
ADMA/MMA · I
14.5 (13.4; 15.3)
12 (11.1; 12.4)
<0.001
(ADMA+SDMA)/MMA · I
31.4 (28.3; 32.8)
26.3 (23.4; 29.6)
<0.001
SDMA/MMA · I
17.3 (13.9; 18)
14.2 (12.2; 17.4)
0.002
ADMA · II (n=42)
167 (148.5; 177)
138 (115.5; 152)
<0.001
SDMA · II
195 (173; 234)
186 (148.5; 233)
0.037
ADMA/MMA · II
14.3 (13.15; 15.3)
11.2 (10.85; 12)
<0.001
(ADMA+SDMA)/MMA · II
33.3 (28.65; 35.8)
26.4 (23.2; 31.5)
<0.001
SDMA/MMA · II
18.1 (14.9; 20.25)
15.7 (12.15; 19.25)
0.002
Publisher PDF text, printed p.106. ADMA/SDMA concentrations in ng/mL; ratios unitless. Biomarker subset 79, not the full 100. Stage I SDMA did not significantly change. Other vascular tables remain to be visually checked before full transcription.
This paper may overlap with the 2024 Picamilon reports; their participants must not be added as independent cohorts. Active-treatment improvements and blood markers do not establish prevention of stroke or cardiovascular events.
100 enrolled; 94 in per-protocol efficacy analysis; stage I and II groups initially 50 each
Source reviewed
Original publisher PDF methods and Tables 3–7, 10 text reviewed; visual table verification and complete Doppler-table transcription remain open
Study limitations
No untreated or placebo group.
Shared investigators, protocols and cohort characteristics suggest possible overlap with the 2024 reports; this is an inference, not confirmed participant identity.
The three reports list 44, 50 and 100 participants. The extent of overlap is unknown.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2011 · Picamilon and cerebral blood flow in maladapted swimmers with different systemic hemodynamic typesCerebral venous-outflow measure: 26.2 ± 1.1% versus 37.5 ± 1.7%
Format: Journal PDF reproduction · Reviewed: Original journal-page PDF reproduction, printed page 151: selected table rows and neighboring results checked; full allocation reconciliation remains open
V. A. Likhodeeva, A. A. Spasov, I. B. Isupov, V. B. Mandrikov · Vestnik Novykh Meditsinskikh Tekhnologii. 2011;18(1):150–153
The eukinetic subgroup showed different vascular measurements with Picamilon and placebo. These were physiological findings in children, not an adult cognition trial.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
The eukinetic subgroup showed different vascular measurements with Picamilon and placebo. These were physiological findings in children, not an adult cognition trial.
48 male swimmers aged 10–12 overall; the published eukinetic table labels baseline n=13, placebo n=6 and Picamilon n=6. These do not establish a simple whole-program group split.
Results · Original journal-page PDF reproduction, printed page 151: selected table rows and neighboring results checked; full allocation reconciliation remains open
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Cerebral venous-outflow measure
26.2 ± 1.1% versus 37.5 ± 1.7%
Picamilon versus placebo; eukinetic subgroup · Second training stage · p<0.001 as placed in the source table
Dicrotic index
77.7 ± 6.4% versus 53.3 ± 1.1%
Picamilon versus placebo; physiological index · Second stage · p<0.01
Venoarterial ratio
78.6 ± 6.9% versus 51.7 ± 1.4%
Picamilon versus placebo · Second stage · p<0.01
Diastolic rheographic index
80.9 ± 7.8% versus 56.7 ± 1.2%
Picamilon versus placebo · Second stage · p<0.05
Selected eukinetic subgroup measurements
Selected eukinetic subgroup measurements
Measure
Baseline n=13
Placebo n=6
Picamilon n=6
Systolic pressure, mmHg
118.8 ± 3.05
102.0 ± 1.0
111.7 ± 4.4
Pulse pressure, mmHg
57.9 ± 2.63
38.3 ± 1.0
49.3 ± 2.96
Heart rate, beats/min
80.71 ± 3.24
73.4 ± 0.4
76.7 ± 1.0
Dicrotic index, %
52.21 ± 7.8
53.3 ± 1.1
77.7 ± 6.4
Rheographic diastolic index, %
63.20 ± 7.80
56.7 ± 1.2
80.9 ± 7.8
Venoarterial ratio, %
54.2 ± 8.2
51.7 ± 1.4
78.6 ± 6.9
Venous outflow, %
35.9 ± 4.4
37.5 ± 1.7
26.2 ± 1.1
Source labels values M±m; baseline and second-stage columns are preserved separately. The relationship between the 13 baseline observations, six-person groups and overall 48 participants remains unresolved.
These measurements concern cerebral hemodynamics, not demonstrated memory gains or fewer accidents. The baseline and later subgroups have different denominators; do not present them as a clean randomized whole-cohort comparison.
48 male swimmers aged 10–12 reported overall; subgroup denominator reconciliation remains open
Source reviewed
Original journal-page PDF reproduction, printed page 151: selected table rows and neighboring results checked; full allocation reconciliation remains open
Study limitations
The allocation passage lists groups of six while the overall sample is 48; the sizes of the individual groups remain unclear.
Blinding, outcome multiplicity and overlap with other swimmer reports remain unresolved.
Pediatric hemodynamic outcomes do not establish adult cognitive or occupational benefit.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗1989 · The new cerebrovascular preparation pikamilon
Early cerebrovascular experiments reported changes in cerebral blood flow and experimentally disturbed vascular responses.
Population / setting
Conscious cats
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-09-30.
Read the source ↗2000 · Effects of pikamilon on the brain water-electrolyte balance and in models of responses to the noise and vibration exposure, and their combination with motion sicknessVibration-induced intracellular edema: Prevention reported
Sapegin ID · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 63(5). PMID 11109535
Noise, vibration and combined motion-sickness models were assessed using brain impedance measures. The authors reported attenuation of water–electrolyte disturbances. This was not a study in sailors.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Awake rabbits exposed to noise, vibration and simulated seasickness; Picamilon 10 mg/kg IV.
Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Vibration-induced intracellular edema
Prevention reported
Other injury settings
Attenuation reported
No numerical water/electrolyte shifts supplied
Values describe this study and its comparison. Unreported effect sizes and missing denominators have not been inferred.
Silkina IV, Gan'shina TC, Seredin SB, Mirzoian RS · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 68(1). PMID 15786959
Receptor-blockade experiments found different effects of bicuculline and picrotoxin on Picamilon-associated cerebrovascular responses. This does not establish direct receptor binding.
Population / setting
Rats
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-09-30.
Read the source ↗2006 · The effect of hypokinesia on depression and on the central GABA-A receptor complexes in the rat brain
Akopian VP, Balian LS, Avetisian NA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 69(2). PMID 16845932
Behavioral and receptor measurements suggested a tendency toward recovery with Picamilon or piracetam. Animal behavioral endpoints are not clinical depression or maritime performance outcomes.
Population / setting
Rats after 15-day hypokinesia
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-09-30.
Read the source ↗2010 · Effect of nootropes on quantitative changes in the rat cerebral cortex GABA(A) receptor complexes under experimental hypokinesia conditions
Akopian VP, Balian LS, Zakarian NA · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 73(7). PMID 20821973
Shorter schedules showed no visible receptor-count change; the longer schedule showed a tendency toward restoration with Picamilon. Findings were schedule-dependent.
Population / setting
Rats under different hypokinesia/recovery schedules
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-09-30.
Read the source ↗2009 · Effects of aminalon, fenibut, and picamilon on the typological parameters of cerebral hemodynamics in swimmers with dysadaptation syndromeCerebral circulation: Reported lower blood filling and improved venous outflow across most subgroups
Likhodeev VA, Spasov AA, Isupov IB, Mandrikov VB · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 72(4). PMID 19803364
A swimmer study reported changes in cerebral circulation after four weeks of Aminalon, Phenibut or Picamilon; Picamilon did not show the described venous-outflow improvement in the hypokinetic subgroup.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
A swimmer study reported changes in cerebral circulation after four weeks of Aminalon, Phenibut or Picamilon; Picamilon did not show the described venous-outflow improvement in the hypokinetic subgroup.
Swimmers with maladaptation, stratified by systemic hemodynamic type; assessment 20 minutes after warm-up.
Results · Primary-publication indexed abstract; no full-text table appraisal
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Cerebral circulation
Reported lower blood filling and improved venous outflow across most subgroups
Exception: hypokinetic subgroup taking Picamilon
Studied preparations
Aminalon 0.25 g; Phenibut 0.25 g; Picamilon 0.10 g
Separate treatment preparations; administration frequency not specified
Treatment and testing
4 weeks; test 20 minutes after warm-up
No numerical circulation change or group sizes are available in the abstract. The hemodynamic observation does not establish a performance gain.
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-11-01.
Read the source ↗2010 · Determination of picamilon concentration in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometryLinear analyte range: 1–5,000 ng/mL
Cui W, Chen X, Zhan Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhong D · Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 878(15-16). PMID 20359966
Validated an LC-MS/MS assay and applied it to human pharmacokinetics. Plasma detection does not establish brain delivery or cognitive benefit.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Human-plasma analytical LC-MS/MS method; mobile phase methanol/ammonium-acetate/formic acid 55:45:01 as printed; flow 0.65 mL/min.
Results · Previously retrieved indexed abstract; numerical statements checked against the saved source text
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
Linear analyte range
1–5,000 ng/mL
Lower quantification limit
1 ng/mL
Intra/inter-assay precision
Below 13.5%
Accuracy
99.6–101.6%
Analyte mass transitions
m/z 209 → 78 + 106
Internal standard: paracetamol 152 → 93 + 110
Method-validation accuracy is not a Picamilon treatment-response percentage. Human pharmacokinetic values were not supplied in the abstract.
Picamilon showed weak or no binding at 10 μM across the tested panel. This does not exclude other targets, metabolites or effects at other concentrations.
Population / setting
50 biological targets; computational and in-vitro screening
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.
Reviewed 2026-09-30.
Read the source ↗2024 · Integrative assessment of the effectiveness and safety of outpatient use of PicamilonMoCA cognitive score: 24.9 → 26.5 → 28.3 points
Format: Publisher HTML article · Reviewed: Publisher original abstract and selected HTML results checked; detailed table-by-table reconstruction remains open
Danilov AB, Shindryaeva NN, Borodulina IV, Lunegov TD · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 124(7). PMID 39113452
Cognitive scores and sleep questionnaires improved during two active Picamilon schedules. There was no untreated or placebo group.
Results and tables
Reported findings and study design
Cognitive scores and sleep questionnaires improved during two active Picamilon schedules. There was no untreated or placebo group.
Open randomized comparison of 44 stage I cerebral-ischemia patients: oral-only 23; sequential intramuscular/oral 21; 60 days of treatment and a later follow-up.
Results · Publisher original abstract and selected HTML results checked; detailed table-by-table reconstruction remains open
Measure
Result
Comparison, timing and statistics
MoCA cognitive score
24.9 → 26.5 → 28.3 points
Pooled active-treatment sample; the abstract does not map all three quoted values to specific visits · Reported serial assessments · p=0.022 and p<0.001 as reported
Sleep improvement
50% at visit 3; 84% at visit 4
Questionnaire-defined improvement; not measured sleep stages · End of 60-day treatment; then 1.5-month follow-up
Fedin neurological symptom score
11.9 ± 8.3 → 6.0 ± 6.1 → 2.77 ± 4.43 points
Baseline → visit 3 → visit 4 · p<0.0001 for both follow-up comparisons
Neurological improvement
77% reported improvement
Within the treated sample
Autonomic-function normalization
29%
No significant difference between active schedules · p=0.024 as reported
Treatment completion
44/44 completed
23 oral-only and 21 sequential treatment
Tolerability and adverse events
98% rated good tolerability; abstract reports <8.6% adverse events
Denominator and event-versus-patient definition must be checked before converting to counts
Between-schedule sleep comparison
No significant final difference
Oral-only versus sequential treatment · p=0.508
These are changes during active treatment, not placebo-adjusted effects. The 2024 and 2025 patient series may overlap. Source percentage descriptions are retained without inventing adverse-event counts.
Separate response categories · p=0.0001 as reported
Reported tolerability
98%
Uncontrolled cohort; not a placebo safety comparison
No untreated comparator was included. Questionnaire sleep changes do not describe deep or REM sleep. Clinical-event prevention is not established by these scale and vascular-marker changes.
Bugaeva LI, Spasov AA, Verovskiĭ VE, Iezhitsa IN · Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia 66(4). PMID 14558352
Compared acute toxicity and functional/behavioral measures with piracetam. Acute animal toxicity cannot establish a safe human dose or combination regimen.
Population / setting
Rats; acute toxicity comparison
Source reviewed
Indexed citation and abstract checked through Europe PMC; full paper not reviewed.
Study limitations
Full methods and risk of bias have not been appraised.
These findings do not establish long-term, combination or hazardous-work safety.
Related reports may share participants; source records are not independent-trial counts.