Stroke research.
Outcomes, in context.
Where peptides and related compounds have shown signals of benefit, where results are neutral, and where the evidence is still experimental.
Some positive findings. No simple winner.
Improved arm movement, a cognitive-test change, a smaller infarct in a rat and reduced mortality are different claims. This map keeps them separate. The human evidence below predominantly concerns ischemic stroke; it must not be transferred to hemorrhagic stroke or used to rank these compounds as interchangeable treatments.
Cerebrolysin ↗
The most developed stroke trial collection here, with conflicting results across settings.
CARS reports an upper-limb recovery benefit; CASTA’s primary endpoint was neutral. The Cochrane acute-stroke review found no demonstrated mortality benefit and a nonfatal serious-adverse-event signal.
Cortexin ↗
Positive functional reports, with important limits on certainty.
ESCORT and smaller comparisons report improvements. Other records are uncontrolled or compare active formulations. They do not establish a survival benefit or a preferred treatment schedule.
Semax ↗
Human neurological-recovery signals alongside extensive mechanistic work.
The acute comparison and rehabilitation study report favorable changes, but allocation, effect sizes and safety need fuller appraisal. Rat protein or gene expression is a different evidence dimension.
Actovegin ↗
A cognition-specific trial signal, not established overall stroke recovery.
ARTEMIDA reported better cognitive scores at six months. A systematic review found uncertain patient-important benefit; recurrent-stroke safety requires attention.
Piracetam / Nootropil ↗
An aphasia signal does not demonstrate independence or survival benefit.
A rehabilitation trial reported language improvement without demonstrated daily-activity benefit. Acute-stroke review evidence remains insufficient.
Phenotropil ↗
Limited early-recovery observations.
The outpatient report describes changes during treatment, with no adequate untreated comparison and worse tolerability at higher exposure. This cannot establish stroke efficacy.
Why the reviews can disagree
Acute treatment, early rehabilitation and later recovery recruit different patients and measure different outcomes. A positive motor-scale result does not contradict a finding of no demonstrated survival benefit. Pooling trials does not create new independent patients.
The 2023 Cochrane review included seven trials of Cerebrolysin or Cortexin. Its mortality estimate was RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.65–1.41). The nonfatal serious-adverse-event estimate, RR 2.39 (1.10–5.23), concerns Cerebrolysin; it must not be assigned to Cortexin. Review and scope ↓
Two newer Cerebrolysin reviews are retained under “Needs reconciliation”: one has inconsistent significance reporting and possible overlapping CARS publications; the other has incompatible sample denominators. Their favorable claims are not treated as confirmed updates. 2025 review ↓ · 2026 review ↓
Stroke research matrix
Each row is a publication, not an independent patient cohort. Reviews and pooled analyses reuse trial participants. “Positive” describes the measured result; it does not establish a recommended treatment.
41 of 41 source records shown
| Compound / source | Setting & design | Measured findings | Interpretation & limits |
|---|---|---|---|
2023 · Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · systematic review Review Cochrane review: 7 RCTs, including one Cortexin trial with 272 participants | The pooled mortality analysis of Cerebrolysin or Cortexin found probably little or no difference (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65–1.41; 6 trials, 1,689 participants). | No demonstrated survival benefit. Cerebrolysin-specific nonfatal serious-adverse-event signal; not a Cortexin-specific risk estimate.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · CASTA Randomized trial CASTA: 1,070 acute ischemic-stroke patients; randomized within 12 hours; 90-day follow-up | The combined primary outcome showed no significant benefit. A favorable signal in more severe strokes arose in post-hoc analysis. | Neutral primary result; favorable severity subgroup was post hoc.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Early rehabilitation · CARS Randomized trial Stroke patients receiving standardized rehabilitation; CARS trial | The exploratory trial reports better upper-limb motor recovery at day 90. | Positive upper-limb outcome at day 90; exploratory trial requiring confirmation.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Subacute rehabilitation Randomized trial 70 subacute stroke patients randomized 35 per group | No significant overall between-group motor difference was found; a severe-impairment subgroup showed a favorable signal. | No overall motor difference; favorable signal confined to severe-impairment subgroup.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Early rehabilitation · pooled CARS Review 442 participants in the pooled CARS-1 and CARS-2 analysis | Individual-participant analysis reports a favorable motor-recovery result during early rehabilitation. | Favorable pooled motor outcome. Includes CARS participants already represented above, not new replication.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Post-stroke cognitive impairment · ARTEMIDA Randomized trial 503 patients aged 60 or older after ischemic stroke; ARTEMIDA | The trial reported a cognitive-scale benefit at six months. Recurrent ischemic stroke was numerically more frequent with Actovegin, without a statistically significant difference. | Cognitive-scale benefit; recurrent ischemic strokes were numerically higher, not statistically significant.Study limitations
|
2022 · Actovegin in the management of patients after ischemic stroke: A systematic review. English abstract | Human stroke Post-stroke systematic review Review Five controlled studies after ischemic stroke; one randomized trial and four observational studies | The review found uncertain benefit and no consistent evidence of improved survival, disability, daily activities or quality of life. It flagged potential harm and called for better trials. | Benefit remains uncertain across meaningful patient outcomes; review includes ARTEMIDA.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · ESCORT Randomized trial ESCORT; 272 acute ischemic-stroke patients | Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of repeated Cortexin, one course followed by placebo, and placebo. Authors reported functional and pharmacoeconomic benefits. | Authors reported functional benefit; review-level mortality evidence does not establish a survival benefit.Study limitations
|
2008 · New possibilities of neuroprotection in the treatment of ischemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · early treatment Clinical trial / comparison 62 acute hemispheric ischemic-stroke patients; 32 Cortexin and 30 placebo; treatment started within six hours | The double-blind multicenter report described improvement in neurological and functional scales compared with placebo. | Small placebo comparison reports benefit; numerical effect and allocation details remain limited.Study limitations
|
2016 · Efficacy of cortexin in acute and recovery periodes of hemispheric ischemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute and recovery phases Human comparative study 90 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke | Compares one course, repeated courses and basic therapy, using neurological, mobility and cognitive scales. Authors reported greater improvement with repeated treatment. | Reported repeated-course advantage; limited comparative evidence.Study limitations
|
2018 · Efficacy of Korteksin in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · four-group comparison Human comparative study 122 ischemic-stroke patients in four groups (30, 30, 30 and 32) | The authors reported the greatest neurological improvement in one repeated-course group. | Reported schedule-dependent improvement; overlap with the 2016 series requires checking.Study limitations
|
2009 · Use of cortexin in the early rehabilitation period of ischemic stroke of moderate severity English abstract | Human stroke Early rehabilitation Human comparative study 68 early-rehabilitation patients; 35 adjunctive Cortexin, 33 basic therapy | Motor and cognitive outcomes favored adjunctive Cortexin over basic therapy during short follow-up. | Positive short-term motor and cognition findings; unclear allocation and masking.Study limitations
|
2024 · Post-stroke cognitive impairment in young patients English abstract | Human stroke Young adults after stroke Uncontrolled human report 30 post-stroke adults aged 18–45 | Open prospective report of cognition and quality-of-life changes during follow-up. | Uncontrolled changes in cognition and quality of life cannot isolate treatment benefit.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Ischemic stroke · formulation comparison Randomized trial 490 stroke patients: 246 IV-first, 244 IM; double-dummy active comparison | Compares routes of active Cortexin administration. Both groups received active drug; the placebo injections maintained masking. | Active route comparison; placebo injections maintain blinding but do not create a drug-free control.Study limitations
|
2010 · Cortexin in the complex treatment of post stroke epilepsy English abstract | Human stroke Post-stroke epilepsy Human comparative study 46 patients with post-stroke epilepsy; 29 adjunctive Cortexin, 17 basic treatment | The report describes improved clinical effects and EEG findings alongside anti-seizure treatment. | Adjunctive clinical/EEG signal; seizure freedom and prevention are unestablished.Study limitations
|
2006 · Comparative analysis of efficacy of certain neuroprotectors in ischemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · comparative series Human comparative study Two comparative series: 35 patients in a Cortexin–Nootropil comparison and 45 in a Cortexin–Cerebrolysin comparison | Authors described broadly similar clinical effects in moderate ischemic stroke and some practical advantages for Cortexin. | Insufficient methods and effect estimates for a compound ranking.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke Clinical trial / comparison 30 acute-stroke patients receiving adjunctive Semax and 80 conventional-care controls | The report studied Semax alongside intensive stroke care and described neurological and electrophysiological changes. | Reported faster neurological recovery with adjunctive Semax; allocation and adverse-event details unresolved.Study limitations
|
2018 · The efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Early / late rehabilitation Human comparative study 110 stroke patients; early/late rehabilitation groups with and without Semax | The report links treatment and rehabilitation timing to plasma BDNF and functional outcomes. | Functional and plasma-BDNF associations; a biomarker change alone is not clinical efficacy.Study limitations
|
2012 · Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke English abstract | Human stroke Acute ischemic stroke · systematic review Review Three trials, 1,002 patients; one trial supplied 93% of the data | The review found insufficient evidence on dependence. A nonsignificant early-mortality trend was sensitive to baseline stroke-severity imbalance. | Insufficient evidence for dependence; no established mortality benefit.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Human stroke Post-stroke rehabilitation Randomized trial 158 post-stroke rehabilitation patients; 137 assessed after treatment and 88 at 24 weeks | A 12-week placebo comparison reported an aphasia signal but no demonstrated improvement in activities of daily living. Persistence at 24 weeks was unresolved. | Aphasia signal without demonstrated improvement in daily activities; substantial follow-up loss.Study limitations
|
2006 · Experience using Phenotropil in outpatients during early recovery after ischemic stroke Russian source · see review scope | Human stroke Early outpatient recovery Uncontrolled human report 120 post-stroke outpatients; two active-treatment groups | The report describes before/after changes in cognitive and functional measures. It also reports worse subjective tolerability in the higher-exposure group. | Before/after changes in active-treatment groups; no reliable causal benefit, and worse tolerability with higher exposure.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Focal ischemia · rat MCAO Animal / experimental Rats with focal cerebral ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion | GK-2 reduced infarct area and improved neurological tests. | GK-2: smaller injury and better neurological tests in rats only.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Focal ischemia · rat timing experiment Animal / experimental Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; treatment-start timing experiment | GK-2 reduced infarct volume with experimental treatment starts between four and 24 hours after injury. | GK-2: experimental treatment-window signal, not a human treatment window.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Rat ischemia and cell experiments Animal / experimental Cultured cells and rat ischemia/pain models | GTS-113 and GTS-115 were designed from NGF loop 3. GTS-115 showed cell protection and reduced infarct volume in a rat stroke model, but also induced hyperalgesia. | GTS-115: infarct signal accompanied by hyperalgesia; not a class-wide NGF result.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Focal ischemia · rat MCAO Animal / experimental Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion plus HT-22 signaling assays | GSB-106 and GSB-214 reduced infarct volume by approximately 66% and 28%, respectively, in this experiment. | GSB-106 and GSB-214: positive infarct findings; human stroke efficacy is unknown.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Focal ischemia · rat MCAO Animal / experimental Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion | GTS-302 reduced infarct volume by 39% and improved the day-three neurological measure; GTS-301 was inactive in this experiment. | GTS-302 positive; GTS-301 inactive. Closely related peptides are not interchangeable.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Incomplete global ischemia and cell toxicity Animal / experimental Rat ischemia model and HT-22 cells | CPG improved selected neurological and locomotor measures after incomplete global ischemia in rats and protected HT-22 cells against glutamate toxicity. | CPG: experimental neurological/cell-protection findings; not a GZK-111 clinical trial.Study limitations
|
2021 · Brain Protein Expression Profile of Semax in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion English abstract | Animal / laboratory Rat ischemia–reperfusion Animal / experimental Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model | Protein profiling connects experimental ischemia research with inflammation and recovery-related signaling. | Semax protein-expression findings are mechanistic rather than human recovery data.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Animal / laboratory Rat ischemia–reperfusion Animal / experimental Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; gene-expression assays | PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression response after cerebral ischemia in rats. Most measured genes remained unchanged with the shorter peptides, underscoring that a shared PGP motif does not imply equivalent effects. | PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression response.Study limitations
|
1998 · Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats English abstract | Animal / laboratory Rat hypoxia and cerebral ischemia Animal / experimental Rat hypoxia / cerebral-ischemia memory models | The indexed abstract identifies GVS-111 among nootropics investigated in hypoxia/ischemia-associated memory impairment. | Abstract names GVS-111 among candidates, but does not resolve each compound/model arm. Do not assign all reported effects to Noopept.Study limitations
|
2012 · Histostructural changes of rat cerebral cortex during hemorrhagic stroke modeling English abstract | Animal / laboratory Experimental hemorrhagic stroke Animal / experimental Rat models of primary and secondary hemorrhagic stroke; brain histology | Investigators reported fewer degenerating cortical neurons with the tested preparations. | Rat histology only; not evidence for treating human hemorrhagic stroke.Study limitations
|
2025 · Picamilon in stage I and II chronic cerebral ischemia: open comparative study Full text available | Adjacent research Chronic cerebral ischemia Uncontrolled human report 100 enrolled; 94 in per-protocol efficacy analysis; stage I and II groups initially 50 each | Open study reported cognitive and questionnaire changes during active treatment. Six participants did not complete; efficacy used the per-protocol population. | Not an acute-stroke or stroke-recovery trial; possible overlap with the 2024 cohort.Study limitations
|
| Full text available | Adjacent research Chronic cerebral ischemia Uncontrolled human report 50 stage II patients (5 men, 45 women); 70-day active treatment and 45-day follow-up | An open cohort reported changes in cognition, sleep questionnaires and vascular measures. No untreated comparator is described; this cannot establish benefit in healthy mariners. | Open cohort without untreated comparator; not direct stroke efficacy.Study limitations
|
2006 · Cerluten: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation Russian source · see review scope | Adjacent research Mixed neurological diagnoses Human comparative study 85 patients: 48 adjunctive Cerluten; 37 conventional-care controls. Mixed neurological diagnoses. | The 2005–2006 report describes attention-test and selected EEG improvements during 10–20 days of adjunctive treatment. | Mixed-diagnosis report cannot establish a stroke-specific effect.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Adjacent research Chronic cerebral ischemia · CORNELia Uncontrolled human report CORNELia; 801 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and cognitive impairment | Reports clinical changes with Cortexin plus Neuromexol; biomarkers were assessed in smaller comparison subgroups. | Combination treatment and chronic ischemia are not evidence for Cortexin alone after stroke.Study limitations
|
2014 · Treatment of asthenic syndrome in chronic brain ischemia: TRIUMPH observational program Full text available | Adjacent research Chronic cerebral ischemia · TRIUMPH Uncontrolled human report 2,029 participants; 1,170 analyzed; 859 excluded for protocol completion/documentation problems | The observational program reported improved asthenia scores. Treatment duration was selected by physicians, not randomly assigned. | Asthenia observations with extensive exclusions; no direct stroke-recovery conclusion.Study limitations
|
2024 · CHRONAS: pilot study of chronic sleep disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia English abstract | Adjacent research Chronic cerebral ischemia · CHRONAS Uncontrolled human report 50 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and comorbidities | Prospective pilot report using sleep, sleepiness and other clinical questionnaires. The abstract describes changes after treatment, but does not describe a randomized untreated control. | Uncontrolled sleep questionnaires; not a stroke recovery endpoint.Study limitations
|
2014 · An open clinical trial of cortexin in treatment of brain ischemia English abstract | Adjacent research Stage II chronic brain ischemia Uncontrolled human report Analysis of 500 patients with stage II brain ischemia | The authors describe before/after cognitive, affective, and neurological changes in an open treatment analysis. | Open before/after observations; not an acute stroke trial.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Needs reconciliation 2025 Cerebrolysin meta-analysis Review 2025 meta-analysis reporting 14 randomized trials | The review reports a neurological-scale benefit, but functional independence and mortality were not significantly improved. | Reporting inconsistency and possible CARS cohort overlap; pooled estimates withheld.Study limitations
|
| English abstract | Needs reconciliation 2026 thrombectomy-adjunct review Review 2026 review of three observational thrombectomy-adjunct studies | Authors report favorable recovery and safety associations, but inconsistent denominators prevent reliable interpretation of the quoted estimates. | Inconsistent sample denominators; favorable observational claims require source reconciliation.Study limitations
|
| Bibliographic record | Needs reconciliation Hemorrhagic-stroke citation Not classified Hemorrhagic-stroke paper; indexed citation without abstract | The title describes cerebellar injury and Cortexin with or without nitrite; no outcome is extracted from the title. | No abstract or original results reviewed; title-only record does not support an efficacy claim.Study limitations
|
Experimental peptides: promising questions, not clinical answers
GK-2, GTS-115, GSB-106, GSB-214, GTS-302 and CPG have model-specific positive findings. GTS-301 was inactive in the 2026 rat experiment, while PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s transcriptional response. A related structure does not confer the same effect.
These records cannot establish human benefit, dosing, safety or a treatment window. The Noopept-related hypoxia paper needs compound-by-model extraction before stronger claims can be assigned. Human hemorrhagic-stroke benefit is not established by the rat histology records shown here.
The source library
These 41 records include trials, observations, reviews, experiments and adjacent material. They are not 41 independent trials. Each record states what was actually accessed; an abstract is not a completed full-text appraisal.
Human stroke
Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke
Ziganshina LE, Abakumova T, Nurkhametova D, Ivanchenko K · Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD007026. PMID 37818733
The pooled mortality analysis of Cerebrolysin or Cortexin found probably little or no difference (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65–1.41; 6 trials, 1,689 participants).
- Population / setting
- Cochrane review: 7 RCTs, including one Cortexin trial with 272 participants
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- The pooled estimate is not Cortexin-only.
- The potential increase in nonfatal serious adverse events concerned Cerebrolysin and should not automatically be assigned to Cortexin.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Asia: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial
Heiss WD, Brainin M, Bornstein NM, Tuomilehto J, Hong Z, Cerebrolysin Acute Stroke Treatment in Asia (CASTA) Investigators · Stroke · PMID 22282884
The combined primary outcome showed no significant benefit. A favorable signal in more severe strokes arose in post-hoc analysis.
- Population / setting
- CASTA: 1,070 acute ischemic-stroke patients; randomized within 12 hours; 90-day follow-up
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- The severe-stroke subgroup is exploratory, not confirmation of efficacy.
- Do not count this trial again when reading meta-analyses that include CASTA.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cerebrolysin and Recovery After Stroke (CARS): A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial.
Porcine brain-derived peptide mixture; equivalence to other hydrolysates is not assumed · Journal publication
Muresanu DF, Heiss WD, Hoemberg V, Bajenaru O, Popescu CD, Vester JC, Rahlfs VW, Doppler E, Meier D, Moessler H, Guekht A · Stroke
The exploratory trial reports better upper-limb motor recovery at day 90.
- Population / setting
- Stroke patients receiving standardized rehabilitation; CARS trial
- What was checked
- Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Authors call for a larger confirmatory trial. Rehabilitation and timing define the setting; this is not evidence of healthy-person enhancement.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cerebrolysin combined with rehabilitation promotes motor recovery in patients with severe motor impairment after stroke.
Porcine brain-derived peptide mixture; equivalence to other hydrolysates is not assumed · Journal publication
Chang WH, Park CH, Kim DY, Shin YI, Ko MH, Lee A, Jang SY, Kim YH · BMC neurology
No significant overall between-group motor difference was found; a severe-impairment subgroup showed a favorable signal.
- Population / setting
- 70 subacute stroke patients randomized 35 per group
- What was checked
- Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Subgroup findings should not replace the overall result or be generalized to all stroke patients.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in motor function recovery after stroke: a meta-analysis of the CARS trials.
Porcine brain-derived peptide mixture; equivalence to other hydrolysates is not assumed · Journal publication
Guekht A, Vester J, Heiss WD, Gusev E, Hoemberg V, Rahlfs VW, Bajenaru O, Popescu BO, Doppler E, Winter S, Moessler H, Muresanu D · Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Individual-participant analysis reports a favorable motor-recovery result during early rehabilitation.
- Population / setting
- 442 participants in the pooled CARS-1 and CARS-2 analysis
- What was checked
- Citation and indexed abstract checked. Full methods, funding and risk of bias have not been comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Reanalysis of existing trials, not a new independent cohort. Do not add these participants to CARS counts.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
ARTEMIDA Trial (A Randomized Trial of Efficacy, 12 Months International Double-Blind Actovegin): A Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Actovegin in Poststroke Cognitive Impairment.
Deproteinized calf-blood derivative · Journal publication
Guekht A, Skoog I, Edmundson S, Zakharov V, Korczyn AD · Stroke
The trial reported a cognitive-scale benefit at six months. Recurrent ischemic stroke was numerically more frequent with Actovegin, without a statistically significant difference.
- Population / setting
- 503 patients aged 60 or older after ischemic stroke; ARTEMIDA
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain incomplete.
Limitations & review scope
- Clinical importance and replication remain unresolved. The safety imbalance cannot establish causation or be dismissed as proof of safety. Disease-specific results do not establish healthy-person enhancement.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Actovegin in the management of patients after ischemic stroke: A systematic review.
Deproteinized calf-blood derivative · Journal publication
la Fleur P, Baizhaxynova A, Reynen E, Kaunelis D, Galiyeva D · PloS one
The review found uncertain benefit and no consistent evidence of improved survival, disability, daily activities or quality of life. It flagged potential harm and called for better trials.
- Population / setting
- Five controlled studies after ischemic stroke; one randomized trial and four observational studies
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract checked; full methods and risk-of-bias appraisal remain incomplete.
Limitations & review scope
- Heterogeneous evidence precluded meta-analysis. This review includes ARTEMIDA and is not an independent additional trial.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Clinical efficacy and pharmacoeconomic characteristics of the neuroprotection with low doses of cortexin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke
Aliferova VM, Dadasheva MN, Doronin BM, Kovalenko AV, Lokshtanova TM, Martynov MIu, Meshkova KS, Salimov KA, Stakhovskaia LV, Chefranova ZhIu, Shamalov NA · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 114(4):41-46. PMID 24874316
Double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of repeated Cortexin, one course followed by placebo, and placebo. Authors reported functional and pharmacoeconomic benefits.
- Population / setting
- ESCORT; 272 acute ischemic-stroke patients
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Read alongside the independent 2023 Cochrane assessment; favorable scales do not establish mortality benefit.
- Related ESCORT publications describe the same trial and must not be counted as independent replications.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
New possibilities of neuroprotection in the treatment of ischemic stroke
Skoromets AA, Stakhovskaia LV, Belkin AA, Shekhovtsova KV, Kerbikov OB, Burenchev DV, Gavrilova OV, Skvortsova VI · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 19431244
The double-blind multicenter report described improvement in neurological and functional scales compared with placebo.
- Population / setting
- 62 acute hemispheric ischemic-stroke patients; 32 Cortexin and 30 placebo; treatment started within six hours
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Small trial; random sequence generation is not established by the abstract.
- No numerical treatment effect or adequate assessment of uncommon harms is available in the abstract.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Efficacy of cortexin in acute and recovery periodes of hemispheric ischemic stroke
Belova LA, Mashin VV, Abramova VV, Proshin AN, Ovsjannikova AN · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 116(10):38-42. PMID 27845314
Compares one course, repeated courses and basic therapy, using neurological, mobility and cognitive scales. Authors reported greater improvement with repeated treatment.
- Population / setting
- 90 patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Blinding and allocation safeguards are not established by the abstract.
- Natural recovery and co-treatment complicate interpretation.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Efficacy of Korteksin in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke
Belova LA, Mashin VV, Abramova VV, Slastyon EY, Belov DV · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 30132453
The authors reported the greatest neurological improvement in one repeated-course group.
- Population / setting
- 122 ischemic-stroke patients in four groups (30, 30, 30 and 32)
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Randomization and blinding are not established from the abstract.
- Possible participant overlap with the same group’s 2016 report remains unresolved.
- Different treatment schedules do not establish an optimal clinical regimen.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Use of cortexin in the early rehabilitation period of ischemic stroke of moderate severity
Nurguzhaev ES, Mitrokhin DA, Izbasarova ASh, Nurguzhaev AE, Raimkulov BN, Abdil'manova BR · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 19672239
Motor and cognitive outcomes favored adjunctive Cortexin over basic therapy during short follow-up.
- Population / setting
- 68 early-rehabilitation patients; 35 adjunctive Cortexin, 33 basic therapy
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Allocation and masking are unclear in the abstract.
- Short follow-up and limited safety reporting do not establish sustained independence or safety.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Post-stroke cognitive impairment in young patients
Shchepankevich LA, Rerikh KV, Gribacheva IA, Popova TF, Taneeva EV, Tyazhelnikov NE, Sokolova DV, Boznyakov AV · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 124(8):92-96. PMID 39269301
Open prospective report of cognition and quality-of-life changes during follow-up.
- Population / setting
- 30 post-stroke adults aged 18–45
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- No randomized untreated comparator described.
- Recovery over time cannot be separated reliably from a treatment effect.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Therapeutic equivalence of intravenous and intramuscular dosage forms of Cortexin in ischemic strokes
Fedin AI, Khairova EN, Artyukov OP, Timchenko LV, Bazhenova OA, Gaiduk NV, Zykov MV · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 125(12):60-67. PMID 41524350
Compares routes of active Cortexin administration. Both groups received active drug; the placebo injections maintained masking.
- Population / setting
- 490 stroke patients: 246 IV-first, 244 IM; double-dummy active comparison
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- This is an active-route equivalence comparison, not evidence of benefit versus no Cortexin.
- Noninferiority margin and full analysis require review; publication year is 2025 despite later indexing.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cortexin in the complex treatment of post stroke epilepsy
Gafurov BG, Gafurov ShB · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 20873481
The report describes improved clinical effects and EEG findings alongside anti-seizure treatment.
- Population / setting
- 46 patients with post-stroke epilepsy; 29 adjunctive Cortexin, 17 basic treatment
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Concurrent treatment prevents attribution to Cortexin alone.
- The abstract does not establish sustained seizure freedom, prevention of epilepsy or randomized allocation.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Comparative analysis of efficacy of certain neuroprotectors in ischemic stroke
Skorokhodov AP, Dudina AA, Kolesnikova EA, Koron AE, Kobantsev IuA, Sedova AA · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 18193579
Authors described broadly similar clinical effects in moderate ischemic stroke and some practical advantages for Cortexin.
- Population / setting
- Two comparative series: 35 patients in a Cortexin–Nootropil comparison and 45 in a Cortexin–Cerebrolysin comparison
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Allocation, masking and usable between-group effect estimates are unclear.
- This is not a reliable head-to-head ranking or proof of equivalence.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)
Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Indexed abstract
E. I. Gusev, V. I. Skvortsova, N. F. Miasoedov, V. N. Nezavibatko, E. Iu. Zhuravleva, A. V. Vanichkin · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 97(6):26–34
The report studied Semax alongside intensive stroke care and described neurological and electrophysiological changes.
- Population / setting
- 30 acute-stroke patients receiving adjunctive Semax and 80 conventional-care controls
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract rechecked; original allocation, attrition and adverse-event tables still unavailable.
Limitations & review scope
- Unequal comparison groups; randomized allocation is not established.
- Background intensive treatment and stroke severity complicate attribution.
- No inference about healthy-worker performance from this clinical setting.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
The efficacy of Semax in the treatment of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke
Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication
E I Gusev, M Yu Martynov, E V Kostenko, L V Petrova, S N Bobyreva · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 118(3 Vyp 2):61–68
The report links treatment and rehabilitation timing to plasma BDNF and functional outcomes.
- Population / setting
- 110 stroke patients; early/late rehabilitation groups with and without Semax
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Randomization and blinding are not established by the abstract.
- BDNF association does not prove mediation; rehabilitation timing is a separate influence.
- Disease-specific findings do not establish healthy-person enhancement.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Piracetam for acute ischaemic stroke
Format: Systematic review · Reviewed: Abstract and reference list
S. Ricci, M. G. Celani, T. A. Cantisani, E. Righetti · Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(9):CD000419
The review found insufficient evidence on dependence. A nonsignificant early-mortality trend was sensitive to baseline stroke-severity imbalance.
- Population / setting
- Three trials, 1,002 patients; one trial supplied 93% of the data
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and included-trial list checked. The current Cochrane page dates the same DOI to 2022 but still reports a May 2011 search cutoff; this is not evidence of a newly searched trial set.
Limitations & review scope
- Condition-specific historical review, not a conclusion about healthy-person cognition.
- Harms were not adequately reported; absence of reporting is not evidence of safety.
- Trials in this review must not be counted again as independent review participants.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Effect of piracetam on recovery and rehabilitation after stroke: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Format: Journal article · Reviewed: Abstract
Enderby P, Broeckx J, Hospers W, Schildermans F, Deberdt W · Clinical neuropharmacology
A 12-week placebo comparison reported an aphasia signal but no demonstrated improvement in activities of daily living. Persistence at 24 weeks was unresolved.
- Population / setting
- 158 post-stroke rehabilitation patients; 137 assessed after treatment and 88 at 24 weeks
- What was checked
- Europe PMC indexed abstract checked; complete trial methods not reviewed.
Limitations & review scope
- Substantial loss to later follow-up limits interpretation.
- Aphasia findings require confirmation and do not establish healthy-person cognitive enhancement.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Experience using Phenotropil in outpatients during early recovery after ischemic stroke
L. V. Bagir, T. T. Batysheva, A. N. Boyko, E. V. Kostenko, T. M. Manevich, O. V. Matvievskaya · Consilium Medicum. No. 8, 2006; eight-page reprint
The report describes before/after changes in cognitive and functional measures. It also reports worse subjective tolerability in the higher-exposure group.
- Population / setting
- 120 post-stroke outpatients; two active-treatment groups
- What was checked
- Original article reprint, title page and indexed methods/results checked; numerical outcomes not independently reanalyzed.
Limitations & review scope
- No untreated/placebo group in the described comparison.
- Recovery over time and other care limit causal attribution.
- Patient outcomes do not establish healthy-person performance enhancement.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Animal / laboratory
Neuroprotective effect of GK-2, a dipeptide mimetic of nerve growth factor, during experimental focal ischemia in middle cerebral artery basin
Seredenin SB, Silachev DN, Gudasheva TA, Pirogov YA, Isaev NK · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · PMID 22462051
GK-2 reduced infarct area and improved neurological tests.
- Population / setting
- Rats with focal cerebral ischemia after middle cerebral artery occlusion
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Animal-only finding; human stroke benefit and safety are unestablished.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
An experimental evaluation of the therapeutic window of the neuroprotective activity of a low-molecular nerve growth factor mimetic GK-2
Seredenin SB, Povarnina PY, Gudasheva TA · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · PMID 30132457
GK-2 reduced infarct volume with experimental treatment starts between four and 24 hours after injury.
- Population / setting
- Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; treatment-start timing experiment
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- An animal treatment window cannot be used as a human treatment window.
- No human clinical outcome was measured.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Design, synthesis, and neuroprotective effects of a dimeric dipeptide mimetic of the third loop of the nerve growth factor
· Primary source linked above
GTS-113 and GTS-115 were designed from NGF loop 3. GTS-115 showed cell protection and reduced infarct volume in a rat stroke model, but also induced hyperalgesia.
- Population / setting
- Cultured cells and rat ischemia/pain models
- What was checked
- Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Publisher abstract reviewed; full methods pending.
- Animal efficacy and pain responses do not establish human benefit or safety.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Mimetics of brain-derived neurotrophic factor loops 1 and 4 are active in a model of ischemic stroke in rats
Gudasheva TA, Povarnina P, Logvinov IO, Antipova TA, Seredenin SB · Drug design, development and therapy · PMID 27843294
GSB-106 and GSB-214 reduced infarct volume by approximately 66% and 28%, respectively, in this experiment.
- Population / setting
- Rat middle cerebral artery occlusion plus HT-22 signaling assays
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Animal results do not establish benefit or comparative potency in people.
- Effects are compound-specific and cannot be assigned to all BDNF mimetics.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Study of the neuroprotective effect of NT-3 dipeptide mimetics GTS-301 and GTS-302 on an experimental model of ischemic stroke
D. M. Nikiforov, P. Yu. Povarnina, T. A. Gudasheva · Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. 2026;(1):12–19
GTS-302 reduced infarct volume by 39% and improved the day-three neurological measure; GTS-301 was inactive in this experiment.
- Population / setting
- Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion
- What was checked
- Publisher-deposited abstract and metadata reviewed through Crossref; publisher website could not be retrieved.
Limitations & review scope
- Animal experiment, not evidence of benefit in human stroke.
- Full methods, sample size and risk of bias require review.
- This is a separate stroke paper; the correction to an earlier NT-3 withdrawal study does not resolve or invalidate this paper automatically.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Neuropeptide Cycloprolylglycine Exhibits Neuroprotective Activity after Systemic Administration to Rats with Modeled Incomplete Global Ischemia and in In Vitro Modeled Glutamate Neurotoxicity.
Povarnina PY, Kolyasnikova KN, Nikolaev SV, Antipova TA, Gudasheva TA · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine
CPG improved selected neurological and locomotor measures after incomplete global ischemia in rats and protected HT-22 cells against glutamate toxicity.
- Population / setting
- Rat ischemia model and HT-22 cells
- What was checked
- Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
- Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Brain Protein Expression Profile of Semax in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion
Original Semax / Selank research preparations; no equivalence to modified commercial analogues asserted · Journal publication
Olga Yu Sudarkina, Ivan B Filippenkov, Vasily V Stavchansky, Alina E Denisova, Vadim V Yuzhakov, Larisa E Sevankaeva, Liya V Valieva, Julia A Remizova, Veronika G Dmitrieva, Leonid V Gubsky, Nikolai F Myasoedov, Svetlana A Limborska, Lyudmila V Dergunova · Int J Mol Sci. 22(12):6179
Protein profiling connects experimental ischemia research with inflammation and recovery-related signaling.
- Population / setting
- Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and English abstract checked; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Animal molecular endpoints do not demonstrate clinical stroke efficacy.
- Related transcriptomic and protein studies are not automatically independent replication.
Source checked 2026-09-30. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Insight into Glyproline Peptides' Activity through the Modulation of the Inflammatory and Neurosignaling Genetic Response Following Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion.
Stavchansky VV, Filippenkov IB, Remizova JA, Denisova AE, Mozgovoy IV, Gubsky LV, Myasoedov NF, Andreeva LA, Limborska SA, Dergunova LV · Genes
PGP and PGPL did not reproduce Semax’s gene-expression response after cerebral ischemia in rats. Most measured genes remained unchanged with the shorter peptides, underscoring that a shared PGP motif does not imply equivalent effects.
- Population / setting
- Rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; gene-expression assays
- What was checked
- Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
- Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Pharmacological treatment of memory disorders caused by hypoxia and cerebral ischemia in rats
Author transcription pending · Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 32(1):55–60
The indexed abstract identifies GVS-111 among nootropics investigated in hypoxia/ischemia-associated memory impairment.
- Population / setting
- Rat hypoxia / cerebral-ischemia memory models
- What was checked
- Indexed primary abstract identified; full author list and methods remain pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Original results and compound-specific effects require full-paper extraction.
- Not a human occupational trial.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Histostructural changes of rat cerebral cortex during hemorrhagic stroke modeling
Savos'ko SI, Chaĭkovs'kyĭ IuB, Pogoriela NKh, Makarenko OM · Fiziolohichnyi zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine : 1994) · PMID 23233944
Investigators reported fewer degenerating cortical neurons with the tested preparations.
- Population / setting
- Rat models of primary and secondary hemorrhagic stroke; brain histology
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Histological changes in rats do not establish human functional recovery or safety in brain hemorrhage.
- A separately named preparation, Cerebral, is not treated as interchangeable with Cortexin or Cerebrolysin.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Adjacent research
Picamilon in stage I and II chronic cerebral ischemia: open comparative study
Format: Publisher HTML article · Reviewed: Methods and results
A. B. Danilov, N. N. Shindryaeva, I. V. Borodulina, T. D. Lunev · Consilium Medicum. 2025;27(2)
Open study reported cognitive and questionnaire changes during active treatment. Six participants did not complete; efficacy used the per-protocol population.
- Population / setting
- 100 enrolled; 94 in per-protocol efficacy analysis; stage I and II groups initially 50 each
- What was checked
- Publisher methods and results checked; participant-level reconciliation with 2024 reports remains unresolved.
Limitations & review scope
- No untreated or placebo group.
- Shared investigators, protocols and cohort characteristics suggest possible overlap with the 2024 reports; this is an inference, not confirmed participant identity.
- Do not add 44, 50 and 100 as independent participants.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Clinical efficacy and safety of Picamilon in patients with progressive chronic cerebral ischemia
Format: Publisher HTML article · Reviewed: Methods and outcomes
Danilov AB, Shindryaeva NN, Borodulina IV, Lunegov TD, Kristeleva DA · Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 124(8). PMID 39269299
An open cohort reported changes in cognition, sleep questionnaires and vascular measures. No untreated comparator is described; this cannot establish benefit in healthy mariners.
- Population / setting
- 50 stage II patients (5 men, 45 women); 70-day active treatment and 45-day follow-up
- What was checked
- Publisher methods and outcome descriptions checked; no untreated comparator.
Limitations & review scope
- Uncontrolled treatment cohort; expectation, repeated testing and concomitant care can affect outcomes.
- Questionnaire improvement is not evidence about wearable sleep stages.
- Strong similarities to the 2025 stage II group warrant overlap checks before any pooling.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cerluten: clinical report on a tissue-derived preparation
Tissue-derived mixture / named preparation · Institute report — commercial reproduction
St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology Medical Center (report attribution) · Institute clinical report (commercial reproduction); 2006 study/report date, not website publication date
The 2005–2006 report describes attention-test and selected EEG improvements during 10–20 days of adjunctive treatment.
- Population / setting
- 85 patients: 48 adjunctive Cerluten; 37 conventional-care controls. Mixed neurological diagnoses.
- What was checked
- Russian report reproduced on a commercial website; population, comparison and reported outcomes checked. Signed original and full protocol not authenticated.
Limitations & review scope
- Random allocation and blinding are not documented. EEG assessment selected more severely affected patients; the findings cannot establish stroke recovery or benefit in healthy people.
- Commercially reproduced institute report; independent peer review and independent replication are not established by this document.
- Short-term reporting without a complete adverse-event protocol cannot establish long-term safety. Preparation equivalence to current products or synthetic peptides is unproven.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Results of a multicenter observational program to evaluate the effectiveness of complex therapy of patients with chronic cerebrovascular pathology with cognitive impairment with Cortexin and Neuromexol (CORNELia study)
Mashin VV, Belova LA, Kotova EY, Dolgova DR, Statenina AP, Belyaeva YK, Dergacheva AS, Israfilova RR · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 123(12):34-41. PMID 38147380
Reports clinical changes with Cortexin plus Neuromexol; biomarkers were assessed in smaller comparison subgroups.
- Population / setting
- CORNELia; 801 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and cognitive impairment
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and citation checked via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Combination treatment does not isolate Cortexin’s contribution.
- The biomarker subset is not the full cohort; observational findings do not establish causality.
Source checked 2026-09-29. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Treatment of asthenic syndrome in chronic brain ischemia: TRIUMPH observational program
Format: Publisher HTML article · Reviewed: Methods and analysis-population narrative
A. I. Fedin, E. Yu. Solovyeva, O. P. Mironova, A. V. Fedotova · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 114(12):104–111
The observational program reported improved asthenia scores. Treatment duration was selected by physicians, not randomly assigned.
- Population / setting
- 2,029 participants; 1,170 analyzed; 859 excluded for protocol completion/documentation problems
- What was checked
- Publisher methods and analysis-population passage checked.
Limitations & review scope
- Large exclusion from analysis creates potential selection bias.
- No untreated control; within-person improvement cannot establish causation.
- This program is not a randomized trial and cannot establish long-term safety.
Source checked 2026-10-02. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
CHRONAS: pilot study of chronic sleep disorders in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia
M. V. Putilina, N. I. Shabalina · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 124(4):118–126
Prospective pilot report using sleep, sleepiness and other clinical questionnaires. The abstract describes changes after treatment, but does not describe a randomized untreated control.
- Population / setting
- 50 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and comorbidities
- What was checked
- English/Russian abstract checked. No wearable sleep-stage results are inferred.
Limitations & review scope
- Clinical population differs from healthy maritime shift workers.
- Before/after change does not isolate a treatment effect.
- Questionnaires cannot validate the personal WHOOP REM/SWS observations.
Source checked 2026-09-27. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
An open clinical trial of cortexin in treatment of brain ischemia
V. V. Mashin, L. A. Belova, O. I. Chaplanova, A. F. Khusnullina, A. M. Manasian · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 114(9):49–52
The authors describe before/after cognitive, affective, and neurological changes in an open treatment analysis.
- Population / setting
- Analysis of 500 patients with stage II brain ischemia
- What was checked
- PubMed record and English abstract checked. Open interventional report; grouped here with uncontrolled observational evidence.
Limitations & review scope
- No untreated comparison is described in the abstract.
- The analysis sample is 500; the larger screening population is not the analyzed sample.
- This paper did not measure wearable sleep stages and cannot validate the n=1 diary.
Source checked 2026-09-27. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Needs reconciliation
Safety and Efficacy of Cerebrolysin for Neurorecovery After Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 14 Randomized Controlled Trials
Patel PN, Mangal D, Patel K · Cureus · PMID 41018475
The review reports a neurological-scale benefit, but functional independence and mortality were not significantly improved.
- Population / setting
- 2025 meta-analysis reporting 14 randomized trials
- What was checked
- Indexed abstract and publicly indexed methods checked; inconsistencies flagged, not independently resolved.
Limitations & review scope
- The abstract calls hemorrhagic transformation nonsignificant despite a confidence interval excluding the null.
- The included-publication list contains both CARS and a pooled CARS report; cohort independence needs reconciliation.
- Numerical pooled estimates are withheld here pending appraisal of these reporting issues.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Efficacy and Safety of Cerebrolysin as an Adjunct to Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies
Afridi A, Sajjad F, Arshad A, Shahid I, Fatima NE, Alam U, Hoti RK, Abdullah M, Khan S, GhanimAl-Badri S, Khan S, Bakkar MA, Saeed A, Ali A, Khan LA, Kamil KA · Brain and behavior · PMID 41880098
Authors report favorable recovery and safety associations, but inconsistent denominators prevent reliable interpretation of the quoted estimates.
- Population / setting
- 2026 review of three observational thrombectomy-adjunct studies
- What was checked
- Indexed citation and abstract reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; full methods and risk of bias not comprehensively appraised.
Limitations & review scope
- Reported outcome denominators conflict with the stated total sample and treatment-group sizes.
- Observational comparisons are vulnerable to confounding; no randomized adjunct effect is established.
- Effect estimates are withheld pending reconciliation with the original cohorts.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Cortexin and combination of nitrite with cortexin decrease swelling and destruction of cerebellar neurons in hemorrhagic stroke
Reutov VP, Samosudova NV, Filippova NA, Krushinskii AL, Kuzenkov VS, Sorokina EG, Pinelis VG, Granstrem OK, Larionova NP, Chailakhyan LM · Doklady biological sciences : proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological sciences sections · PMID 19650315
The title describes cerebellar injury and Cortexin with or without nitrite; no outcome is extracted from the title.
- Population / setting
- Hemorrhagic-stroke paper; indexed citation without abstract
- What was checked
- Indexed citation reviewed via Europe PMC / PubMed; no abstract or full text reviewed.
Limitations & review scope
- Original methods and results were not recovered.
- No clinical efficacy or combination-safety claim can be made from this citation.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
What still needs to be recovered
This is a curated map of Molekul’s collection plus targeted follow-up searches, not an exhaustive systematic review of all stroke medicines. Records were screened for stroke and cerebral ischemia, then separated by actual population and model. Cardiac or intestinal ischemia, altitude tolerance and generic neuroprotection are not direct stroke evidence.
Picamilon, chronic-ischemia Cortexin reports, Cerluten and the Phenotropil asthenia program remain adjacent. For other catalogued preparations—including Bemitil, Bromantane, Selank, DSIP and Hypoxen—this map does not presently contain verified direct human stroke efficacy data. That is a collection gap, not proof that no publication exists.
- Recover full Semax trial methods, numerical outcomes and adverse-event tables.
- Reconcile Cortexin cohort overlap, allocation methods and modern standard-care comparators.
- Reconcile the 2025 and 2026 Cerebrolysin review tables against their original trial populations.
- Recover GZK-111 focal-stroke originals separately from CPG studies and pharmacokinetic records.
- Obtain missing Picamilon and Bemitil cerebral-injury originals before assigning outcomes.
- Separate long-term disability, quality of life, recurrent stroke and survival from short-term scale or biomarker changes.
Cerebrovascular activity in the post-ischemic period
Rozhnova; Gaevy; Kovalev · 1989 · Reported Ufa proceedings citation, pp. 43–50
Exact title, pagination, participants, methods and results require original-source verification. No outcome is assigned.
Bibliography record ↗Picamilon versus piracetam in experimental ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury
Dunaev; Bashkin; Tishkin et al. · 1989 · Reported Ufa proceedings citation, pp. 51–59
Exact title, pagination, participants, methods and results require original-source verification. No outcome is assigned.
Bibliography record ↗Bemitil preclinical archive: ischemia, poisoning, repair and reproductive effects
Individual authors and original reports pending · Date unresolved · Archival research citation lead; bibliographic details need confirmation
Targets include cerebral and myocardial injury, intestinal ischemia, peritonitis, hepatectomy, convulsions, chemical exposures and developmental toxicology. Models and formulations must be checked separately; class-level findings cannot be assigned to Bemitil automatically.
Bibliography record ↗Original sources and PDF trails
Every matrix row links to its source record and external publication. The Phenotropil recovery report links to a Russian PDF reprint. The 2026 NT-3 paper’s publisher PDF is a deposited link; its full text has not yet been appraised. Source availability can change.
For current acute-stroke care, see the 2026 AHA/ASA guideline. This research map does not replace specialist assessment, reperfusion decisions, prevention or rehabilitation.
Complete bibliography ↗ · Multiple sclerosis research ↗ · Research map ↗