Pinealon after maternal hypoxia: offspring and adult-rat findings
L. S. Kozina, A. V. Arutjunyan, S. L. Stvolinskii, M. S. Stepanova, M. G. Makletsova, V. Kh. Khavinson · 2008 · Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;418:7–10; Russian original Doklady Akademii Nauk 418(3):419–422. PMID 21249538
Maternal exposure in animals · Pregnancy and offspring evidence review ↗
Reported findings and study design
Reported findings
Pinealon-treated hypoxic dams had 14±2 offspring versus 9±3 with saline (p<0.05). Offspring activity and neuronal responses changed. Adult-rat Table 1 reports 10% mortality with both Pinealon and saline, conflicting with the narrative claim of higher Pinealon mortality.
Two distinct experiments: five-day pretreatment in adult males, and maternal Pinealon after gestation-day-10 hypoxia. Offspring cerebellar cells tested at day 12; open-field behavior at four weeks, stratified by maternal hypoxia sensitivity.
Dose, route and schedule
Maternal experiment: hypoxia on gestation day 10, then Pinealon 10 µg/kg intraperitoneally on five alternate days; saline comparator. Adult males: each peptide 10 µg/kg/day intraperitoneally for five days before hypoxia. These are distinct experimental schedules, not human-use instructions.
Protocol source ↗ · Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Offspring per dam | 14 ± 2 versus 9 ± 3 | Pinealon after maternal hypoxia versus saline · Birth · p<0.05; number of dams and meaning of ± not explicitly supplied |
| Horizontal activity, offspring of sensitive dams | 53 ± 5.1 versus 36 ± 6.9 | n=11 versus n=6 offspring · Four weeks · p<0.05 |
| Adult-male respiration arrest | 184 ± 30 versus 72 ± 10 seconds | Pinealon versus saline; n=10/group · After five-day pretreatment · p<0.014 |
| Adult mortality: table versus prose | Table 1: saline 10%, Pinealon 10%, Vilon 20%, Vesugen 10%, Epitalon 20% | Narrative says higher mortality with Pinealon; discrepancy unresolved |
| Oxidative readouts | Lower cell death did not consistently correspond to lower ROS | H₂O₂ and NMDA responses differed; exact figure bars not digitized |
Adult-male arm: Table 1, n=10/group
| Group | Time to respiration arrest (s) | Posture recovery (s) | Restitution (s) | Restitution coefficient | Mortality (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saline | 72 ± 10 | 126 ± 21 | 202 ± 32 | 2.8 | 10 |
| Vilon | 149 ± 47 (p<0.08) | 152 ± 31 | 302 ± 50 (p<0.08) | 2.0 | 20 |
| Vesugen | 88 ± 9 | 111 ± 16 | 194 ± 24 | 2.2 | 10 |
| Pinealon | 184 ± 30 (p<0.014) | 152 ± 16 | 291 ± 35 (p<0.1) | 1.6 | 10 |
| Epitalon | 150 ± 38 (p<0.08) | 103 ± 28 | 185 ± 33 | 1.2 | 20 |
Printed p-values compare saline. Unmarked cells have no numerical p-value supplied. Uncertainty type is not clearly defined. This is not a pregnancy-outcome table.
Offspring open-field Table 2: significant activity outcomes
| Measure | Sensitive dams, saline offspring (n=6) | Sensitive dams, Pinealon offspring (n=11) | Resistant dams, saline offspring (n=9) | Resistant dams, Pinealon offspring (n=12) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Horizontal activity | 36 ± 6.9 | 53 ± 5.1 | 45 ± 3.3 | 57 ± 3.3 |
| Vertical activity | 2 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 0.8 | 2 ± 0.6 | 6 ± 1.1 |
Both Pinealon comparisons marked p<0.05 against the corresponding hypoxic untreated stratum. Increased activity is not itself evidence of better memory or normal development.
Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper. Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures. Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results. The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.
Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-08
Molekul summary of the linked publication. Educational information, not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.
Methods, limitations & source review
Study limitations
- Animal injury experiments do not establish human pregnancy safety. Epitalon, Vilon and Vesugen were tested only in the adult-male arm of this paper.
- Number of pregnant dams, randomization, masking and litter-adjusted statistics are not established. Offspring are not independent maternal exposures.
- Table 1 mortality conflicts with the prose; do not convert the latter into a verified excess risk. Vilon and Epitalon respiration findings marked p<0.08 are not demonstrated p<0.05 results.
- The paper prints an Epitalon sequence ending in Arg; established Epitalon identity is Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly. That apparent source error is retained as an identity warning.
Publication counts are not counts of independent trials. Reviews, translations and reports sharing participants may overlap. Findings apply to the studied preparation, population and endpoints.
Document format: Original PDF
Review depth: Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
Related-report group: pregnancy-pinealon-hypoxia-2008. Reports in this group are not assumed to be independent trials.
Source access and review scope
Original four-page PDF; methods and Tables 1–2 visually verified, printed pp.7–9. Journal year 2008, despite later index date.
Recorded source-check date: 2026-11-08. This date does not imply a completed systematic review.
Source type: Original journal publication
Citation and original source
Original source: L. S. Kozina, A. V. Arutjunyan, S. L. Stvolinskii, M. S. Stepanova, M. G. Makletsova, V. Kh. Khavinson. Pinealon after maternal hypoxia: offspring and adult-rat findings Doklady Biological Sciences. 2008;418:7–10; Russian original Doklady Akademii Nauk 418(3):419–422. PMID 21249538 2008.
Molekul research summary: https://molekul.io/research/pregnancy-pinealon-hypoxia-2008. Cite the original publication for its findings and this page when referring to Molekul’s summary or evidence appraisal.
Bibliography entryRelated compound profiles
Pinealon
A peptide research entry in the Khavinson evidence map. Direct studies, related extract findings, institute reports and unresolved claims are distinguished below.
Epitalon
Synthetic AEDG has direct human hormone and retinal findings. Long-term Epithalamin mortality studies concern the extract and are kept separate.
Vilon
Defined Lys–Glu (KE) dipeptide with historical adjunct-treatment reports in type 1 diabetes and separate laboratory research. Immune and coagulation-marker findings do not establish autoimmune disease modification.
Vesugen
A peptide research entry in the Khavinson evidence map. Direct studies, related extract findings, institute reports and unresolved claims are distinguished below.