COMPOUND RECORD / POLYOXIDONIUM

PolyoxidoniumПолиоксидоний

Immune Function

Source linked

What the studies found

Lab research · 2014

Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assays

Study of multiple preparations

Peritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes: 292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM eachTrekrezan plus Metaprot, relative to saline control (100%).Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.
Alveolar macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes: 302 ± 15% with Metaprot; 20 ± 2% with Metaprot plus Trekrezan20 mM per included agent, relative to saline control.Each marked p < 0.05 vs control.
Polyoxidonium in alveolar macrophages, 40 minutes: 163 ± 16% at 500 µg/mL; 69 ± 4% at 1,500 µg/mLRelative to saline control.Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.

After 40 minutes, low-concentration Trekrezan plus Metaprot raised peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence to 292% of saline control. With the higher concentrations it fell to 38%.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Isolated peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from rats. The paper labels each results table n = 10.

Design The assay used 10 million cells per cuvette and a saline reference normalized to 100%. Metaprot and Trekrezan were tested at 0.1 or 20 mM, Polyoxidonium at 500 or 1,500 µg/mL, and combinations at matched low or high concentrations. Luminescence was recorded after 20 and 40 minutes of incubation.

Important limitations

Chemiluminescence is a superoxide-related assay signal. It does not measure infection resistance or a clinical immune response. The significance labels compare conditions with saline. They do not test an interaction between the two drugs.
The direction changed with concentration and cell source. The authors did not test pharmacological synergy.

Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2014;12(1):15–18. · Publication record

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2006

Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in experimental bronchopulmonary inflammation

Study of multiple preparations

Lymphocyte and lung metabolites: Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP with both drugs
Tissue-dependent response: Polyoxidonium’s metabolic response was more pronounced in lung tissueQualitative description. The abstract describes a stronger general metabolic effect with Trekrezan.
Lymphocyte immune status: Improvement described with both drugsNo effect sizes in the abstract.

Both preparations were associated with lower lactate and higher pyruvate and ATP in blood lymphocytes and lung tissue.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Wistar rats with turpentine-induced bronchopulmonary inflammation.

Design The abstract describes a tracheal turpentine model, comparing Trekrezan 25 mg/kg with Polyoxidonium 0.75 mg/kg. It omits the drug administration route and timing.

Important limitations

The abstract gives no group sizes, route, schedule, numerical endpoint estimates or safety results. The publication and Bolekhan’s dissertation involve the same research group and model. Independence is unverified.

Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2006;69(5):50–54. PMID 17153967. · Indexed abstract

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

Animal research · 2006

Bolekhan’s dissertation on Bemitil and immunomodulators in lung inflammation

Study of multiple preparations

Metabolic markers: Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATPReported for the immunomodulators and their Bemitil combinations.
Relative individual activity: Bemitil led selected energy measures; Polyoxidonium led selected immunotropic measures
Cellular respiration markers: Bemitil increased flavoprotein fluorescence and lowered reduced pyridine nucleotide fluorescenceIn alveolar macrophages and blood lymphocytes. The other agents and the combinations did not show the same pattern.

The dissertation describes lower lactate and higher ATP with the immunomodulators and their Bemitil combinations. Bemitil led the reported energy measures among individual agents, while Polyoxidonium led selected immune measures.

More reported outcomes

Combination outcomes: Greater reported changes in selected metabolic and immune markersThe accessible transcription does not provide numerical estimates or an interaction analysis.

Study notes · methods, sources and limitations

Participants or model Rats with experimental acute bronchopulmonary inflammation.

Design Compared the three drugs and Bemitil combinations in rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, with lung histology, ATP and other metabolites, and phagocyte and lymphocyte endpoints.

Important limitations

Complete group tables, arm denominators and the separate Project Talent report require recovery. Related papers from the same laboratory may share animals or assays. No separate cohort is inferred.

Kirov Military Medical Academy. Candidate dissertation, St. Petersburg, 2006. The author names Project Talent, 4.04.133.п.12. · Dissertation excerpts

Original source or citation ↗

Study results and tables ↗

01 / OVERVIEW

About Polyoxidonium

Names in this research collection

Azoximer bromide · Polyoxidon · Polyoxydonium · Азоксимера бромид

Azoximer bromide is a synthetic polymer studied alongside Trekrezan and Bemitil in rat inflammation models and isolated macrophage assays.

Research background

Azoximer bromide is a synthetic polymer studied alongside Trekrezan and Bemitil in rat inflammation models and isolated macrophage assays.

Performance research in context

Military & occupational evidence map ↗

Compound class: Synthetic polymer immunomodulator
Research collection: Actoprotection & occupational pharmacology · editorial grouping
Research institutions: No institutional affiliation recorded
Source review: Review dates and the material assessed are listed with each publication below.

02 / HOW TO READ THE RESEARCH

Understanding the evidence

Human research This profile covers preclinical combination research
Study methods Rat lung-inflammation models and macrophage assays
Independent replication Overlap between reports from the same program remains unresolved
Source access Original journal PDF, indexed abstract and dissertation excerpts
Safety evidence The linked experiments do not establish human safety for the combinations

Open a topic for the evidence assessment.

More findings, background and history

What remains unclear

The available experimental studies leave human benefit and safety uncertain.

No human intervention report has been identified among the linked records; unclassified archival leads may remain. Several publications can describe the same participants.

Browse original study records ↗

03 / SOURCE RECORDS

Linked sources

Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗

2014 · Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assaysPeritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes: 292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM each

2014In vitroFull text available

Metaprot, Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in rat macrophage assays

I. V. Zarubina, E. V. Antonenkova, A. V. Bolekhan, E. V. Mokrenko · Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2014;12(1):15–18.

After 40 minutes, low-concentration Trekrezan plus Metaprot raised peritoneal macrophage chemiluminescence to 292% of saline control. With the higher concentrations it fell to 38%.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Reported findings

The assay used 10 million cells per cuvette and a saline reference normalized to 100%. Metaprot and Trekrezan were tested at 0.1 or 20 mM, Polyoxidonium at 500 or 1,500 µg/mL, and combinations at matched low or high concentrations. Luminescence was recorded after 20 and 40 minutes of incubation.

Results · Original PDF, methods and Tables 1–2
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Peritoneal macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes	292 ± 5% at 0.1 mM each; 38 ± 2% at 20 mM each	Trekrezan plus Metaprot, relative to saline control (100%). · Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.
Alveolar macrophage luminescence, 40 minutes	302 ± 15% with Metaprot; 20 ± 2% with Metaprot plus Trekrezan	20 mM per included agent, relative to saline control. · Each marked p < 0.05 vs control.
Polyoxidonium in alveolar macrophages, 40 minutes	163 ± 16% at 500 µg/mL; 69 ± 4% at 1,500 µg/mL	Relative to saline control. · Both marked p < 0.05 vs control.

Selected luminescence intensities from Tables 1 and 2 (% of saline control)

Selected luminescence intensities from Tables 1 and 2 (% of saline control)
Exposure	Peritoneal, 20 min	Peritoneal, 40 min	Alveolar, 20 min	Alveolar, 40 min
Saline	100	100	100	100
Metaprot 20 mM	21 ± 2	36 ± 4	297 ± 23	302 ± 15
Trekrezan + Metaprot, 0.1 mM each	191 ± 6	292 ± 5	133 ± 2	124 ± 3
Trekrezan + Metaprot, 20 mM each	28 ± 1	38 ± 2	40 ± 3	20 ± 2
Polyoxidonium 500 µg/mL	115 ± 5	108 ± 3	180 ± 16	163 ± 16
Polyoxidonium 1,500 µg/mL	86 ± 6	92 ± 9	85 ± 5	69 ± 4
Polyoxidonium 1,500 µg/mL + Metaprot 20 mM	27 ± 3	36 ± 3	66 ± 4	85 ± 5

Values and uncertainty terms as printed. This table extracts intensity rather than peak luminescence.

The direction changed with concentration and cell source. The authors did not test pharmacological synergy.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11

Population / setting: Isolated peritoneal and alveolar macrophages from rats. The paper labels each results table n = 10.
Source reviewed: Original journal PDF, experimental methods and Tables 1–2 checked.

Study limitations

Chemiluminescence is a superoxide-related assay signal. It does not measure infection resistance or a clinical immune response.
The significance labels compare conditions with saline. They do not test an interaction between the two drugs.

Reviewed 2026-11-11.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in experimental bronchopulmonary inflammationLymphocyte and lung metabolites: Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP with both drugs

2006Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Trekrezan and Polyoxidonium in experimental bronchopulmonary inflammation

I. V. Zarubina, A. V. Bolekhan, P. D. Shabanov · Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2006;69(5):50–54. PMID 17153967.

Both preparations were associated with lower lactate and higher pyruvate and ATP in blood lymphocytes and lung tissue.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

The abstract describes a tracheal turpentine model, comparing Trekrezan 25 mg/kg with Polyoxidonium 0.75 mg/kg. It omits the drug administration route and timing.

Results · Original indexed abstract
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Lymphocyte and lung metabolites	Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP with both drugs
Tissue-dependent response	Polyoxidonium’s metabolic response was more pronounced in lung tissue	Qualitative description. The abstract describes a stronger general metabolic effect with Trekrezan.
Lymphocyte immune status	Improvement described with both drugs	No effect sizes in the abstract.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11

Population / setting: Wistar rats with turpentine-induced bronchopulmonary inflammation.
Source reviewed: Original indexed abstract checked.

Study limitations

The abstract gives no group sizes, route, schedule, numerical endpoint estimates or safety results.
The publication and Bolekhan’s dissertation involve the same research group and model. Independence is unverified.

Reviewed 2026-11-11.

Read the source ↗

2006 · Bolekhan’s dissertation on Bemitil and immunomodulators in lung inflammationMetabolic markers: Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP

2006Animal / experimentalRussian source · see review scope

Bolekhan’s dissertation on Bemitil and immunomodulators in lung inflammation

· Dissertation excerpts

A. V. Bolekhan · Kirov Military Medical Academy. Candidate dissertation, St. Petersburg, 2006. The author names Project Talent, 4.04.133.п.12.

Results and tables

Reported findings and study design

Narrative findings; numerical extraction incomplete

Compared the three drugs and Bemitil combinations in rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, with lung histology, ATP and other metabolites, and phagocyte and lymphocyte endpoints.

Results · Dissertation contents and conclusions
Measure	Result	Comparison, timing and statistics
Metabolic markers	Lower lactate, ADP and AMP; higher pyruvate and ATP	Reported for the immunomodulators and their Bemitil combinations.
Relative individual activity	Bemitil led selected energy measures; Polyoxidonium led selected immunotropic measures
Cellular respiration markers	Bemitil increased flavoprotein fluorescence and lowered reduced pyridine nucleotide fluorescence	In alveolar macrophages and blood lymphocytes. The other agents and the combinations did not show the same pattern.
Combination outcomes	Greater reported changes in selected metabolic and immune markers	The accessible transcription does not provide numerical estimates or an interaction analysis.

Source for these results ↗ · Reviewed 2026-11-11

Population / setting: Rats with experimental acute bronchopulmonary inflammation.
Source reviewed: Dissertation contents, introduction and conclusions in Russian transcription.

Study limitations

Complete group tables, arm denominators and the separate Project Talent report require recovery.
Related papers from the same laboratory may share animals or assays. No separate cohort is inferred.

Reviewed 2026-11-11.

Read the source ↗

2015 · Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats.

2015Animal / experimentalEnglish abstract

Antioxidant Effect of Polyoxidonium and Metaprot during Bronchopulmonary Inflammation in Rats.

Zarubina IV, Shabanov PD · Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine; 2015 Dec

In rat bronchopulmonary inflammation, combined Polyoxidonium and Metaprot showed a greater antioxidant effect than either alone. In macrophage assays, the direction of the biochemiluminescence response depended on concentration.

Population / setting: Experimental animals or tissue preparations
Source reviewed: Indexed citation and English abstract checked.

Study limitations

Full text and detailed methods have not been independently assessed.
Experimental or incompletely specified settings do not establish human efficacy, dosing or safety.
Combination or sequential treatment results cannot be assigned to Bemitil alone.

Reviewed 2026-10-07.

Read the source ↗

Follow shared publications or research classes. These links do not establish equivalent effects between compounds.