NGF mimetics: GK & GTS seriesМиметики ФРН
What is it?
A family of experimental peptides designed from exposed loops of nerve growth factor. Related structures can differ in cell survival, differentiation and pain responses.
Research context
A family of experimental peptides designed from exposed loops of nerve growth factor. Related structures can differ in cell survival, differentiation and pain responses.
What the studies found
animal · 2015
HT-22 and PC12 cells; rat tail-flick experiments
GK-2 and GK-6 both increased TrkA phosphorylation, but GK-6 additionally recruited ERK, promoted PC12 differentiation and lowered rat pain thresholds. GK-2 favored AKT signaling in these assays and did not produce the same hyperalgesia.
Limit: Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
Dimeric dipeptide mimetics of the nerve growth factor Loop 4 and Loop 1 activate TRKA with different patterns of intracellular signal transduction. ↗review · 2018 · Secondary synthesis
Developer account of medicinal-chemistry programs
The developers distinguish drug-inspired peptide design (Noopept and Dilept) from mimicking peptide/protein turns (GB-115 and GK-2). This is a historical design framework, not evidence of a shared clinical effect.
Limit: Developer review; claims require appraisal of each original study.
Novel Technologies for Dipeptide Drugs Design and their Implantation. ↗animal · 2017
Cultured cells and rat ischemia/pain models
GTS-113 and GTS-115 were designed from NGF loop 3. GTS-115 showed cell protection and reduced infarct volume in a rat stroke model, but also induced hyperalgesia.
Limit: Publisher abstract reviewed; full methods pending.
Design, synthesis, and neuroprotective effects of a dimeric dipeptide mimetic of the third loop of the nerve growth factor ↗Selected findings, not a systematic review or a treatment recommendation. Combination and related-preparation results cannot be attributed to this compound alone. See each source for access status and remaining limitations.
- Working classification
- Peptide research family
- Research collection
- Neuropeptide research · editorial grouping
- Institutional provenance
- Not established for this compound record
- Last evidence review
- Full evidence review pending; source-check scope appears with each publication below.
What do we know?
- Human research
- —No human treatment trial assessed for this family
- Study methods
- —Member-specific studies; patents and archival leads identified separately
- Independent replication
- —Independent replication not established by the records collected here
- Source access
- —Primary abstracts, selected full texts, patents and explicit retrieval targets
- Safety evidence
- —Cell and animal effects do not establish human safety; analogues may differ
These are independent review fields, not a rating. Missing evidence in this starter does not mean no research exists.
Inside this research family
Grouping supports navigation. It does not imply equivalent composition, mechanisms, effectiveness or safety.
| Member | Identity | What the source supports |
|---|---|---|
| GK-2 / GK-6 | NGF loop 4 / loop 1 dimeric mimetics | Both activated TrkA. GK-6 additionally recruited ERK, induced differentiation and produced hyperalgesia in the 2015 experiments. |
| GK-1; GK-2a/b/c/d/e/w | Loop 4 patent series | Monomer, linker and residue variants; activity cannot be inherited from GK-2. Dipeptide mimetics of NGF and BDNF neurotrophins — US9683014B2 ↗ |
| GK-3–GK-8 | Loop 1 patent series | Includes GABA-containing GK-7/GK-8 structures. This alone does not establish GABA-receptor activity. Dipeptide mimetics of NGF and BDNF neurotrophins — US9683014B2 ↗ |
| GTS-113 / GTS-115 | NGF loop 3 mimetics | GTS-115 combined laboratory protection with differentiation and pain-sensitivity effects. |
| GK-2f | Unresolved code | Appears in patent biological prose; a reliable structure-to-code mapping remains to be recovered. Dipeptide mimetics of NGF and BDNF neurotrophins — US9683014B2 ↗ |
Interpretation and open questions
A family card keeps the analogue library visible without giving sparsely documented codes the appearance of established drugs.
Signaling depends on assay and timing. “AKT only” is not a universal description: later work also reports PLCγ recruitment for GK-2.
Linked sources
Explore the research map and unresolved leads ↗
Dimeric dipeptide mimetics of the nerve growth factor Loop 4 and Loop 1 activate TRKA with different patterns of intracellular signal transduction.
Gudasheva TA, Povarnina PY, Antipova TA, Firsova YN, Konstantinopolsky MA, Seredenin SB · Journal of biomedical science
GK-2 and GK-6 both increased TrkA phosphorylation, but GK-6 additionally recruited ERK, promoted PC12 differentiation and lowered rat pain thresholds. GK-2 favored AKT signaling in these assays and did not produce the same hyperalgesia.
- Population / setting
- HT-22 and PC12 cells; rat tail-flick experiments
- What was checked
- Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Preclinical findings do not establish human benefit or safety.
- Indexed abstract reviewed; full methods and independent replication require appraisal.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Novel Technologies for Dipeptide Drugs Design and their Implantation.
Gudasheva TA, Ostrovskaya RU, Seredenin SB · Current pharmaceutical design
The developers distinguish drug-inspired peptide design (Noopept and Dilept) from mimicking peptide/protein turns (GB-115 and GK-2). This is a historical design framework, not evidence of a shared clinical effect.
- Population / setting
- Developer account of medicinal-chemistry programs
- What was checked
- Primary publication metadata and indexed abstract checked via Europe PMC; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Developer review; claims require appraisal of each original study.
- A shared design method does not establish equivalent biology or clinical benefit.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Dipeptide mimetics of NGF and BDNF neurotrophins — US9683014B2
· Primary source linked above
The patent enumerates NGF and BDNF analogue series. GK-1 interfered with GK-2 protection in a cell experiment. GSB-104 has conflicting survival descriptions, and GK-2f appears without clear structure mapping.
- Population / setting
- Patent chemistry and preclinical examples
- What was checked
- Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Patent proposals are not established clinical uses.
- Resolve code/structure ambiguities and assay-specific contradictions before interpreting activity.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Design, synthesis, and neuroprotective effects of a dimeric dipeptide mimetic of the third loop of the nerve growth factor
· Primary source linked above
GTS-113 and GTS-115 were designed from NGF loop 3. GTS-115 showed cell protection and reduced infarct volume in a rat stroke model, but also induced hyperalgesia.
- Population / setting
- Cultured cells and rat ischemia/pain models
- What was checked
- Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Publisher abstract reviewed; full methods pending.
- Animal efficacy and pain responses do not establish human benefit or safety.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.
Antidepressant-like Effects of BDNF and NGF Individual Loop Dipeptide Mimetics Depend on the Signal Transmission Patterns Associated with Trk
· Primary source linked above
GSB-106 showed acute antidepressant-like activity; GSB-214 also became active with repeated administration. GTS-201 was inactive in this forced-swim comparison. Different signaling patterns did not yield interchangeable behavioral effects.
- Population / setting
- Rodent forced-swim tests; comparison with cell-signaling results
- What was checked
- Selected original-source text checked; full methodological review pending.
Limitations & review scope
- Behavioral proxies are not a clinical diagnosis or treatment outcome.
- Different schedules and models limit cross-compound comparisons.
Source checked 2026-10-05. This is a source-linked record, not a completed evidence review.