FDES and animal memory tasks — original tables and denominator conflicts
V. Ts. Bolotova, I. A. Titovich, E. B. Shustov · 2022 · Journal Biomed. 2022;18(3):104–108
Reported findings and study design
Positive animal-task results coexist with unresolved denominators and administration-duration descriptions.
| Measure | Result | Comparison, timing and statistics |
|---|---|---|
| Group-size conflict | Methods report 40 rats in four equal groups; Table 2 labels n=15. | |
| Dose comparison | The authors report no statistically significant difference between the two tested FDES doses. |
Table 1: reported T-maze retention percentages
| Group | Day 1 | Day 5 | Day 10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Piracetam comparator | 28.5* | 28.5* | 0.0 |
| FDES lower tested dose | 50.0* | 62.5* | 50.0* |
| FDES higher tested dose | 87.5* | 87.5* | 50.0* |
Source labels n=15. Several percentages cannot represent integer animals out of fifteen; underlying counts are unresolved. * denotes p<0.05 versus control, not versus piracetam.
Do not calculate raw responder counts, comparative potency or a human memory effect from these percentages.
Source for the extracted data ↗ · Checked 2026-11-06
Molekul summary of the linked publication. Educational information, not medical advice. Seek qualified healthcare help for medical conditions.
Methods, limitations & source review
Study limitations
- Table 2 labels n=15 although 40 rats divided into four equal groups implies ten per group.
- Table 1 percentages, including 62.5% and 87.5%, do not reconcile with fifteen mice per group; raw counts are absent.
- Methods describe single administration and five training-day administrations; Table 2 describes fourteen-day administration.
- Marked significance is against control, not a direct FDES–piracetam comparison. Human potency and efficacy are unestablished.
Publication counts are not counts of independent trials. Reviews, translations and reports sharing participants may overlap. Findings apply to the studied preparation, population and endpoints.
Document format: Original journal PDF, public Pharm-SPb copy
Review depth: All five pages read; methods and Tables 1–2 visually checked
Source access and review scope
Methods p.105 and Tables 1–2, pp.106–107; original PDF visually checked.
Recorded source-check date: 2026-11-06. This date does not imply a completed systematic review.
Source type: Original animal research
Citation and original source
Original source: V. Ts. Bolotova, I. A. Titovich, E. B. Shustov. FDES and animal memory tasks — original tables and denominator conflicts Journal Biomed. 2022;18(3):104–108 2022.
Molekul research summary: https://molekul.io/research/shustov-fdes-cognition-2022. Cite the original publication for its findings and this page when referring to Molekul’s summary or evidence appraisal.
Bibliography entryRelated compound profiles
Aminoethanol derivatives
A collection of chemically distinct aminoethanol candidates: the diethylaminoethanol-derived FDES and the dimethylaminoethanol-derived ADK-17 program. Animal cognition, neuroprotection, pharmacokinetics and safety reports are separated by preparation. These names do not identify one interchangeable compound.
Piracetam
Piracetam, marketed as Nootropil, connects the original nootropic concept with Soviet clinical adoption and later operator, hypoxia and maritime research. Healthy-volunteer experiments, clinical reviews and combination proposals answer different questions.